Noria Corporation

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1523 Ref: Noria

 Noria Capabilities and Services

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1510 Ref: Noria

 Practicing Oil Analysis and Machinery Lubrication

© Copyright Noria Corporation G2216 Ref: Noria

 International Council for Machinery
Lubrication (ICML)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1500 Ref: ICML

 Brief Seminar Outline - Oil Analysis Level I

© Copyright Noria Corporation 607-oa1 Ref: Noria

 1994-1997 Condition Monitoring Savings –
Baltimore Gas and Electric

© Copyright Noria Corporation GY41 Ref: Noria

 Benefits from Excellence in Lubrication

© Copyright Noria Corporation GY38 Ref: Noria

Lubrication Fundamentals
 Industry Rides on an Oil Film of About 10 Microns

© Copyright Noria Corporation 377 Ref: JCF

 Most Lubricating Oils Come From Petroleum
(about 95%)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 228 Ref: JCF

 How Lubricant Oils are Formed

© Copyright Noria Corporation 835 Ref: SAIT

 Base Stock Physical Properties

© Copyright Noria Corporation 29 Ref: JCF

 Mineral Oil Properties

© Copyright Noria Corporation 209 Ref: Lansdown

 Synthetic Lubricants are Man-Made Fluids
Like Liquid Plastics

© Copyright Noria Corporation 265 Ref: JCF

 Molecular Comparison

© Copyright Noria Corporation 699 Ref: JCF

 Synthetic Lubricant Properties

© Copyright Noria Corporation 267 Ref: JCF

 Synthetic Lubricant Properties

© Copyright Noria Corporation G2175 Ref: W. Bartz, TAE

 Types of Lubrication Films

© Copyright Noria Corporation 269 Ref: JCF

 Sliding Contact Lubrication

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2 Ref: JCF

 Rolling Contact Lubrication

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1 Ref: JCF

 Oil Film Thicknesses In Machine Dynamic
Clearances

© Copyright Noria Corporation 271 Ref: Various

 Additives – What They Are

© Copyright Noria Corporation 836 Ref: SAIT, JCF

 Wear and Friction Control Additives Form
Chemical and Solid Lubrication Films

© Copyright Noria Corporation 32 Ref: Chevron, JCF

 Anti-oxidants/Oxidation Inhibitors

© Copyright Noria Corporation 41 Ref: JCF

 How Anti-oxidants Alter Oil Life

© Copyright Noria Corporation 164 Ref: Herguth

 Dispersants…Maximizing Particle “Hang Time”

© Copyright Noria Corporation 192 Ref: JCF

 Detergents

© Copyright Noria Corporation 6 Ref: JCF

 Corrosion Inhibitors

© Copyright Noria Corporation 7 Ref: JCF

 Viscosity Index Improvers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 5 Ref: JCF

 VI Improver Polymers – Viscosity and Shear Effects

© Copyright Noria Corporation 146 Ref: JCF

 Anti-foam Agents (Defoamants)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 609 Ref: JCF

 Roles of Base Oil and Additives

© Copyright Noria Corporation 982a Ref: Chasan, CIBA, JCF

 Are You Home Brewing Your Lubricants?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 116 Ref: Exxon

Oil Sampling – The Very
Best Practices
 Oil Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 610 Ref: Noria

 Applications for Oil Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1524 Ref: JK, MB

 In-service Oil Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1525 Ref: JK, MB

 Options for Oil Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1526 Ref: JK, MB

 Drain Plug Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1527 Ref: JK, MB

 Tap Sampling – What’s Wrong…What’s Right

© Copyright Noria Corporation 614 Ref: Noria

 Drop-Tube Vacuum Pump Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 605 Ref: Noria

 Tips to Effective Drop-Tube Vacuum Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 618 Ref: Noria

 Where to Sample Crankcase Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 335 Ref: JCF

 Minimess Sampling Valves - Benefits

© Copyright Noria Corporation 612 Ref: Chevron, Exxon

 Minimess Sampling – Best Practice

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1528 Ref: JK, MB

 Sample Valves Comparison

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1529 Ref: JK, MB

 Live Zone Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 47 Ref: JCF

 Options for Sampling From Pressurized Lines

© Copyright Noria Corporation 603 Ref: Noria

 Drain Line Oil Sampling Traps

© Copyright Noria Corporation 616 Ref: Schematic Approach

 Off-Line Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 617 Ref: Noria

 Pathway Flushing

© Copyright Noria Corporation 837 Ref: JCF

 Minimum Line Flushing Requirements for Oil
Sampling – 10x Flush Volume

© Copyright Noria Corporation 981 Ref: Schematic Approach, DT

 Clean Oil Sampling Procedure

© Copyright Noria Corporation 843 Ref: JCF

 Sample Bottles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 44 Ref: JCF

 Study of Sample Bottle Cleanliness Levels

© Copyright Noria Corporation 989 Ref: Bardyne, POA

 Primary and Secondary Sample Ports

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1530 Ref: JK, MB

 Vibration Reading Comparison To
Primary and Secondary Sample Ports

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1531 Ref: JK, MB

 Secondary Sample Ports in a
Single Component

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1532 Ref: KPM, MB, JK

 Case Study: Paper Mill Calender Bearings

© Copyright Noria Corporation 549 Ref: Fluid Life

 Primary Sampling – Wet Sump Circulating Systems

© Copyright Noria Corporation 611 Ref: Noria

 Primary Sampling – Dry Sump Circulating System

© Copyright Noria Corporation 602 Ref: Noria

 Sampling Points for a Forced Circulating
Lube Oil System With Off-line Filtration

