Gravitation

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Gravitation
Namo Kaul
Gravitation
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
 r

F F
m1 m2
 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
m1 = Mass of body A
Let’s consider… m2 = Mass of body B
A B r = Distance between A and B
m1 r m2

F F
There exists a force of attraction, This force is called as gravitational
force (F).

F ∝ m1m2 This force is directly proportional to product of masses.

1
F∝ This force is inversely proportional to square of distance
r2 between the masses.
m1m2
F∝
r2
 If we introduce a constant (G)
G is a constant of proportionality known as universal
gravitational constant.

Statement
Every particle of matter attracts
every other particle of matter with a
Force, which is directly proportional
to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.
 Universal Gravitational Constant (G)
m1 m2 Fr2
F = G G =
r2 m1 m2

Suppose that, m1 = m2 = 1 and r = 1, then G = F

Universal gravitation constant is numerically equal to the force of attraction between two unit
masses placed at unit distance apart.

Nm2 dyne cm2

SI unit of ‘G’ = CGS unit of ‘G’ =
kg2 gm2

[F][r2] [M1L1T–2] [M0L2T0]

Dimensions of ‘G’ = = = [M–1L3T–2]
[m1m2] [M2L0T0]

Value of G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2 = 6.67 × 10–8 dyne cm2/gm2

Ball is moving onwards the thick part of ring
Characteristic of Gravitational Law
 Characteristic of Gravitational Law
1. The gravitational force is independent of the intervening medium.

r r
Medium - Air Medium - Water

2. The force acts along the line joining the masses, hence it is a
central force.
3. The gravitational force is a conservative force.
4. The force exerted by the first particle on the second is
exactly equal & opposite to the force exerted by the second
particle on the first (obeys Newton’s 3rd law).
Gravity Force (F2) Gravity Force (F1)

Earth
Object
(Me = 6 × 1024 kg) (mass = 1 kg)

∴ F 1 = F2
Acceleration due to Gravity on the surface
 2 bodies of masses 5 kg and 6 × 1024 kg are placed with their centers
6.4 × 106 m apart. Calculate the force of attraction between the two
masses. Also find the initial acceleration of the two masses.
[Assume that no other forces act on them]
Given:

m1 = 5 kg
m2 = 6 × 1024 kg
6.4 × 106 m
5 kg r = 6.4 × 106 m
6 × 1024 kg
Solution: m1m2
F = G
r2
5 × 6 × 1024
= 6.67 × 10–11 ×
(6.4 × 106)2

6.67 × 5 × 6 × 10–11 +24

= ⇒ F = 48.85 N
6.42 × 1012

For Initial acceleration F = ma a = F

m
For m1; For m2;
F 48.85 F 48.85
a1 = m1 = a2 = =
5 m2 6 × 1024

a1 = 9.77 m/s2 a2 = 8.142 × 10–24 m/s2

The force between 2 particle is F. Now if the masses are doubled and
the distance is halved. Find the new force.
A. 2F
B. 8F F F
C. 16 F
m1 m2
D. F r
Solution:

Gm1m2 16 Gm1m2
F = F′ =
r2 r2
G(2m1)(2m2)
F′ = F′ = 16 F
1 2
r
2

4 Gm1m2
=
r2
4
Principle of Superposition of Gravitational Force

F31
m3 m1

F32

m2
 Principle of Superposition of Gravitational Force

Resultant gravitational F acting on a particle, due to number of point

masses is equal to the vector sum of forces exerted by individual
masses.

F = F01 + F02 + F03 m1

F01

m0
F0 F03
2

m2 m3
Three identical masses m are kept at the vertices of equilateral Δ of side
‘a’. Find the force on A due to B and C.
A
m

m m
B C
Forces in Y-Direction

F = FB cos30 + FC cos30 FB sin30 A FC sin30

300
FB FC

a a

magnitude
B C

Its direction is along -ve y axis i.e; -ĵ

Let’s Start
Gravitational Field

Lines of EQUAL field

strength

M
Gravitational Field Intensity ( g )

M
 Gravitational Field Intensity ( g )
The gravitational intensity (g) at any point in a gravitational field is defined as the force
acting on a unit mass placed at that point.
It is also called as Strength of the Gravitational Field.

