„Fäi
3 Force and Pressure
We have learnt that force is necessary to
change the position of an object. The force
can be either a push or a pull.We have
already learnt that when a force is applied,
and if the object moves in the direction of
the force, work is said to be done.
To move an object in the direction of the
force, we apply the force along its centre
of mass. What would happen if the force
is applied away from the centre of mass?
For example, what happens when force is
applied on one side of a table, on one side
of a book, or on a pivoted body? In such
cases, the force tends to rotate or turn the
body rather than moving it along a straight
or curved line (Fig. 3.1).
Physics Physics
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.1 (a) Force applied at centre of mass
moves the body in a straight line (b) Force
applied along a side causes it to rotate
TURNING EFFECT OF FORCE
Forces can make objects turn if there is a
hinge. You must have noticed how a door
turns to open when you push it.The hinge
is also considered to be a fulcrum or pivot.
The turning effect of force is called the
moment of force or torque or simply
moment.
Learn about
Turning effect of force
Pressure
Pressure exerted by gases
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure exerted by liquids
Fact File
ot is defined as the geometric
centre of an object at which the object
can be balanced, if the object has a
uniformdistribution of mass and density,
The centre of mass of some shapes (shown
by black dots) are given below.
Circle Square Equilateral
triangle
Torque is the tendency of force to produce
a rotation.It is the rotational equivalent of
force.A torque applied to an object will
cause it to rotate around a pivot point or
an axis of rotation.Torque is a force exerted
at a distance froman object's axis of
rotation.
The moment of force (or torque) is the
product of the force (F) and the shortest
distance (or perpendicular distance) from
the pivot to the point
of application of the
force (d),
 Torque= force applied (F) x perpendicular
distance between the pivot and the point
of application of the force (d)
The symbol t (pronounced as tau) is used
to denote torque.
The unit of torque is Nm (newton-metre).
This is the same as the unit for work and
energy; but there, Nm is writtenas joule (J).
Torque is not energy, and hence its unit is
just Nm, not joule.
Figure 3.2 shows a force (F) of 30 N acting
at a distance (d) of 40 cm. So, moment of
force, t = F x d = 30 x 0.4 = 12 Nm.
30 N
40 cm
Fig. 3.2 Determining moment of force
Factors affecting moment of force
The moment of force depends on the
followingfactors:
i. Strength of force applied: The higher the
strength of the force applied, greater
would be the torque of the body.
ii. Perpendicular distance from the axis of
rotation/pivoted point: The larger the
distance from the pivoted point, greater
is the turning effect of the body.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.3 Examples of turning effect of force
43
To understand this better, consider the
following examples:
It is easier to open a door by pushing
at a point away fromthe hinge than at
the point close to the hinge (Fig. 3.3a).
This is because when we push at the
point close to the hinge, the distance
between the hinge and the point where
force is applied is less. So, the moment
of force is also less. Hence, it is more
difficult to open the door. Also, when the
distance is more, a greater moment of
force is obtained for the same force.
It is easier to undo a nut fastened to a
screw using a spanner than by hand.
This is because the spanner increases
the distance between the fulcrum and
the point where force is applied. Thus,
for the same force, a greater moment
of force is obtained.
Common examples of torque
1. As mentioned earlier, it is difficult to
tighten a screw with hand, whereas it
is easily done when we use a spanner.
When a spanner is used, we are
actually using the turning moment of
force to our advantage. The distance
between the pivoted point and the
force gets increased when we use the
spanner, and therefore,the moment of
force becomes greater.
(c) (d)
2. The opening and closing of doors with
hinges is another example of turning
effect of force (Fig. 3.3a).
3. Twisting the lid to open or close a
jar (or bottle) is also an example
of application of torque (Fig. 3.3b)
Similarly,turning a water tap also shows
the turning effect of force.
4. When you hold and turn a pencil inside
a sharpener, you apply the turning
effect of force (Fig. 3.3c).
5. While driving a car, the driver applies
force on the edges of the steering
wheel to turn it (Fig. 3.3d).This is also an
example of the turning effect of force.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A spanner is used to unscrew a nut.A
force of 30 N is applied to the end of
the spanner, which is 10 cm away from
the centre of the nut. Calculate the
moment of force when the spanner
is horizontal.
Solution: To calculate the moment of
force, use the formula: t = F x d
m in the paper. Thus,
F = 30 N and d = 10 cm =
1=30 x 0.1 = 3 Nm
PRESSURE
Take a clay ball. Place it on a table.Now.
press your thumb on it.What happens to
it? The force that you applied on the ball
leaves your thumb impression on the clay
(Fig. 3.4). This effect is
called pressure.