© Copyright Noria Corporation 52 Ref: JCF

 Sampling Points for a Hydraulic System With
Return Line Filter

© Copyright Noria Corporation 51 Ref: JCF

 Six Options for Sampling Splash/Bath
Lubricated Machines

© Copyright Noria Corporation 604 Ref: Noria

 Falk Splash Lubricated Gear box –
Where Should you Sample?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 438 Ref: Noria

 Sampling Hard-to-Reach Machines

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1169 Ref: MB

 Microbore Sampling

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1533 Ref: JK, MB

 Can You Find the Correct Sampling Locations?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 169 Ref: TPC, JCF

 Can You Find the Correct Sampling Locations?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 171 Ref: JCF, Wills

 Factors Influencing Oil Sampling Frequencies

© Copyright Noria Corporation 838 Ref: JCF

 Sample Frequency Generator

© Copyright Noria Corporation SFG Ref: Noria

 Sample Frequency Generator (continued)

© Copyright Noria Corporation SFG1 Ref: Noria

 Sample Frequency Generator (continued)

© Copyright Noria Corporation SFG2 Ref: Noria

 Case Study: Chevron – Sample Frequency
Affects Failure Detection Efficiency

© Copyright Noria Corporation 145 Ref: Ray Dodd, Chevron

 Summary: Oil Sampling “Best Practices”

© Copyright Noria Corporation 65 Ref: JCF

Fluid Properties Analysis
 1st Category of Oil Analysis:
Fluid Properties Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 846 Ref: JCF

 The Oil Aging Process…No, It Doesn’t Last Forever

© Copyright Noria Corporation 13 Ref: Remmelmann

 Dual Course of Oxidation

© Copyright Noria Corporation 11 Ref: JCF

 Oxidation Root Causes

© Copyright Noria Corporation 57 Ref: Backe, STLE

 Common Oxidation Pointers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 76 Ref: JCF

 Two Common Measures for Viscosity

© Copyright Noria Corporation 144 Ref: JCF

 Measurement of Kinematic Viscosity

© Copyright Noria Corporation 21a Ref: ASTM

 Common Laboratory Kinematic Viscometers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 278 Ref: JCF, Cannon

 Onsite Viscometers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 743 Ref: Noria

 Kinematic Viscosity Conversions

© Copyright Noria Corporation 156 Ref: USS

 What is Viscosity Index?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 185a Ref: Texaco, ASTM

 How Does Viscosity Index Impact an Oils
Ability to Lubricate?
8600 cSt - Barely pumpable by a
piston pump

860 cSt - Maximum start-up

temperature for a vane pump to
prevent cavitation
Mineral AW 32 (VI=95)
54 cSt
X
Synthetic AW 32 (VI=145)
13 cSt Working Zone

X
X
50oC

70o
C

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1076 Ref: JCF

 The Causes of Oil Viscosity Changes

© Copyright Noria Corporation 140 Ref: JCF

 System Effects of Wrong Viscosity

© Copyright Noria Corporation 119 Ref: JCF

 What Temperature Should Viscosity be
Measured and Trended at?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 108 Ref: Lansdown, JCF

 Viscosity Trends of Modern Diesel
Crankcase Oils

© Copyright Noria Corporation 745 Ref: Mobil, Caterpillar (SAE)

 How to Set Viscosity Limits

© Copyright Noria Corporation 830 Ref: JCF

 Case Study:
Viscosity Trending of an ISO 68 Bearing Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 138 Ref: JCF

 How to Use Viscosity Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 671 Ref: JCF

 Trending Acid and Base Numbers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 157 Ref: USS, ASTM

 Notes on Acid and Base Numbers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 746 Ref: ASTM, Lubrizol

 Use AN to Detect These Corrosive Acids

© Copyright Noria Corporation 141 Ref: JCF

 AN Trends with AW and R&O Oils

© Copyright Noria Corporation 189 Ref: ECF, Lubrizol

 Variations in AN Trends by Oil Type

© Copyright Noria Corporation 153 Ref: SKF

 Notes on AN Monitoring

© Copyright Noria Corporation 136 Ref: JCF

 How to Monitor AN Trends

© Copyright Noria Corporation 663 Ref: JCF

 How BN Trends are Influenced

© Copyright Noria Corporation 150 Ref: De Montfort Univ.