M
 Gravitational Field

F ∝ 1
r2

If, r = ∞ then F = 0 r m2
i.e. ‘m2’ does not experience
any gravitational force due ‘m1’ m1

Gravitational field
Hence, gravitational force has a range.

This range/region, around ‘m1’ where other mass (m2) experiences gravitational force is
called as gravitational field.
Gravitational Intensity

F
r

M
 Gravitational Intensity m0
F
Suppose if we keep a mass (m0 ) in the gravitational field. r
The mass (m0) experiences a gravitational force
Mm0
F = G.
r2
F GM
g = = M
m0 r2

GM
g =
r2

The gravitational intensity (E) at any point in a gravitational field is defined as the
force acting on a unit mass placed at that point. It is also called as strength of the
Gravitational Field.
In, Vector form,

g g

Negative sign indicates, gravitational intensity is attractive in nature.

SI Units of ‘g’ = N / kg

CGS Units of ‘g’ = dyne/gm

[M1L1T–2]
Dimension of ‘g’ =
[M1]

Dimension of ‘g’ = [M0L1T–2]

Numerical on Gravitational Field
Infinite number of masses, each of mass m, are placed along a straight
line at distances of r, 2r, 4r, 8r etc. from a reference point. What is the
gravitational field intensity at point O ?
O A B C
4 Gm m m m
A.
3 r2
1 Gm r
B.
3 r2
2r
C. 2 Gm
3 r2 4r
Gm
D.
r2
Solution:

y
O A B C
m m m Gm
E =
r2 x
r

2r Intensity at point O will be in

positive x direction because of all
4r the masses so we will just add all
the intensities

E = EA + EB + EC + ……
E = EA + EB + EC + ……

= Gm + Gm + Gm + ……..
r2 4r2 16r2

Gm 1 1 + …….. Sn = a
= 1 + + 1–r
r2 4 16
Sn = 1
4 Gm 1 – 1/4
E =
3 r2
4
= 3
Find the relation between the gravitational field on surface of 2 planets
A & B of masses mA, mB and radii RA and RB respectively, if they have
same densities.

mB
mA RB
RA
Solution:

4
GMA G . π RA3ρ 4
gA = = 3 = π G ρ RA
R2A R2A 3

GMB G . 4 π RB 3 ρ
gB = = 3 = 4 πGρR
B
R2B 3
R2 B

gA RA
=
gB RB
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy difference between 2 points is the negative of work done by
gravitation field in moving a mass slowly from one point to another.

UB – UA = – Wfield A→B
or
UB – UA = Wexternal A→B
 B ∞

rA
 Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
ΔU = –Wgravity B
dr

= – ∫Fg ⋅ dr Fgravity A

negative
rA rB
r
B

UB – UA = ∫ GMm
r r
dr
2
A

1 – 1
⇒ UB – UA = –GMm
rB rA
If particle is taken from A to ∞

Taking U ⎜r = ∞ = 0
1 1
UB – U A = –GMm –
rB rA
1 1
U∞ – UA = –GMm –
r∞ rA

–1
–UA = –GMm
rA

–GMm Gravitational Potential energy at r distance

UA =
rA from the centre of the earth (r > Re)

–GMem It is amount of work done by external agent to

OR Ur =
r bring a body of mass m from ∞ to distance r
slowly in the influence of gravitational field
Potential Energy of Point Mass System

-G m1m2
U=
r

Work done to bring m2 from ∞ to r distance from m1 by external agent.

Gravitational Potential Energy of a System of Particles
 Gravitational Potential Energy of a System of Particle

m2
Utotal = U31 + U21 + U23
d

m1 m3
3d
Gravitational Potential Energy of a System of Particle
m2

m1m2 m1m3 m 2m 3
Usystem = –G + + F
r12 r13 r23

m1 m3
F

Energy in Bringing second Energy in Bringing third

particle in the presence of particle in the presence of
first particle first two particles
Find the velocity of mass 2m, when their separation reduces to d/2 ?
rest
rest

m 2m
d
 rest
rest

m 2m
d

2v v
m 2m
d/2
Three solid spheres each of mass m and radius R are released from the position
shown in figure. The speed of any one sphere at the time of collision would be

A.

B.

C.