Pressure is defined
as the force acting
normally (or
perpendicularly)
on the unitarea
of a surface. This
perpendicular force
is also called thrust. Fig. 3.4 Applyingpressure
44
Pressure is denoted by the following formula.
where, F is the force acting perpendicularly
on a surface (N) and A is the area of the
surface (m 2).
The unit of pressure is N/m2. It is denoted
by pascal (Pa).
Therefore,we see that the pressureon
a surface depends on two things:
i. the force acting on the surface
ii. the area of the surface on which the
force is acting
For example, if you press your thumb
against a piece of paper, you would not
be able to make a hole in the paper.
However,if you press the pointed end of
a drawing pin against the same piece of
paper. you will be able to make a hole in
the paper. Although the force applied in
both the cases IS the same, the area over
which the force acts is smaller in the case
of the drawing pin. Thus. its effect on the
paper IS much greater and it makes a hole
morearea less pressure
same force
less area morepressure
Let us consider some examples to
understand the following statements:
1.The same force can produce different
pressures depending upon the area in
which it acts.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the pressure in the following
cases:
i. On the surface of a block, if it weighs
60 N and is lying on a side withareo
0.3 m x 0.1 m.
ii. On the same 60 N block, if it is lying
on a side with area 0.1 m x 0.2 m.
 Solution:
i. Pressure= Force / Area
-60 N/ (O.3mxO.lm)
2
= 60 N / (0.03 m ) = 2000 Pa
ii. Pressure= Force / Area
mxO.2 m)
= 60 / 0.02 m2 = 3000 Pa
Therefore,we notice that for the same force,
pressureincreases as area decreases.
2.Thesame area can experience different
pressures depending on the force.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the pressure in the following
cases:
i On a surface with area 10 cm 2 if a
force of 1200 N is acting normally on it.
ii. On the same area (10 cm 2) if the
normal force is increased to 2000 N.
Solution:
Force (F) = 1200 N, Area (A) = 10 cm
= 10 x 10-4 m 2 = 10-3 m 2
Pressure (P) = F / A = 1200 N / 10-3 r-n2
= 1.2 x 106 N/m 2 = 1.2 x 106 Pa
Force (F) = 2000 N,Area (A) = 10 cm 2
= 10 x 10-4 r-n2 = 10-3 m 2
Pressure (P) = F / A = 2000 N / 10-3 rn2
=2x 106 Pa
Therefore,we notice that on the same area,
pressureincreases as the force increases.
So, we should remember that a large force
can create a small pressure if it is spread
out over a wide area, and a small force can
create a large pressure if its area is small.
Sometimes,knowing the pressure acting
on a surface is more important than
knowingthe force on it as many surfaces
can crack or break if the pressure on them
istoo great,
45
Common examples of pressure
1. Have you ever noticed that in a desert
or a beach, your feet go deep into the
sand when you stand? However,on
the other hand, if you lie down on the
sand, your body does not go into the
sand that deep. Although the force
exerted by your body is the same
(which is the weight of your body), its
effect is different because the area on
which the force acts is different.Area
of your feet is lesser than the area of
your whole body. Therefore,the pressure
exerted by your feet is more than the
pressure exerted by your whole body.
2. The feet of a person wearing hiking
boots will sink in snow because of the
pressure exerted by them. In order
to walk on snow
properly,we need
to wear snow shoes
(Fig. 3.5). These have
2
a wide base with
larger area that
reduces the pressure Fig. 3.5 Snowshoes
and prevents feet
from sinking into the snow.
3. The pressure exerted by the narrow
heel of a shoe (Fig. 3.6) is more than
that of a shoe with a
wide base. Therefore,
if a person wearing a
narrow-heeled shoe
accidentally steps on
you, it will hurt more in
comparison to a shoe Fig. 3.6 Shoeswith
with a wider base. narrowheels
4. A thumb pin has a large round base
and a pointed tip (Fig. 3.7). When you
push the pin at its wide base, it exerts
a low pressureat your thumb due to
the large area. However,as the sharp
end has a very small area, the same
pushing force produces a high pressure
 at the tip and it gets a building does not cause it to sink due
pushed intoa soft to the pressure.
surface, such as a 8. Heavy vehicles that carry loads such
notice board. Fig. 3.7 Thumbpins as trucks and buses have thick and
5. School bags or wide tyres to prevent them from sinking
shopping bags have broad strapsto into the ground because of the weight.
reduce the pressure exerted by the Small vehicles such as cars have
heavy bags on the shoulders. smaller and thinner tyres.
6. Camels have 9. The edges of cutting tools such as
very broad feet knives,blades, and axes (Fig. 3.9) are
(Fig. 3.8). These always sharpened before use. The area
feet exert very of a sharp edge is very small compared
less pressure to that of a blunt edge, so it exerts more
on the sand pressurefor the same force and can
and therefore a Fig. 3.8 Broadfeet cut through objects
camel's feet do ofa camel easily On the other
not sink into it.This allows them to travel hand, in case of a
long distances and even run in deserts. blunt edge, more
7. The foundations of high-rise buildings force would be
are kept very wide so that the weight of needed to cut an
object. Fig. 3.9 Sharptools