 Trending BN’s with a Crankcase Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 137 Ref: JCF

 How to Monitor BN Trends

© Copyright Noria Corporation 664 Ref: JCF

 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 122a Ref: Nicolet, JCF

 How FTIR Works

© Copyright Noria Corporation 122b Ref: JCF, MB

 Your Oil Analysis Report Might Show One or
More of These FTIR Units

© Copyright Noria Corporation 66 Ref: Nicolet

 Using FTIR to Detect Common Base Oil Problems

© Copyright Noria Corporation 755 Ref: JOAP, TSC

 Typical Absorption Wavenumbers
(cm-1) for FTIR

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1172 Ref: MB

 Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test (RPVOT)*

*Formerly known as RBOT.

© Copyright Noria Corporation 665 Ref: Koehler
 Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test (RPVOT)*

*Formerly known as RBOT.

© Copyright Noria Corporation 845 Ref: ASTM, Remmelmann, A.N. Smith

 Case Studies: Trending an Oil’s RPVOT* Life

*Formerly known as RBOT.

© Copyright Noria Corporation 110 Ref: ARCO
 How to Monitor RPVOT* Trends

*Formerly known as RBOT.

© Copyright Noria Corporation 666 Ref: JCF
 Cyclic-Voltammetry Tester for Measuring
Antioxidant and RUL

© Copyright Noria Corporation 760 Ref: Fluitec

 Oil Analysis Oxidation Pointers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 85 Ref: JCF

 Varnish Formation

© Copyright Noria Corporation 991 Ref: JCF

 Ultracentrifuge (UC) – Detection of Carbon
and Oxide Insolubles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 469 Ref: Mobil

 Comparing Thermal and Oxidative Oil Failure

© Copyright Noria Corporation 114 Ref: JCF

 “Decomposition” Additive Depletion

© Copyright Noria Corporation 90 Ref: JCF

 “Separation” Additive Depletion

© Copyright Noria Corporation 88 Ref: JCF

 “Adsorptive” Additive Depletion

© Copyright Noria Corporation 89 Ref: JCF

 Mechanism of Depletion for Common
Additive Types

© Copyright Noria Corporation F2 Ref: Noria

 How to Find Additive Depletion Data on an
Oil Analysis Report

© Copyright Noria Corporation 759 Ref: Insight Services, JCF

 How to Use Elemental Analysis to Monitor
Additive Depletion

© Copyright Noria Corporation 656 Ref: JCF

 Onsite Oil Condition Testers - Dielectric

© Copyright Noria Corporation 762 Ref: CSI, Predict, DLI

Contamination Control
and Proactive
Maintenance
 Contamination Control – Building Reliability

© Copyright Noria Corporation 839 Ref: JCF

 Damage Caused by Oil Contamination

© Copyright Noria Corporation 195 Ref: JCF

 The Silent Destruction of Rogue Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 165a Ref: JCF

 Particle Contamination:
Both Cause and Effect of Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation 196 Ref: JCF

 Case Study: Wear Debris Generation in 17
Hydraulic Machines

© Copyright Noria Corporation 205 Ref: Pall

 Three Ways to Measure the Life of a Machine

© Copyright Noria Corporation 188 Ref: JCF

 SKF Speaks Out on Contamination

© Copyright Noria Corporation 154 Ref: SKF

 National Research Council of Canada – What
Causes Wear?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 162 Ref: STLE

 Maximize Investment

© Copyright Noria Corporation 161 Ref: ECF

 Understanding Particle Size and Particle Count

© Copyright Noria Corporation 163 Ref: JCF

 ISO Solid Contaminant Code

© Copyright Noria Corporation 550 Ref: Noria

 Other Current Standards for Particle Contamination

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1180 Ref: Noria

 How Tough are Your Particles?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 36 Ref: Timken

 How Silt is Formed

© Copyright Noria Corporation 996a Ref: DT, ECF, SKF

 How Silt Affects Bearings

© Copyright Noria Corporation 997a Ref: Imperial College, DT, JCF

 Silt Degrades Hydraulic Valve Performance

© Copyright Noria Corporation 998 Ref: OSU, JCF, DT

 How Particles Influence Engine Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation 340 Ref: Cummins

 Proactive Maintenance in Three Easy Steps

© Copyright Noria Corporation 176 Ref: JCF

 Conspicuous Charting is Key to Proactive
Maintenance Success

© Copyright Noria Corporation 170 Ref: JCF

 Case Study: Nippon Steel

© Copyright Noria Corporation 173 Ref: Nippon Steel

 Case Study: Kawasaki Steel

© Copyright Noria Corporation 172 Ref: Kawasaki Steel

 Port of Tacoma Slashes Engine Rebuild
Costs by 66% on 21 Straddle Carriers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1124 Ref: POA

 BHP Decreases Failure Rate and Turns Up The
Speed with Effective Lubrication Management

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1123 Ref: POA

 Case Study: General Motors

© Copyright Noria Corporation 621 Ref: Society of Automotive Engineers, Purolator