D.
Gravitational Potential

∞
 Gravitational Potential (V)
It is defined as the amount of work done by external agent in bringing the body of unit
mass slowly from infinity to that point

∞
It is a scalar quantity
U
∴ Gravitational potential V = SI Unit of ‘V’ = Joule / kg
m

W U CGS Units of ‘V’ = erg / cm

V = =
m m
– GMm
= – GMm U =
r
rm

= – GM
V r [M1L2T–2]
Dimension of ‘V’ = = [M0L2T–2]
[M1]
 Gravitational Potential (V)
The gravitational potential at any point in gravitational field is defined as
the work done to bring a unit mass from infinity to that point.

-
m0
r
r=∞

M
Gravitational Field Strength due to a Sphere

Solid Sphere Hollow Sphere

M M
 Gravitational Field Strength - Hollow Sphere
CASE - 1
r>R

M,R

r
 Gravitational Field Strength - Hollow Sphere
CASE - 2

r=R

M,R
 Gravitational Field Strength - Hollow Sphere
CASE - 3 x<R

M,R
Hollow Sphere - Summary

O x
Hollow Sphere - Summary

g
GM/R2

g ∝ 1/x2

O
 Gravitational Field Strength - Solid Sphere
CASE - 1 r>R

M,R

r
 Gravitational Field Strength - Solid Sphere
CASE - 2 r=R

M,R
 Gravitational Field Strength - Solid Sphere
CASE - 3

x<R

M,R
Now we can say that the given solid sphere
is divided in two parts. One is an inner solid
sphere of radius x and outer radius R. Here
at point P gravitational field exist only due
to the inner sphere as due to outer shell,
we have discussed in previous section that,
no gravitational field exist at interior points m
R
due to outer shell.
x
Thus net gravitational field strength at P
can be obtained by considering the inner P
sphere of radius x as a point mass at the
centre. So gravitational field at P can be
given as
Solid Sphere - Summary

GM/R2

g ∝ 1/x2
Gravitational Potential due to a Sphere

Solid Sphere Hollow Sphere

Relationship between Gravitational Field ( g ) & Potential (V)

dV
g= dr
M M
 r1
M1

r2
r4

r3

M2

M4

M3
Gravitational Potential - Hollow Sphere
M, R

R
x

r
Gravitational Potential - Hollow Sphere
M, R

R
x

r
Gravitational Potential - Hollow Sphere

o x
v ∝ 1/x

-GM/R
Gravitational Potential - Solid Sphere
M, R

R
x

r
Gravitational Potential - Solid Sphere
M, R

R
Gravitational Potential - Solid Sphere

M, R

R
x

r
 o

-GM/R
At the center of a non-uniform ring of radius R, made up of two uniform halves
of mass 2M & M
(G: Newton's gravitational constant)
(A) field and potential both are zero
A. field and potential both are zero
B. field and potential but potential is -GM/R
C. field and potential but potential is -3GM/R
D. Magnitude of field is 2GM/πR2 and potential is -3GM/R
A uniform solid sphere (A) is surrounded symmetrically by a uniform thin
spherical shell (B) of equal mass but twice its radius (i.e. rB = 2rA). The
gravitational field g is plotted as a function of the distance from the
center of the solid sphere (r). Which of the following shows the correct plot?
Acceleration due to Gravity on the surface

mg
Acceleration due to Gravity on the surface
 Acceleration due to gravity
Gravitational Force on mass (m) :- m (m)

F = GMm g’ F
r2
F
As, F = ma ➔ a = r
m

This is called as acceleration due to gravity.

It is represented as, ‘g’. There is a force of attraction
M
g’ = F
m
GMm
g’ =
mr2

g’ = GM
r2
Acceleration due to Gravity on surface of Earth

Gravitational Force on mass (m) :-

F = GMm
R2

Mass of Earth (Me) = 6 × 1024 kg

Radius of Earth (Re) = 6400 km
 Acceleration due to Gravity on surface of Earth
➔ Consider, an object of mass (m), on the surface of Earth, As
the object is inside the gravitational field
➔ There is gravitational force acting towards centre of earth
➔ The gravitational force is same as the weight acting
downwards
➔ If g = acceleration due to gravity on surface of Earth.
Then, Weight = mg M