Activity
Aim: To change pressure by changing force or chang.ng area
Materials required:A pencil and an eraser
Procedure:
I. Press the pencil tip gently on an eraser.You will notice that the
pencil tip makes a small hole on the surface of the eraser.As you
push the pencil with greater force, the tip goes deeper into the
eraser. This shows that pressure increases with increase in force. fig.A
2. Now, let us change the pressure by changing the area, Keep the pencil upside down,
Now, when you press it on the surface of the eraser, the pressure exerted on it will be less.
The wide end of the pencil will not make a hole in the eraser.This shows that pressure
decreases when area increases.
Conclusion: When force increases pressure increases, and when area increases pressure
decreases.

SOLVED EXAMPLES Solution: Force (F) = 3 N, Area (A)

1. A cubic lump of cheese of area 10 cm2 = 10 cm 2 = 10 x 10-4 m 2 = 10-3 m 2
and weight 3 N stands on a table. Pressure(P) = F / A = 3 N / 10-3 m2
Calculate the pressure exerted by it on = 3 x 103 Pa
the table?

46
 2. A load weighing 20,000 N is placed on
a side with area 1000 cm 2. How much
pressure would it exert on the ground?
Solution: Force applied by the load (F)
= 20,000 N
Area (A) = 1000cm 2
= 1000 / (100 x 100 m2) = 0.1
Pressure (P) = F/A = 20,000 N / 0.1 m2
= 2 x 105 Pa
3. Calculate the pressure produced by a
force of 800 N acting on an area of 2 m2.
Solution: Force (F) = 800 N,Area (A) = 2 m2
Pressure (P) = F / A = 800 N / 2
= N/m 2 = 400 Pa
4. A physics teacher has a weight of 700
N. What pressure does he exert on the
ground if his feet have an area of 0.025
m2 each? (Remember, he has two feet!)
Solution:
Weight = Force = 700 N
Total area = 0.50 m2
Pressure = 700 N/O.050 m 2 = 14000 Pa

Questions
Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.
(Torque/Pressure) is the tendency of force to produce rotation.
force
2 If the perpendicular distance between the pivot and the point of application of the
is more, then torque is . (more/less).

I 3. When the area on which force applied is less. then the pressure will be .
(less/more).
(more/less) force to cut an
4. If you use the blunt edge of a knife,you need
i . (more/less).
object as area is .

by the weight of the air above it.

PRESSURE EXERTED BY GASES -
Figure 3.10 shows the column of air
ATMOSPHERICPRESSURE
exerting pressure on a unit area.
As you have learnt earlier, Earth is Top of the atmosphere
surrounded by a blanket of air called the
atmosphere.The atmosphere is divided
into five layers and its main constituents
are nitrogen,oxygen, carbon dioxide, and Weight of the air in the column
water vapour. Therefore,we can imagine applies a pressure to point 'X"
ourselvesas living at the bottom of a large
pool of air. Air exerts pressure on the Earth.
Thispressureis called the atmospheric Surface
pressure.
Theatmospheric pressure is defined as Unit area

the force exerted on unit area of a sufface Fig. 3.10 Force exerted by a column of
air on a unit area