 Step No. 1 - Set Target Cleanliness Levels

© Copyright Noria Corporation 175 Ref: JCF, Pall, Exxon

 Typical Hydraulic Fluid Cleanliness Targets

© Copyright Noria Corporation 177 Ref: Pall

 Field Particle Counts –
Averages of 25,000 Samples

© Copyright Noria Corporation 842 Ref: Pall

 Reliability Penalty Factor (RPF)

© Copyright Noria Corporation RPF Ref: Noria

 RPF (continued)

Reliability Penalty Machine I.D.:

Factor (RPF) Date:

Safety Risks Upon Failure Score

None Low Medium High
0 1 4 8

Cost of Downtime
Hourly or Daily Downtime Costs (A)
Low Medium High Extremely High
0 1 2 3
AxB
Typical Length of Downtime (B)
Short Long
0 1 2 3 4

© Copyright Noria Corporation RPF Ref: Noria

 RPF (continued)

Material and Labor Costs to Repair Score

Low Extremely High
0 1 2 3 4 5

Effectiveness of Early Warning Systems Score

Highly Effective Not Effective
0 1 2 3

Composite
RPF Score
Reliability Penalty Factor =
10 Max

© Copyright Noria Corporation RPF Ref: Noria

 Contaminant Severity Factor (CSF) - Hydraulics

© Copyright Noria Corporation CSF Ref: Noria

 CSF - Hydraulics (continued)

Contaminant Severity Machine I.D.:

Date:
Factor (CSF) - Hydraulics
Operating Pressure (psi) Score
0 - 1,000 1001 - 2000 2001 - 3500 3501 - 5000 >5000
0 1 1.5 2 3

Valves Score
Manual and Solenoid Cartridge Proportional Servo
0 1 1.5 2

Pumps and Motors Score

Gear Vane Fixed Piston Variable Volume
0 1 1.5 2

© Copyright Noria Corporation CSF Ref: Noria

 CSF - Hydraulics (continued)

Cyclic Loading Score

Frequency and Severity of Pressure Cycles
Constant Pressure Low Medium High
0 0.5 1 1.5

Varnish Potential Score

Low Medium High Extremely High
0 0.5 1 1.5

Water In Oil Contamination Score

<100 PPM <500 PPM <1000 PPM >1000 PPM
0 0.5 1 1.5

Particle Hardness/Abrasivity Score

Low Medium High
0 0.5 2

Composite
CSF Score

Contamination Severity Factor =

10 Max

© Copyright Noria Corporation CSF Ref: Noria

 Target Cleanliness Grid (TCG)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 263 Ref: JCF

 Contaminant Severity Factor (CSF) - Gearboxes

© Copyright Noria Corporation CSFgearboxes Ref: Noria

 Contaminant Severity Factor (CSF) - Gearboxes

© Copyright Noria Corporation CSFgearboxes1 Ref: Noria

 Contaminant Severity Factor (CSF) - Gearboxes

© Copyright Noria Corporation CSFgearboxes2 Ref: Noria

 Life Extension Table
New Cleanliness Level (ISO Code)
20/17 19/16 18/15 17/14 16/13 15/12 14/11 13/10 12/9 11/8 10/7
5 3 7 3.5 9 4 >10 5 >10 6 >10 7.5 >10 9 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10
26/23
4 2.5 4.5 3 6 3.5 6.5 4 7.5 5 8.5 6.5 10 7 >10 9 >10 10 >10 >10 >10 >10
4 2.5 5 3 7 3.5 9 4 >10 5 >10 6 >10 7 >10 9 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10 >10
25/22
3 2 3.5 2.5 4.5 3 5 3.5 6.5 4 8 5 9 6 10 7.5 >10 9 >10 >10 >10 >10
Current Machine Cleanliness (ISO Code)

