Name: Dhiyaul Aulia Anjarwati

Class: Management 4N
NIM: 202010160311503

Organizational Behaviour

1. What are the three key elements of motivation?

Answer:

The three key elements of our definition of motivation are intensity, direction, and persistence.

Intensity: Concerned with how hard a person tries.

Direction: The orientation that benefits the organization.

Persistence: A measure of how long a person can maintain them effort.

2. What are some early theories of motivation? How applicable are they today?

Answer:

-Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

According to Maslow' theory, a person's motivational needs can be put in a hierarchical

manner. So, according to the theory, before motivating someone it is important to know at
what level of need that person is. Only then he/she can be motivated.

The hierarchy of needs consists of following 5 needs in order: Physiological needs, Safety
needs, Social needs, Esteem needs, and Self-actualization

Maslow's theory is widely read, but it has been criticized as well. The major flaw with the
theory is that empirical research doesn't validate it. Then there are other needs like spiritual
needs which were not identified by Maslow.

- McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

According to this theory, human being have got two distinct point of views – negative and
positive. So as per Theory X, the managers are of the view that employees don't like their job
and so there is a need for a directing them, and in some cases, coercing them. Theory Y is just
opposite and according to it the employees find their job as normal as any general activity
(recreation, playing etc.). So it is a positive outlook on the part of the managers. That
basically means that employees can be trusted with taking up the responsibilities.

This is to be noted that both theories are assumptions and there is no empirical proof for the
same. That's why Theory X and Theory Y didn't get that much prominence.

- McClelland's theory of Motivation

According to this theory, any person will have either of the following three needs:

>Need for Achievement

A person with this need will strive to excel and have success in whichever field he is
working.

>Need for Power

A person with this need would want to wield power and influence others on its basis.

>Need for Affiliation

A person with this need seeks friendly relationships with the people around them.

This theory found more takers, but still there were constraints. For example, the measurement
of these needs wasn't easy and so that posed a problem in checking the validity of the theory

3. How can the different types of variable-pay programs increase employee motivation?

Answer:

A primary benefit of variable pay programs for employers is they provide flexibility and
allow an organization to reward employees through profit gain rather than operational
expenses. Within a profit-sharing plan, for example, a company earmarks a percentage of
additional compensation based on its profits.

4. How can flexible benefits motivate employees?

Answer:

They will feel listened to and valued. Offering the benefits that they really want allows you to
show that you appreciate and value their work.