Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a) Receipt book
b) Write seven lamps of advocacy
c) Ledger.
a) ‘A’ a junior advocate took money from his client to pay bribe to a
doctor to obtain a medical certificate. The complainant filed a
complaint against the advocate to the State Bar Council. Whether
this amounts to professional misconduct. Explain with reference to
Chandra shekar soni v/s Bar Council of Rajasthan and others AIR
1983 Sc 1012.
b) A client wants to change his advocate .advocate refuses to handover
the documents without any reasons. Advise that client.
General Education:- An advocate should not only be the master of his faculty,
law but also the contemporary knowledge of all the branches of sciences, He
should have the knowledge of both social science and natural and physical
science. He must touch every field of human being and he has to study all walks of
life of human beings. If he is gifted with knowledge of all subjects, he can claim to
be an architecture in the profession.
Memory:- In general sense, memory means the power of keeping facts in the
conscious mind and of being able to call them back at will. An advocate should
possess tenacious memory. An advocate has to use of reading if he fails to store
the matter in memory. An advocate may have in memory many things, but if he
fails to use them skillfully when needed, they are of no use to him.
Study of Law Reports:- An advocate should read the current law reports to make
his knowledge up to date. The law journals and reports publish the case laws and
articles on law issues. An advocate should not only study the law reports, he
should preserve them to refer again and again and to produce in support of his
arguments.
Use of Legal Phraseology:- Every advocate has its own terminology. In the similar
way law also has its phraseology peculiar to itself. Every phrase of law has its
peculiar and special meaning it carries. No other word is suitable to be used in its
place. To express some feeling he should use appropriate word to convey such
meaning. The elegance and dignity of arguments in court can be exposed through
correct use of the language.
As per section 7 of the advocates act, 1961 the bar council of India
perform the following functions:
(a) To lay down standards of professional conduct and etiquette for advocates;
(b) To lay down the procedure to be followed by its disciplinary committee and
the disciplinary committee of each state bar council;
(c) To safe guard the rights, privileges and interest of advocates;
(d) To promote and support law reform;
(e) To deal with and dispose of any matter arising under this act, which may be
referred to it by a state bar council;
(f) To exercise general supervision and control over state bar council;
(g) To promote legal education and to lay down standards of such education
in consultation with the universities in India imparting such education and
the state bar councils;
(h) To recognize universities hose degree in law shall be a qualification for
enrolment as an and for advocate and for that purpose to visit and inspect
universities ;
(i) To conduct seminars and organize talks on legal topics by eminent jurists
and publish journals and papers of legal interest;
(j) To organize legal aid to the poor in the prescribed manner;
(k) To recognize on a reciprocal basis foreign qualifications in law obtained
outside India for the purpose of admission as an advocate under this act;
(l) To mange and invest the funds of the bar council;
(m) To provide for the election of its members;
(n) To perform all other functions conferred on it by or under this act;
(o) To do all things necessary for discharge the aforesaid functions.
The bar council of India may constitute one or more funds in the prescribed
manner for the purpose of-
The bar council of India may receive any grants, donations, gifts or
beneficiations for all or any of the purpose specified in sub-sections(2)
which shall be credited to the appropriate fund and funds constituted
under that sub-section.
According to section 7A of the Advocates Act 1961 the Bar Council of
India may become a member of international legal bodies such as the
International Bar Association or the International Legal Aid Association,
contribute such sums as it thinks fit to such bodies by way of
subscription or otherwise and authorize expenditure on the
participation of its representatives in any international legal conference
or seminar.
3. What are the duties of an advocate towards his client and Opponent
Advocates?
The bar council of India has made certain rules (Rules 11 to 33 ) so as to prescribe
duty of an advocate to the client in section II of Chapter Ii of part Vi of the rules of
the bar council of India.
1. An advocate shall fearlessly uphold the interests of his client by all fair and
honorable means without regard to any unpleasant consequences to himself or
any other.
2. An advocate shall fairly and reasonably submit the case on behalf of his client.
3.An advocate shall pay attention which he is capable of giving to the case he is
dealing.
4.An advocate shall not act on the instructions of any person other than his client
or his authorized agent.
5.An advocate shall not ordinarily withdraw from engagements once accepted,
without sufficient cause and unless reasonable and sufficient notice is given to the
client.(rule.12)
6.An advocate shall not do anything whereby be abuses or takes advantage of the
confidence reposed in him by his client.
7.An advocate shall not accept a fee less than the fee taxable under the rules
when the client is able to pay the same.
