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Reporting and Sharing the Findings

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Draw conclusions from patterns and themes;
2. Formulate recommendations based on conclusions;
3. List references;
4. Present a written research report;
5. Finalize and present best design;
6. Write short description and present best design.
The conclusion should clarify concepts defined within the scope of the study.
Moreover, it should explain the relationship of the variables under study.
Most importantly, it should answer all questions raised by the researcher.
Ethically, the researcher should give the true findings of his/her study.
He/She is not supporsed to fabricate results to achieve the desired
conclusions. Instead, the researcher should prove or disprove the
relationship of the variables based on the findings of the study (Casela &
cuevas, 2010).

Drawing and Verifying Conclusions

Drawing conclusion involves deciding what the identified themes and
patterns mean and how they help to answer the research questions (Hair,
et.al., 2016). Hence, Hair, et.al (2016) suggest ways to draw and verify
conclusions for a qualitative research.
 Memoing happens when qualitative researchers begin write their
initial conclusions and observations, sometimes after every focus
group, interview or observational event. These conclusions are
initially preliminary, subject to revision as the project proceeds.
Interim analyses may suggest new questions for future interviews and
different types of participants to sample.
 Verification involves checking and rechecking the data to ensure the
initial conclusions are realistic, supportable, and valid.
 Credibility is qualitative researchers’ term for trustworthiness and
reliability. Reliability in qualitative research is the degree of
consistency with which the same researcher assigns similar
observations and interpretations at different times.

Guidelines in Writing the Conclusion (Calderon and Gonzales, 2008)

1. Conclusions should be logically written presenting the valid outgrowths
of the findings. Conclusions should have inferences, deductions,

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 abstractions, implications, interpretations, general statements, and/or
generalizations based on the findings.
2. Conclusions should appropriately answer the specific questions raised at
the beginning of the investigation in the order they are given under th e
statements of the problem.
3. Conclusions should point out what were factually learned from the
inquiry. However, no conclusions should be drawn from the implied or
indirect effects of the findings.
4. Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet
the study as required by the specific questions.
5. Without any strong evidence to the contrary, conclusions should be
stated categorically. They should be worded as if they are 100% true and
correct. They should not give any hint that the researcher has some
doubts about their validity and reliability. The use of quantifiers such as
probably, perhaps, maybe, and the like should be avoided.
6. Conclusions should refer only to the population, area, or subject of the
study.
7. Conclusions should not be repetitions of any statements anywhere in the
research paper. They may be recapitulations if necessary but they should
be worded differently and they should convey the same information as
the statements recapitulated.

Formulating Recommendations Based on Conclusion

Recommendations are suggestions for solution, improvement, revision,
validating of existing practices and for future or additional research on issues
about daily life. They should be specific, realistic and achievable. They can
identify the areas which need further research, which can be replicated or
which can be validated (Casela & Cuevas, 2010).

Guidelines in Writing the Recommendations (Calderon and Gonzales,

2008)
1. Recommendations should not aim to solve or help solve problems
discovered in the investigation.
2. No recommendations should be made for a problem, or anything for that
matter, that has not been discovered or discussed in the study.
Recommendations for things not discussed in the study are irrelevant.
3. There may also be recommendations for the continuance of a good
practice or system, or even recommendation for its improvement. This is
to ensure a continuous benefit being accorded to the universe involved.
4. Recommendations should aim for the ideals but they must be feasible,
practical, and attainable. It is useless to recommend the impossible.
5. Recommendations should be logical and valid.
6. Recommendations should be addressed to the persons, entities, agencies,
or offices who or which are in a position to implement them.
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7. There should be a recommendation for further research on the same

topic in other places to verify, amplify, or negate the findings of the study.
This is necessary so that if the findings are the same, generalizations of
wider application can be formulated.

Listing References
At the end of any research work, a page must be provided to list down the
references used during the research writing. Researchers need to
acknowledge all the sources with their complete and correct information and
format. It was mentioned previously, the citation and references must follow
consistent style, whether they are in MLA, APA or Chicago format.
References include a complete list of all quoted and paraphrased works that
the researcher actually used in completing the study. While bibliography
includes a complete list of all works related to the study, but are not directly
contained in the report. However, citing them is also important to provide a
list for suggested or further reading which other researchers may use for
their own research (Casela & Cuevas, 2010).
Reference list allows readers to locate and use the sources you have cited.
Reference information must be complete and accurate by including the
following information in the reference entry: author’s name, year of
publication, title of the work, and the publication information (Leedy and
Ormrod, in Casela & Cuevas, 2010).