3 2 4 2.5 6 3 7 4 9 5 >10 6 >10 7 >10 8 >10 10 >10 >10 >10 >10

24/21
2.5 1.5 3 2 4 2.5 5 3 6.5 4 7.5 5 8.5 6 9.5 7 >10 8 >10 10 >10 >10
2 1.5 3 2 4 2.5 5 3 7 3.5 9 4 >10 5 >10 6 >10 8 >10 9 >10 >10
23/20
1.7 1.3 2.3 1.5 3 2 3.7 2.5 5 3 6 3.5 7 4 8 5 10 6.5 >10 8.5 >10 10
1.6 1.3 2 1.6 3 2 4 2.5 5 3 7 3.5 8 4 >10 5 >10 6 >10 7 >10 >10
22/19
1.4 1.1 1.8 1.3 2.3 1.7 3 2 3.5 2.5 4.5 3 5.5 3.5 7 4 8 5 10 5.5 >10 8.5
1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 2 1.7 3 2 4 2.5 5 3 7 3.5 9 4 >10 5 >10 7 >10 10
21/18
1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.2 1.6 3 2 3.5 2.5 4.5 3 5 3.5 7 4 9 5.5 10 8
1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 2 1.7 3 2 4 2.5 5 3 7 4 9 5 >10 7 >10 9
20/17
1.2 1.05 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.4 2.3 1.7 3 2 3.5 2.5 5 3 6 4 8 5.5 10 7
1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 2 1.7 3 2 4 2.5 5 3 7 4 9 6 >10 8
19/16
1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.2 1.7 3 2 3.5 2.5 5 3.5 7 4.5 9 6
1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 2 1.7 3 2 4 2.5 5 3 7 4.5 >10 6
18/15
1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.7 3 2 3.5 2.5 5.5 3.7 8 5
1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 2 1.7 3 2 4 2.5 6 3 8 5
17/14
1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.7 3 2 4 2.5 6 3.5
1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 2 1.7 3 2 4 3.5 6 4
16/13
Hydraulics Rolling 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.8 3.7 3 4.5 3.5
and Diesel Element 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 2 1.7 3 2 4 2.5
15/12 Engines Bearings
1.2 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.8 3 2.2
Journal 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 2 1.8 3 2
14/11 Bearings Gear Boxes
and Turbo and Other 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.5 2.3 1.8
Machinery 1.4 1.2 1.8 1.5 2.5 1.8
13/10
1.2 1.1 1.6 1.3 2 1.6

© Copyright Noria Corporation LET Ref: Noria

 Clean Oil Helps You Detect Faults Earlier

© Copyright Noria Corporation 290 Ref: JCF

 Oil Pump or Dirt Pump?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 167 Ref: JCF, BHRA

 Step No. 2 – Take Specific Actions to
Achieve Targets

© Copyright Noria Corporation 840 Ref: JCF

 Where Does Particle Contamination Come From?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 199 Ref: JCF

 Case Study: How Clean Are New Oils?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 204 Ref: Monash, TU Electric

 Clean New Oil Management

© Copyright Noria Corporation 986 Ref: NCFP

 Rack-Mount Lube Dispensing Station –
Contamination Control

© Copyright Noria Corporation 622 Ref: Noria

 Lube Storage – Things to Avoid

© Copyright Noria Corporation 623 Ref: Noria

 Oil Cans and Top-up Containers – Things to Avoid

© Copyright Noria Corporation 624 Ref: Noria

 Take the Sump Management Self Exam

© Copyright Noria Corporation 227 Ref: JCF, Entek IRD

 Tank and Sump Ventilation

© Copyright Noria Corporation 203 Ref: JCF

 Modernization of Vents and Breathers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 625 Ref: Noria

 New Tank Filter/Breather Hardware

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1511 Ref: JLM, Schematic Approach

 Hatch Covers Need to be Sealed Tight

© Copyright Noria Corporation 626 Ref: Noria

 Shaft Seals…Oil Retention or Dirt Exclusion?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 12 Ref: Noria

 Controlling Hydraulic Cylinder Ingression

© Copyright Noria Corporation 627 Ref: Noria

 Filter Media Determines Filter Integrity

© Copyright Noria Corporation 216 Ref: Internormen

 Make Sure Your Filters are Beta Rated

© Copyright Noria Corporation 230 Ref: ISO 16889, Diagnetics

 Filter Location Options

© Copyright Noria Corporation 291 Ref: JCF

 Portable Filtration

© Copyright Noria Corporation 628 Ref: UCC

 Offline Filters

© Copyright Noria Corporation 630 Ref: UCC

 Other Full Flow Filters

© Copyright Noria Corporation 632 Ref: Noria

 Crankcase Oil Contamination

© Copyright Noria Corporation 206 Ref: JCF, Pall

 Case Study – How Filtration Influences Oil Oxidation
(AN) in Automatic Transmission Fluids

© Copyright Noria Corporation 634 Ref: Pall

 Step No. 3 – Monitoring and Controlling
Particle Concentrations

© Copyright Noria Corporation 288 Ref: JCF

 Three Ways to Count and Size Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 376 Ref: JCF

 Automatic Optical Particle Counters (OPC)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 753 Ref: Hiac, Rovco

 How Optical Particle Counters Work

© Copyright Noria Corporation 287 Ref: JCF

 How Contaminants Appear to Optical
Particle Counters

© Copyright Noria Corporation 379 Ref: Noria

 Procedure for Reducing Water Interferences
with Optical Particle Counters

© Copyright Noria Corporation 730 Ref: JOAP Conf., CSI

 Onsite Optical Particle Counters

© Copyright Noria Corporation 765 Ref: JCF

 Pore Blockage Particle Counters –
How They Work

© Copyright Noria Corporation 752 Ref: Noria

 Pore Blockage Particle Counting

© Copyright Noria Corporation 764 Ref: Rockwell Automation, Entek, Pall

 Comparison of Optical to Pore Blockage

© Copyright Noria Corporation 647 Ref: JCF

 Particle Settling Can Alter Oil Analysis Results

© Copyright Noria Corporation 43 Ref: JCF

 Proper Particle Resuspension is Required
Prior to:

© Copyright Noria Corporation 42 Ref: JCF, Entik IRD

 How to Use Particle Counting in Oil Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 648 Ref: Diagnetics

 Water Contamination – The Scourge of
Lubricating Oils

© Copyright Noria Corporation 239 Ref: JCF

 Water Contaminated Oil – States of Co-Existence

© Copyright Noria Corporation 241 Ref: JCF

 Controlling Water Ingression

© Copyright Noria Corporation 637 Ref: Noria

 Outdoor Drum Storage – Red Drum is Tilted
for Water Drainage but What is Wrong?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 453 Ref: Noria

 Cleanout Hatch Shows Machine is a Rainmaker

© Copyright Noria Corporation 409 Ref: Noria

 Water Contamination – Base Oil Effects

© Copyright Noria Corporation 245 Ref: JCF

 Water Contamination – Additive Effects

© Copyright Noria Corporation 240 Ref: JCF

 Water Contamination – Machine Effects

© Copyright Noria Corporation 246 Ref: JCF

 Effects of Water on Journal Bearings and
Hydraulic Pumps

© Copyright Noria Corporation 638 Ref: STLE, ECF

 Water-Related Damage to Rolling Element Bearings

© Copyright Noria Corporation 697 Ref: SKF, Mobil

 Water Contamination –
Generator of Other Contaminants

© Copyright Noria Corporation 257 Ref: JCF

 Do Regular Walk-Around Visual Inspections
for Water

© Copyright Noria Corporation 640 Ref: Noria

 How Low Should Moisture Limits (Targets) be Set?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 766 Ref: Noria

 Life Extension Table - Moisture

New Moisture Level (ppm)

10,000 5,000 2,500 1,000 500 250 100 50
Rolling Rolling Rolling Rolling Rolling Rolling Rolling Rolling
Element Journal Element Journal Element Journal Element Journal Element Journal Element Journal Element Journal Element Journal

50,000 2.3 1.6 3.3 1.9 4.8 2.3 7.8 2.9 11.2 3.5 16.2 4.3 26.2 5.5 37.8 6.7
Current Moisture Level (ppm)

25,000 1.6 1.3 2.3 1.6 3.3 1.9 5.4 2.4 7.8 2.9 11.2 3.5 18.2 4.6 26.2 5.5

10,000 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.5 3.3 1.9 4.8 2.3 6.9 2.8 11.2 3.5 16.2 4.3

5,000 1.4 1.2 2.3 1.6 3.3 1.9 4.8 2.3 7.8 2.9 11.2 3.5

2,500 1.6 1.3 2.3 1.6 3.3 1.9 5.4 2.4 7.8 2.9

1,000 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.5 3.3 1.9 4.8 2.3

500 1.4 1.2 2.3 1.6 3.3 1.9

250 1.5 1.3 2.3 1.6

100 1.4 1.2

© Copyright Noria Corporation LETM Ref: SKF, OSU, DT

 Published Limits on Moisture

© Copyright Noria Corporation 767 Ref: Duncanson

 Be Aware of the Effects of Changing Oil
Temperature

© Copyright Noria Corporation 247 Ref: Block

 Measuring Water Concentrations

© Copyright Noria Corporation 660 Ref: Mettler

 Crackle Test – A Sight and Sound Procedure

© Copyright Noria Corporation 381 Ref: KOWA

 FTIR – Detection of Water in Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 124 Ref: Gary, Powell, Toms, et al

 Measuring Water in Oil By Karl Fischer

© Copyright Noria Corporation 244 Ref: Blok

 Measuring Water in Oil Using
Calcium Hydride Test Kits

© Copyright Noria Corporation 769a Ref: Noria

 Summary of Lab Test Method for Quantifying
Water Content

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1173 Ref: MB

 How to Monitor Moisture

© Copyright Noria Corporation 661 Ref: JCF

 Water Removal Methods

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1178 Ref: Rockwell Automation/Entek, JCF

 Air Contamination: States of Co-Existence

© Copyright Noria Corporation 237 Ref: JCF, ECF

 Air Entrainment Problems Relate to Tank or
Sump Design

© Copyright Noria Corporation 238 Ref: JCF, ECF

 Is There a Foam Problem Here?
How About Air Entrainment?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 441 Ref: Noria

 Foam in Reservoir

© Copyright Noria Corporation 449 Ref: Noria

 When is Foam a Problem?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 644 Ref: Exxon, Summer-Smith

 Air is the Primary Source of Oxygen in the
Oxidative Degradation of an Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 256 Ref: IMech, Bach’e

 Glycol/Antifreeze Contamination in Engine Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 301 Ref: Caterpillar

 Mechanism of “Oil Ball” Formation from Glycol
(antifreeze) Contamination of Crankcase Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 707 Ref: Anon

 How to Detect Glycol in Crankcase Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 298 Ref: JCF