8.An advocate shall not adjust fee payable to him by his client against his own
personal liability to the client, which liability does not arise in the course of his
employment as an advocate.
9.An advocate should keep accounts of the clients money entrusted to him.
10.An advocate shall not lend money to his client for the purpose of any action or
legal proceedings in which he is engaged by such client.
12.An advocate is bound to accept any brief in the courts or tribunals or before
any other authority in or before which he professes to practice at a fee consistent
with his standing at the bar and the nature of the case. Special circumstances
may justify his refusal to accept a particular brief.(Rule.11)
Advocate duty towards Opponent Advocate.
Conclusion:- An advocate should fearlessly uphold the interest of his client by all
fair and honorable means without regard to any unpleasant consequences to
himself or any other, and an advocate should not disclose communication made
to them in course of their professional engagement even after the case is over.
4. Define Civil and Criminal contempt of Court. What are the remedies available
under the Contempt of Court Act, 1971 against the punishment.
As per section 2(a) of the contempt of courts Act, 1971” Contempt of court
means civil contempt or criminal contempt. Section 2(b) of the Act provides that “
civil contempt” means willful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction,
order, writ or other process of the court or willful breach of an undertaking given
to a court. Section 2(c) of the Act provides that criminal contempt means the
publication (whether by words, spoken or written or by signs or by visible
representations or otherwise) of any matter or doing of any other act whatsoever
which-
ii)prejudices or interferes or tends to interfere with, the due course of any judicial
proceeding or
The above definition is not exhaustive but classifies the contempt into civil and
criminal contempt’s. Hence it is better to leave it to the court to decide each case
as it comes and the provision of appeal will solve the defects in the application of
contempt law.
The main forms of contempt of courts are insult to judges, attacks upon them
comment on pending proceedings with a tendency to prejudice fair trail,
obstruction to officers of the court, witnesses or the parties, abusing the process
of the court, breach of duty by officers connected with the court and scandalizing
the judges or the courts.
` To constitute contempt, it is not necessary to find that there has been actual
interference with the administration of justice If the act complained of is
calculated to or tends to cause such interference, it may be taken as contempt of
court.
Section 2 (a) of the contempt of courts Act,1971 provides that contempt of court
means civil contempt or criminal contempt. The willful disobedience to the order
of court is considered civil contempt, while the scandalizing or lowering the
authority of the court in the public eye is considered criminal contempt the
classification or categorization of contempt of court into civil and criminal are not
closed. There are several contempt’s which do not fall in any of them .For
example, undue delay in pronouncing the order by a judge or judge coming late to
the court may amount to contempt of court, but they are not covered exactly by
the definition or classification of contempt in the Act.
Civil contempt
The purpose of the proceeding for the civil contempt is not only to punish the
contemner but also to exercise enforcement and obedience to the order of the
court.
The following are the important defenses open to a contemnor in civil contempt.
2. The order has been passed without jurisdiction- If the order disobeyed is
proved to have been passed by the court without jurisdiction or the undertaking
violated is proved to have been given in a proceeding which was without
jurisdiction, the disobedience or violation would not amount to contempt of
court. Actually order passed without jurisdiction is void and a void order binds
nobody.
6.Order involves more than one reasonable interpretation-if the court’s order
involves more than one reasonable and rational interpretation and the
respondent adopts one of them and acts accordingly, he cannot be held liable for
contempt of court. If there is no doubt and a doubt is sought to be created, this
defense will not be allowed.
Criminal Contempt
1.A person shall not be guilty of contempt of court on the ground that he
has published an matter which interferes or tends to interfere with or
obstructs or tends to obstruct the course of justice in connection with any civil
or criminal proceedings pending at the time of publication, if at the time he
had no reasonable grounds for believing that the proceeding was pending.
3.a person shall not be guilty of contempt of court soon the ground that he has
distributed a publication containing any such matter as is mentioned in sub-
section (1) if at the time of distribution he had no reasonable grounds for
believing that it contained or was likely to contain any such matter as
aforesaid:
Provided that this sub-section shall not apply in respect of the distribution of-
i) any publication which is a book or paper printed or published otherwise
than in conformity with the rules contained in section .3 of the Press and
Registration of Books Act 1867 (25 of 1867).
ii) Any publication which is a newspaper published otherwise than in
conformity with the rules contained in section .5 of the Press and
Registration of Books Act 1867 (25 of 1867).
a person shall not be guilty of contempt of court for publishing a fair and
accurate report of a judicial proceeding at any stage thereof subject to the
provisions contained in Section 7.