47
 The more air that is above us, the higher
the air pressure will be. The atmospheric
pressure is not the same at all places on
the Earth.The atmospheric pressureat a
place depends on its altitudel.As we go
higher, the density of air decreases and
hence pressure decreases. (Fig. 3.11
Therefore,at great heights, the air pressure
is low because there is less air above. If
you stand on top of Mount Everest,which is
over 8 km above sea level,the air pressure
is only about 30 percent of the air pressure
at sea level (30% of 100 kPa = 30 kPa).
Since air molecules are in constant
random motion, the atmospheric pressure
100
00
can also be said to be the resultof the
collision of air molecules with any surface,
Air exerts equal pressure in all directions.
The atmospheric pressure on the Earth's
surface at sea level is about 100.000Pa,
i.e., 100 kPa. If such an enormous amount
of pressure is acting on us, why do we
not feel it? This is because the pressure of
blood and other fluids present in our body
almost balances out the atmospheric
pressure.Air pressure is often measured
witha device called a barometer.
Fact File
Air pressure in space is
almost zero or negligible.
This is why astronauts
have to wear special
pressurized suits in order
to balance the pressure
from inside,

An astronaut wearing a
spacesuit

Fig. 3.11 Air density and air pressure

decrease with height

Activity air expelled as

water boils water
poured
Aim: To determine the presence of the atmospheric pressure
Materials required: An empty, dry tin can (or a plastic
bottle) with an airtight stopper and water stopper
Procedure: tightened
1. Take an empty, dry can and pour some water in it.Boil
this water for a few minutes until the steam has driven can
crushed
Fig.A
out the
2. Close the can with the stopper tightlyand allow the can to cool by pouring cold water
over it.What do you observe?
Observation: You will see that the can gets crushed from all directions (Fig. A).
Conclusion: When cold water is poured over the can, the steam inside the can condenses
and gets transformed into water Since air is driven out from the can, low pressure is created
inside the can. As a result,the excess atmospheric pressure outside the can, which is exerted
in all directions, crushes the can inwards.

l altitude: height of a place above the sea level

48
 Applications of atmospheric pressure supports
Let us look at some applications of your weight
atmospheric pressure. as well as
Drinking straw You must have used a that of the
drinking straw (Fig. 3.12). When air is
cycle. Similarly,
when you
sucked out of the
pump air into
straw,it causes a
decrease in the air a football, the air
pressureinside the
pressuregives it shape
so that you can play with it.
straw.As a result,the
atmospheric pressure Vacuum cleaner A vacuum cleaner
on the outside (being applies the principle of atmospheric
higher) forces the pressureto collect dust particles from
liquid into the straw. a surface (Fig. 3.15). When the vacuum
This is called suction Fig. 3.12 Drinkingstraw cleaner is switched on, its fan sucks out
mechanism. the air from space inside the cleaner
where the filterbag is kept, creating a
Syringe When we pull the
partial vacuum (absence of air). Now, the
piston of a syringe out, we
atmospheric pressure outside (which is
increase the volume of
greater) then forces air and dust particles
air inside the syringe (Fig.
into the filterbag. This traps the dust
3.13). This correspondingly
particles but allows the air to flow out
decreases the pressure
through an exit at the back.
insidethe syringe than
that on its outside, and
pure air
hence forces the fluid into
the syringe.
Fig. 3.13 Syringe
Rubber sucker When the
concave surface of a rubber sucker (Fig.
3.14) is pressed against a wall or any fiat
dust particles
surface,the air between the two surfaces motor fan filter bag
is squeezed out, leaving the pressure
Fig. 3.15 Vacuumcleaner
in the enclosed space much reduced.
The external
Medicine dropper We first press the
atmospheric rubber of the medicine dropper so that
pressureacting air is forced out of the dropper, thus
on the sucker
reducing the air pressure inside than
(being higher) the atmospheric pressure outside. When
forcesthe Fig. 3.14 Rubber sucker you release the rubber,the atmospheric
suckeragainst
the fiat surface.
pressure on the outside (being higher)
forces the liquid into the straw.This is the
Tyresand football When you ride a same as what happens in case of a
bicycle, the air pressure inside the tyres drinking straw.

49
 rapidly and may cause unstableWeather
Aircrafts Aircraft create artificial pressure conditions. On the other hand, in a cold
in the cabin so passengers remain area, the air becomes cold and sinktothe
high pressure. As
comfortable while flying. ground causing the Qir
feel warm and
Mountain climbing Some people can sinks, it becomes causes the
altitudes weather to become pleasant.
their ears popping while climbing
The
due to decrease in the air pressure.
in
ears pop to balance the differenceinside PRESSURE EXERTED BY LIQUIDS
and of atmospheric
pressure between the outside Just like in the case
of the body. pressure, the pressure at any point under
pressure the weight of the liquid
Weather forecasting Atmospheric a liquid is due to
temperature.
constantly changes with the pressure column above that point. If you trypushing
The differences in atmospheric down an empty mug into a bucketfullof
provide data for weather
forecasts.When water,you will note that the mug resists
to high
an area gets heated up due becomes being pushed down into the water.This
temperature, the air above it happens because of the upwardpressure
warm and rises up, causing
low pressure. exerted by water on the mug. Just as in
forms
and gases, the pressure in liquids also actsin
As the air rises,it gets cooled
pressure causes all directions. Let us perform an activityto
clouds and rain. This low
winds to blow inwards and
upwards understand how liquid pressureworks.