Weight = Gravitational Force

GMm
mg =
R2 R

g = GM
R2
 g = GM
R2
Object
(m)
6.67 × 10–11 × 6 × 1024
g = Force
(64 × 105)2 R

g = 9.8 m/sec2
Earth
(M)
This is the value of acceleration
due to gravity on Earth’s surface. Gravitational
field

G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2

M = 6 × 1024 kg
R = 64 × 105 m
Examples: Acceleration due to gravity at surface
The radius of the earth is about 6400 km and that of mars is about 3200 km. The
mass of the earth is about 10 times the mass of mars. An object weighs 200 N on
the surface of the earth. What is weight on the surface of mars ?
A. 20 N
B. 40 N M,R
C. 80 N
D. 100 N
Solution:

WE = mgE = 200 N
GM
g =
R2
gM MM RE2
= ×
gE ME RM2 2
WM = mgM = m g
MM 6400
2 5 E
= 2
10MM 3200 = mgE
5
= 1 ×4
10 2
= × 200
gM 2 5
=
gE 5 WM = 80 N
gM = 2 gE
5
A projectile is projected in the earth's gravitational field with initial kinetic energy E.
The horizontal of the projectile range is R. If the mass of the projectile is 1 kg then
the angle of projection of the projectile will be equal to
A. Sin-1(gR/2E)
B. 2 Sin-1(gR/2E)
C. 0.5 Sin-1(gR/2E)
D. 4 Sin-1(gR/2E)
Variation in Acceleration due to Gravity (g)

g’

g
Variation due to Shape of earth
Variation due to Shape of earth
We know that the earth is not perfect sphere. It is ellipsoidal. Its radius R decreases
from equator to poles. The polar radius is 21 km less than the equatorial radius.

GM
g =
R2

‘g’ increases from equator to pole,

where M = mass of earth.

Variation with Altitude

m
Variation with Altitude
h << R
m GMm
mg’ =
(R+h)2
 Variation with Altitude
➔ Consider, an object of mass (m) at height h from the Object
surface of Earth (m)
➔ As the object is inside the gravitational field h
r
➔ There is gravitational force acting towards center of earth
R Force
➔ The gravitational force is same as the weight acting
downwards
Earth
If gh = acceleration due to gravity at height. (M)
Then, Weight = mgh
Gravitational
Weight = Gravitational Force field

GMm
mgh =
(R+h)2

gh = GM
(R+h)2
Expression for ‘g’ at a height in terms of ‘g’ on the surface

GM
gh =
(R+h)2
At the Earth’s
g R2 surface
gh = GM
(R + h)2 g =
R2

R 2 GM = gR2
gh = g
R+h

This is the expression for ‘g’ at a height ‘h’ in terms of ‘g’ on the surface.
Expression of ‘g’ at Small height in terms of ‘g’ on the surface

h<<R
2
R h
gh = g ∴ = very small value
R+h R
h
Neglecting the higher order’s of
R
1
= g
2
R+h h –2
gh = g 1+
R R
2
1 2h h
= g 1– + ……
= g
h 2 R R
1+
R
2h
gh = g 1–
R
Variation due to Depth

d
m
Variation due to Depth
GMx
gin =
R3
d
m

R-d
 Variation due to Depth
A

GM′ B d
GM g′ = M
g = (R – d)2 R
R2 R–d

4 4
G× πR3 ρ G× π(R – d)3 ρ O
3 g′ = 3
g = (R – d)2 M′
R2

4 4
g πGR ρ …(i) g′ = πG (R – d) ρ …(ii)
= 3
3

4 4
M = M′ = π(R – d)3 ρ
πR3 ρ 3
3
 4
g = πGR ρ …(i) 4
3 πG (R – d) ρ R–d
g′ 3
= =
g 4 R
4 πGRρ
g′ = πG (R – d) ρ …(ii) 3
3

d
g′ = g 1–
R

The value of acceleration due to gravity decreases with depth.