3.Fair criticism of judicial act not contempt (sec -5)- a person shall not be
guilty of contempt of court for publishing a fair comment on the merits of any
case which ha been heard and finally decided.
a)Where the publication is contrary to the provisions of any enactment for the
time being in force.
b) Where the court , on grounds of public policy or in exercise of any power
vested in it, expressly prohibits the publication of all information relating to
the proceedings or of information of the description which is published.
c) Where the court sits in chambers or in camera for reasons connected with
public order or the security of the state , the publication of information
relating to those proceedings,
Section 13 of the Act is based on the principle that the law does not take
account of trivialities. if the publication or other act is merely defamatory
attack on the judge and is not calculated to interfere with the due
administration of justice, it will not be taken as contempt of court but the
judge can claim under the ordinary remedies for defamation.
(a) Summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him
on oath,
(b) Requiring discovery and production of any document,
(c) Receiving evidence on affidavits,
(d) Requisitioning any public record or copies thereof from any court or office,
(e) Issuing commissions for the examinations of witnesses or documents;
(f) Any other matter which may be prescribed,
(3) for the purpose of exercising any of the powers conferred by sub-
section (!), a disciplinary committee may send to any civil court in the
territories to which this act extends, any summons or other process, for the
attendance of a witness or the production of a document required by the
committee or any commission which it desires to issue, and the civil court
shall cause such process to be served or such commission to issued, as the
case may be, and may enforce any such process as if it were a process for
attendance or production before itself.
(1) The disciplinary committee of a state Bar Council shall dispose of the
complaint received by it under section 35 expeditiously and in each
case the proceedings shall be concluded within a period of one year
from the date of the receipt of complaint or the date of intimation of
the proceedings at the instance of the State Bar Council, as the case
may be, failing which such proceedings shall transferred to the Bar
Council of India which may dispose of the same as if it were a
proceeding withdrawn for inquiry under sub-section (2) of section 36.
Registers of Accounting:-
There is only one class of persons entitled to practice the profession of law
namely, advocates. No person shall be entitled to practice in any court or
before any authority or person unless he is enrolled as an advocate in Bar
Council.
An Advocate shall not enter into partnership of any other arrangement for
sharing remuneration with any person or legal practitioner who is not an
advocate.
Advocates get income while practicing law. Similarly they meet certain
expenses. Therefore, an account of each expense and income should be
entered in the personal account books.
10.To any one municipality or district board or local board or other local
authority in the state by way of taxes on profession, trade, calling and
employment shall not exceed 2500 rupees per annum. An advocate should
pay the professional tax imposed by the local body and this amount is
exempted from the income tax. The amount paid as professional tax can be
deducted from his income to show taxable income in income tax returns.
7. Discuss the duties of an advocate towards the Public and the State.
(a) ‘A’ a junior advocate took money from his client to pay bribe to a
doctor to obtain a medical certificate. The complainant filed a complaint
against the advocate to the State Bar Council. Whether this amounts to
professional misconduct. Explain with reference to Chandra shekar soni
v/s Bar Council of Rajasthan and others AIR 1983 Sc 1012.
The appellant was a mere junior at the Bar and not much experienced. He had
taken money to pay a bribe to a radiologist. The complainant filed a compliant
against the appellant to the Bar council of Rajasthan. In a case of grave
professional conduct, the State Bar council observed that such practices adopted by
the members of the Bar bring the whole legal profession into disrespect and
accordingly the appellant was suspended from practice for a period of three years.
The Disciplinary Committee of Bar Council of India has upheld the sentence
saying that he penalty imposed does not appear to be excessive and rejected the
plea of mercy.
The Supreme Court, on appeal, declined to interfere with the punishment. But the
Court, felt that the punishment of suspension from practice for a period of three
years to a junior member of the Bar is rather severe. By taking a lenient view
because he was an inexperienced member of the Bar, the Court recommended the
reduction of suspension from three years to one year by dismissing the appeal.
(b) A client wants to change his advocate .advocate refuses to handover the
documents without any reasons. Advise that client.
A client wants to change his advocate and the advocate refuse to handover the
documents without any reason then the client can approach the State Bar Council
where the advocate has enrolled himself. The client will come to know by
checking the Vakalath nama the enrolment number and the State Bar Council. The
State Bar Council is having the authority over all the advocates who are enrolled
themselves so the Bar Council will be enquire the matter.