 Notes on Glycol

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2288 Ref: Burke

 How to Use Elemental Analysis to Detect
Glycol Contamination

© Copyright Noria Corporation 657 Ref: JCF

 High Soot Contamination in Engine Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 299 Ref: JCF

 Influence of Soot on Viscosity

© Copyright Noria Corporation 897 Ref: Lubrizol

 Tests for High Soot Load

© Copyright Noria Corporation 302 Ref: Wilks

 FTIR – Detection of Soot in Crankcase Oil

© Copyright Noria Corporation 130 Ref: Garry, Powell

 How to Monitor Soot Using FTIR

© Copyright Noria Corporation 668 Ref: JCF

 Fuel Contamination in Engine Oil (Fuel Dilution)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 300 Ref: Poley

 Tests for Fuel Contamination (Fuel Dilution)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 303 Ref: Poley

 Flash Point Test

© Copyright Noria Corporation 771 Ref: Herzog

 How to Monitor Fuel Dilution Using Flash Point

© Copyright Noria Corporation 659 Ref: JCF

 Understanding and
Analyzing Machine Wear
 What Causes Changes in Wear Debris
Concentrations

© Copyright Noria Corporation 714 Ref: Noria

 Dirt Causes Increased Wear and Oil Consumption

© Copyright Noria Corporation 724 Ref: POA, WearCheck S.A.

 The Secret to Fault Detection and Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 467 Ref: JCF, B. Johnson

 Technologies Used to Analyze Wear Debris

© Copyright Noria Corporation 774 Ref: JCF

 Spectrometric Analysis of Wear Metals

© Copyright Noria Corporation 754 Ref: MB, Polaris Labs

 Know Your Elements

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1176 Ref: JCF, DT

 How Spectrometric Elemental Analysis Works

© Copyright Noria Corporation 325 Ref: JCF

 Emission Spectrometer Anatomy

© Copyright Noria Corporation 326 Ref: Spectro, Varian Liberty

 How Wear Particle Size Influences
Spectrometric Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 331 Ref: Spectro, Northeastern Univ.

 The Progression of Mechanical Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1073 Ref: Noria

 Particle Size Sensitivities of Wear Particle
Technologies

© Copyright Noria Corporation 703 Ref: Noria

 Rotrode Filter Improves Large Particle Measurement

© Copyright Noria Corporation 844 Ref: Spectro

 RDE Spectroscopy Can Help Determine the Severity
of a Wear Problem

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2279 Ref: MB, NTS Inc.

 Elemental Analysis by X-Ray Fluorescence
Spectroscopy (XRF)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 776 Ref: Spectrace, Whitlock

 XRF is More Sensitive to Large Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2274 Ref: MB

 XRF Applications and Benefits

© Copyright Noria Corporation 777 Ref: Spectrace, Whitlock

 Using SEM to Characterize Active Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2296 Ref: Iowa State University

 Combining SEM with EDX (Energy Dispersive Xray)
to Look at Component Metallurgy

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1074 Ref: University of Western Ontario

 Three Ferrous Density Testers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 650 Ref: Rockwell Automation Entek, CSI, Predict, Analex
 Direct Reading Ferrography

© Copyright Noria Corporation 345 Ref: Predict

 Using the Hall Effect to Determine Ferrous
Particle Concentrations

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2297 Ref: Noria

 Using Ferrous Particle Retardation

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2298 Ref: Noria

 Using Exception Testing to Determine the Root
Cause of an Active Wear Problem

© Copyright Noria Corporation 651 Ref: JCF

 Analytical Ferrography

© Copyright Noria Corporation 652 Ref: Predict

 Analytical Ferrography

© Copyright Noria Corporation 778 Ref: JCF

 Ferrographic Analysis –
What it is Trying to Tell You?

*or ferrous particle count

© Copyright Noria Corporation 823 Ref: JCF

 1. Is There a Fault or Abnormal Wear?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 457 Ref: Noria

 2. If Yes to 1. Prepare Particles for Microscopic
Examination (Analytical Ferrography)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2299 Ref: Predict, Spectro, Analex

 Preparation of a Ferrogram

© Copyright Noria Corporation 781 Ref: Predict

 Procedure for Preparing a Filtergram

© Copyright Noria Corporation 782 Ref: Monash, Millpore

 Field Filtergram (Patch) Makers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 783 Ref: Thermal Control, Gelman, Millipore

 Ferrogram vs. Filtergram?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1177 Ref: Lubrosoft, DT

 Microscopic Examination of Ferrogram

© Copyright Noria Corporation 833 Ref: Anderson

 3. Where is the Abnormal Wear Coming From?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1182 Ref: Noria

 Localizing Problems with Oil Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 796 Ref: Noria

 Heat Treated Ferrograms Helps Identify Metals

© Copyright Noria Corporation 832 Ref: Predict, DLI

 Characterizing Particle Composition by
Visual Inspection

© Copyright Noria Corporation 726 Ref: Predict, DLI

 Look at Particle Metallurgy to Identify Source
of Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation 785 Ref: JCF