Presenting the Written Research Report

The final report is the document that ultimately represents the research. The
report is the record of the research content, process, and analyses as
reported by the researcher. It also serves as the scientific contribution a
researcher make about what is known about the social world. It can also act
as a catalyst for further research (Kirby, et.al, 2006).
The following considerations are important in presenting the written
research report according to Kirby, et. al.(2006):
 While the content will always be essentially the same for each
audience, the emphasis on specific points and the way in which they
are expressed will be different depending on the target audience.
 This report need not to be substantially different from drafts, except
where participants have indicated that change is necessary.
 It should begin with the restatement of the beginnings of the research
project and end with a summary section.
 The summary section provides a description and explanation of the
new knowledge discovered or the unique contribution that this
research makes. Not too much detail is needed here – simple answer
the research questions, and draw the conclusion.

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  The final report can suggest some potential directions for further
research and possibly what kind of policy or individual or group
action might be recommended.
 The readers must be informed why this research counts and why is it
important.

The Best Research Design

For beginning researchers, a qualitative research is advisable because the
setting where it is commonly conducted is accessible. The natural settings
such as schools, hospitals, residences, and the likes do not require altering
the situation or controlling the behavior of the participants. The simplicity of
the design indicates measurability and attainability of the research in terms
of natural setting, willing participants, adequate time and cost. This appro ach
will make the researchers more involve in the society that they live with
everyday.
“Some people who conduct qualitative research do not appear to select one
particular approach but follow general principles that include hearing the
voices of those studied, using the researcher as the conduit for the
information, studying things in naturalistic manner, looking at the whole
things, and avoiding testing hypotheses. Results rely heavily on words, and
often quotations from those studied are included in the document. It is clear
that there is not a general agreement about which approach represents the
best qualitative design. The variety of approaches to qualitative research
presents a challenge both to the novice and experienced researchers
(Lichtman, 2013).”

Parts of the Written Research Report

1. Title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locale of the study,
the population involved, and the period when the data were gathered or
will be gathered (Calderon & Gonzales, 2008).
2. Introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to actually
stating and clearly articulating the research problem. It provides a
background that creates a favorable impression about the study. The
background establishes the problem by describing its nature and
narrating its development, occurrence or existence. It describes also the
setting where the problem is conceived. Lastly, it explains the rationale of
the problem (Casela and Cuevas, 2010).
3. Statement of the Problem is a direct, clear statement of the principal
and sub-problems to be investigated.
4. Significance of the Study classifies the people or organization who will
who will receive the full advantage of the research.
5. Scope and Delimitation emphasizes on the extent of the information to
be discussed in the study and the limits of the discussion.
6. Review of Related Literature is the foundation of proposed study for it
guides the researcher in pursuing his/her research venture (Calderon &
Gonzales, 2008).
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7. Methodology discusses the research design to be used, the sample and

sampling procedure, and the process of the data collection.
8. Presentation and Interpretation of Data illustrates the data in tabular
or graphical form with relative, objective and critical explanations.
9. Conclusion indicates the favorable or unfavorable research findings and
Recommendations possible research projects to confirm or verify
results of the study (Casela & Cuevas, 2010).
10. References list down all the sources used in the study particularly the
title, author(s), date and place of publication, arranged in a specific
bibliographic entry format.

Exercises and Activities

I. Draw the conclusion from the pattern of the data you collected from
the interview or observation. Then, formulate recommendations from
these conclusions. Use the format below to explain your answers.
Research Title: ____________________________________________________________________
Statement of the Problems: _____________________________________________________
Sub-problems: 1.
2.
3.
Conclusions:
 _________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________
Recommendations:
 __________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
II. List the references by gathering all the entries of the sources you used
in your research. Classify them accordingly below.
A. Books
B. Theses
C. Journals
D. Periodicals
E. Media source (if there’s any)
III. Finalize and present the best design for the qualitative research that
you will conduct. Choose among the five approaches discussed
previously: narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory,
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 ethnographic and action research. Write a short description
explaining your reasons for deciding that design for your qualitative
research.
IV. Present the written research report by including all the 10 parts
discussed earlier. Collate all the drafts you initially written from the
previous lessons, and synthesize them into the final research paper.

References
Calderon, J. & Gonzales, E. (2008). Methods of research and thesis writing.
Mandaluyong, Philippines: National Book Store
Casela, N. & Cuevas, G. (2010). Developing technical writing towards meeting
academic challenges. Mandaluyong, Philippines: Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.
Hair, J. Jr., Celsi, M., Money, A., Samouel, P. & Page, M. (2016). Essentials of
business research methods, 3 rd Ed. New York, USA: Routledge
Kirby, S., Greaves, L. & Reid, C. (2006). Experience research social change:
methods beyond the mainstream 2 nd Ed. Canada: Broadview Press
Lichtman, M. (2013). Qualitative research in education a user’s guide, 3 rd Ed.
California, USA: Sage Publications, Inc.