Activity
works
Aim: To study how liquid pressure
plastic bottles of
Materials required: Two tins or
and adhesive
differentdiameters and sizes, water,
tape
Procedure:
same
1. Take buo tins or plastic bottles of
diameters and sizes, and mark them as I and ll.
height.
2. On bottle l, make three holes at the same
3. On bottle Il, make three holes, the middle one at Fig.A fig.B
half the height of the water level. Make the top
and the lowerholes at equal distances from the hole at the middle.
4. Close all the holes of the two bottles with an adhesive tape.
5. Fillthe bottles with water and remove the tapes from bottle I and observe the flowof
from the holes (Fig.A).
6. Now,remove the tapes from bottle Il and observe the flow of water from the holes (FigR)
Observation and conclusion: In bottle l, the water stream comes out evenly, irrespectiveOf
the direction of the hole. In bottle Il,the water stream coming out of the lowest hole reaches
the farthest.If you repeat the same procedure with a differently shaped bottle with different
diameters, you will see the same results.If you repeat this activity with another liquid (thathö
density differentthan water),you will notice a change in the lengths of the stream coming
of the holes. But the pattern remains the same.

50
 From this activity, we can state that the
pressure in a liquid
is exerted on all sides of the container
(this is called lateral pressure) and
remains the same in all directions
at a given depth,
increases with depth,
depends on the density of the liquid,and
is independent of the size and shape of
the container, but depends only on the
height or depth of the liquid.
deep-sea divers have to wear specially
designed suits to protect themselves
from the huge pressure of the water
underneath,and
• the walls of dams (Fig. 3.16) are made
stronger and thicker at the bottom than
at the top to withstand the huge lateral
pressure of water at greater depths.
thin
ow pressure

Therefore,the factors affecting liquid

pressure are:
i. height/depth of the liquid - Liquid
high pressure
pressure increases with height/depth.
ii. density of the liquid - Liquid pressure
I increases with increase in density Fig. 3.16 Thicker base of a dam

Questions
Choose the correct option to fill in the blanks.
1. On top of Mount Everest, atmospheric pressure is . (high/low).
2. When air is sucked out of the straw,it causes an (increase/decrease) in the
air pressure inside the straw.
3. . (do/do not) feel the atmospheric pressureas our body almost balances
it out.
4. Liquid pressure (increases/decreases) with height.

Wrap Up
The turning effect of force is called the moment of force or torque. Its Sl Unit is Nm.
Pressure is defined as the force acting on unit area of a surface. Its Sl unit is Pa.
Pressurecan be increased by increasing the force or decreasing the area.
The atmospheric pressure is defined as the force exerted on unit area of a surface by the
weight of the air above it.
The atmospheric pressure on Earth's surface at sea level is about 100 kPa. It depends on
the altitude, and decreases with altitude.
When pressure increases, volume decreases at constant temperature for a given mass
of a gas.
Liquid pressuredepends on depth (or height) and density of the liquid.

51
 Exercises
SECTION I
A. Name the following.
The turning effect of force
2. The force acting normally on the unitarea of a surface
3. Sl unit of torque
4. Sl unit of pressure
5. Force exerted on unit area of a surface by the weight of the air above it
6. The device used to measure atmospheric pressure
B. Choose the correct option.
1. Torque is calculated as .
b. Fxd c. F/d 2 d. Fxd 2
2. Pascal is
a. Nm b. N/m c. Nm 2 d. N/m2
3. Which of the following is not a turning effect of force?
a. Twistingthe lid to open or close a jar
b. Holding and turn a pencil inside a sharpener
c. Pumping air intoa football
d. Opening and closing of doors withhinges
4. Pressureexerted on a surface depends on
a. force and distance b. densityand area
c. area and force d. forceand density
5. The liquid pressure at a point depends on which of these factors?
a. Height and depth b. Shape and depth
c. Height and density d. Area and density of liquid
6. The value of atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface is .
a. 10 kPa b. 100 kPa c. 1000 kPa d. 500 kPa

C. Write T for True and F for False. Correct the false statements.
1. If a force is applied to an object, away from its centre of mass, it tends to
rotate the object.
2. A small force can create a large pressureif its area is large.
3. As we go higher,the density of air increases and hence pressuredecreases.
4. Drinking straw and medicine dropper work because of atmospheric pressure.
5. Liquid pressure depends on size and shape of the container.
6. The external atmospheric pressure acting on the rubber sucker forces the sucker
against the flat surface.
D. Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.
(Pressure/Torque) is equal to the product of the force applied and the
perpendicular distance between the pivot and the point of application of the force.