 Chemical Microscopy

© Copyright Noria Corporation 2290 Ref: MB

 4. What is Causing the Wear to Occur?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1183 Ref: Noria

 Shapes of Common Wear Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 356 Ref: Nippon Steel, JCF

 Examine Appearance of Particle to Identify Cause

© Copyright Noria Corporation 787 Ref: JCF

 Tips for Recognizing Common Problems

© Copyright Noria Corporation 719 Ref: Predict, DLI

 Abrasive Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation 359 Ref: ECF, McCrone

 Abrasive Wear Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 348 Ref: Downson, Anderson

 Adhesive Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation 790 Ref: ECF

 Adhesive Wear Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 349 Ref: JCF, DMSI, McCrone, Lubrosoft

 Surface Fatigue

© Copyright Noria Corporation 791 Ref: SKF, Tallian, Dowson

 Surface Fatigue Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 375 Ref: Anderson, Lubrosoft

 Corrosive Wear

© Copyright Noria Corporation G2026 Ref: ECF, GT

 Corrosive Wear Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1075 Ref: Noria

 Spheres

© Copyright Noria Corporation 717 Ref: Noria

 Non-Ferrous Wear Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 374 Ref: Anderson, Lubrosoft

 Friction Polymer Formation

© Copyright Noria Corporation 716 Ref: Sukimo

 Iron Oxide

© Copyright Noria Corporation 372 Ref: Lubrosoft

 5. How Severe or Threatening is it?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 788 Ref: Noria

 6. Can the Abnormal Wear be Arrested?

© Copyright Noria Corporation 825 Ref: JCF

 Ferrogram Particle Identification Guide

© Copyright Noria Corporation F4 Ref: Predict DLI

 LaserNetTM Fines - Automated Wear Particle
Morphology

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1259 Ref: Spectro, Lockheed Martin, POA 09/02
 Aspect Ratio Characterizes Wear Type

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1260 Ref: Spectro, Lockheed Martin, POA 09/02
 LaserNetTM Fines - Operational Principal

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1261 Ref: Spectro, Lockheed Martin, POA 09/02
 LaserNetTM Fines - Wear Particle Image Map

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1262 Ref: Spectro, Lockheed Martin, POA 09/02
 LNF Case Study - Gearbox Test Stand

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1263 Ref: Spectro, Lockheed Martin, POA 09/02
 LNF vs. Ferrography

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1264 Ref: Spectro, Lockheed Martin, POA 09/02
 Wear Particle Atlas on CD-ROM

© Copyright Noria Corporation 432 Ref: Noria

Field Tests and
Inspections
 Simplify Oil Analysis…Use Easy Field Tests

© Copyright Noria Corporation 672 Ref: JCF

 Visual External Machinery Inspections

© Copyright Noria Corporation 481 Ref: JCF

 Routine Inspection of Sight Glasses is Oil Analysis

© Copyright Noria Corporation 673 Ref: Noria

 Visual Internal Machinery Inspections

© Copyright Noria Corporation 482 Ref: JCF, Hodge

 Visual Inspection of Oil in a Sample Bottle

© Copyright Noria Corporation 483 Ref: JCF

 Using Oil Color as a Field Test

© Copyright Noria Corporation 307 Ref: ARCO, JCF

 Using Oil Odor as a Field Test

© Copyright Noria Corporation 105 Ref: JCF

 Other Sensory Inspections

© Copyright Noria Corporation 484 Ref: JCF

 Field Test for Solid Contaminants

© Copyright Noria Corporation 97 Ref: JCF, BFPR, Thermal Control, Millapore

 Simple Field Method for Preparing Patch

© Copyright Noria Corporation 674 Ref: DT, Gorman

 Field Test for Ferrous Particles

© Copyright Noria Corporation 96 Ref: JCF

 Field Test for Water Contamination –
The Crackle Test

© Copyright Noria Corporation 100 Ref: JCF

 Field Test for Oil and Water Separation

© Copyright Noria Corporation 675 Ref: JCF

 Field Tests for Viscosity Measurement

© Copyright Noria Corporation 93 Ref: L. Eitzen Co.

 Calcium Hydride Moisture Testers

© Copyright Noria Corporation 983 Ref: Dexil

 Field Tests for AN and BN

© Copyright Noria Corporation 102 Ref: Dexsil

 Field Test Kit for Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)

© Copyright Noria Corporation 193 Ref: ASTM, Gly-Tek

 Field Test: Blotter Spot

© Copyright Noria Corporation 101 Ref: JCF, Esteban Lantos

 Blotter Spot for Engine Oil Conditions

© Copyright Noria Corporation 485 Ref: JCF, Esteban Lantos

 Blotter Spot Test for Industrial Oils

© Copyright Noria Corporation 214 Ref: JCF, Collacott

 Simple, Inexpensive Field Tests

© Copyright Noria Corporation 1181 Ref: Noria

 Final Words

© Copyright Noria Corporation 819 Ref: Noria