52
 2. If the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation is more,then torque will be .
(more/less),
3. A large force can create a small pressure if it is spread out over a (wide/
small) area.
4. As we go higher,atmospheric pressure (increases/decreases).
5, Heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses that carry loads have (thick and
wide/thin and small) tyres to exert less pressure on the ground.
6. Pressure in a liquid (increases/decreases) with depth.

SECTION Il
E. Give reasons for the following.
1. The Sl unit of torque is Nm and not joule.
2. It is easier to open a door by pushing at a point away fromthe hinge than at the point
close to the hinge.
3. If a person wearing a narrow-heeledshoe accidentally steps on you, it willhurt more in
comparison to a shoe with a wider base.
4. School bags or shopping bags have broad straps.
5. At great heights, the atmospheric pressure is low.
6. Deep-sea divers have to wear specially designed suits.
F. Distinguish between the following.
1. Force and torque 2. Force and pressure 3. Liquid pressureand atmospheric pressure
G. Short answer questions
1. What are the two factors that affect the moment of force, and how?
2. Define pressure. How is it calculated?
3. The edges of knives,blades, and axes are always sharpened before use.Why?
4. What is the value of atmospheric pressureat sea level and on Mount Everest?
5. How does a syringe work?
6. The walls of dams are made stronger and thicker at the bottom.Why?
H. Long answer questions
1. Define torque. Explain with two examples from daily life.
2. Writethe factors on which pressureacting on a surface depends. Writetwo examples from
daily life.
3. Explain atmospheric pressure.On what factors does it depend and how?
4. Howdoes a vacuum cleaner work?
5, Explain liquid pressure.On what factors does it depend and how?
Numerical questions
1. The breadth of an iron door is 2.4 m. If the minimum torque required to open the door is 50
Nm, what is the minimum force required to open the door? (Ans 20.8 N)
2, The amount of force to be applied on the spanner at a length of 0.25 m from the bolt is
400 N. Find the torque to open a bolt. (Ans 100 Nm)

53
 3. Determine the torque on a bolt, if you are pulling with a force of 250 N directed
perpendicular to a wrench of length 20 cm. (Ans 50 Nrn)
perpendicular
4. The moment of a force of 50 N about a point is 5 Nm. Find the distance of
force from that point. (Ans 0.1 m)
in
5. A force of 1000 N acts on an area of 0.050 m2.Find the pressure pascals. (Ans 20 kPa)
m2.
6. Find the force that produces a pressureof 20 kPa on an area of 0.20 (Ans 4000 N)
of 60 kPa by a
7. Calculate the area of a body which experiences a pressure
(Ans 0.2 m2)
force of 12,000 N.
restson a table in three
8. A block of weight 100 N and dimenions 50 cm x 30 cm x 10 cm
cm x 10 cm, (c) 50 cm x 10cm.
different positions with its base as (a) 50 cm x 30 cm, (b) 30
Pa (b) 3333.3 Pa (c) 2000pa]
Calculate the pressureexertedin each case. [Ans (a) 666.67
section 2 cm2, and if her
9. If a girl is wearing a pointed heel which has an area of cross
floor (remember to calculate for
mass is 650 N, find out the pressure exerted by her on the
(Ans 1625 kPa)
both legs).
base is I .25 m2, what is the pressure
10. An office safe has a weight of 800 N. If the area of the
(Ans 640Pa)
on the floor of the office?

PICTURE STUDY
Which of them will have greater
1. A shallow lake and a deep pond are shown in Figure A.
pressure at the bottom. Give reason.
2. In Figure B, mark the following:
a. The layer in which the atmospheric pressure is the highest.
b. The layer in which the atmospheric pressure is the lowest.
c. The layer where there are lots of air molecules.
d. The layer where there are less number of air molecules.
happens in both cases and why?
3. Compare the actions in Figure C and explain what 5
Layer
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

Fig. A fig. B

Fig. C

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