 A
B d
d M
g′ = g 1–
R R
R–d=r

d O
g′ = g 1–
R

R –d
= g
R
r = distance from center of earth
r
g′ = g
R
gd ∝ r
 h << R

2h d
gh = g 1– g′ = g 1–
R R

d
m

R-d
Examples: Variation of acceleration due to gravity

g’

g
 At a certain height above the surface of the earth the gravitational
acceleration is 81% of its value at the earth’s surface. Determine that
height above the earth’s surface. (Radius of the earth is 6400 km)

A. 345.6 km
B. 364.5 km
C. 453.6 km m
D. 711 km

Here h is NOT << R

Solution:
Taking square root on both
sides
2
gh = R
g
R+h 9 R
=
10 R+h
2
gh R
=
g R+h
h= R/9
2 h = 711 km
81 R
=
100 R+h
 Find the height of the point vertically above the earth’s surface at
which the acceleration due to gravity becomes 1% of its value at the
surface? (R is the radius of the earth)
A. 8R m
B. 9R
C. 99 R
D. 9.9 R

Here h is NOT << R

Solution:
1
gh = g
(R)2 100
GM gh = g
gh = (R + h)2
(R + h)2
1 (R)2
GM g = g
g = 100 (R + h)2
R2
100 R2 = (R + h)2

10 R = R+h

h = 9R
Find the acceleration due to gravity at a depth of 2000 km from the
earth’s surface, assuming that earth has uniform density [R = 6400 km]
A. 9.787 m/s2
B. 6.737 m/s2
C. 3.637 m/s2
D. 2.676 m/s2

d
m
Solution:
The acceleration due to gravity at a points at a depth d from the earth’s surface is given by…
d
gd = g 1 – g = 9.8 m/s2,
R
R = 6.4 × 106 m
2 × 106 d = 2 × 106 m
gd = 9.8 1 –
6.4 × 106

9.8 × 4.4
gd =
6.4

gd = 6.737 m/s2
Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much
would a body weigh half way down to the centre of the earth if it has
a weight of 250 N on the surface ?

A. 200 N
B. 125 N
C. 105 N
D. 75 N
Solution:

Wd = mgd

R d d
Given mg = 250 N , d = Wd = mg 1 – gd = g 1 –
2 R R

To Find Wd = R
?
2 mg = 250 kg
Wd = 250 × 1 –
d R
Formula gd = g 1 –
R
1
= 250 × = 125 R
2 d =
2

Wd = 125 N
The acceleration due to gravity at a depth ‘d’ reduces to 25% from the value
at the surface. Calculate the value of ‘d’ if radius of earth is 6400 km.
A. 4800 km
B. 3200 km
C. 1600 km
D. 2400 km
Solution:
25 g
Given gd = 25% of g = × g =
100 4
R = 6400 km = 6.4 × 106 m

To Find d = ?

d
Formula gd = g 1 –
R
 d
gd = g 1 – d = 3 × 1.6 × 106 g
R gd =
4
g d = 4.8 × 106 m
= g 1 –
4 R
R = 6.4 × 106 m
d = 4800 km
1 d
= 1 –
4 R

d = 1 – 1 = 3
R 4 4

3
d = × R
4

3
d = × 6.4 × 106
4
Find the height from the earth’s surface where g will be 25% of its value
on the surface of earth (R = 6400 km).
A. 1600 km
B. 3200 km
C. 6400 km
D. 12800 km m
 Solution:
At a height h above the earth’s surface, we have
2
g′ = g R
(R + h)
g 2 R 1
R
= g ⇒ =
4 (R + h) R+h 2

⇒ h = 6400 km
Find the percentage decrement in the value of g at a depth of 4 km
from the surface of earth.
Solution:
At a depth d below earth’s surface, we have

d
g′ = g 1 –
R
g′ 4 4
= 1– % age = × 100
g 6400 6400
g – g′ 4 1
= = % decrease
g 6400 16
Variation in Gravity due to Rotation
Variation in Gravity due to Rotation
ω Very Small
ω
Fnet = F1 + F2

m m ω2 (R cos φ)

mg

φ
 Special Cases
Variation in g due to rotation of Earth
 Variation of ‘g’ with latitude due to rotational
motion of earth

At Poles gp is the value of the effective acceleration due to

gravity at the poles.
ω
P

gp = g – R ω2 cos2 φ φ = 90° ; cosφ = 0

φ = 90°

GM
gp = g =
R2
 Variation of ‘g’ with latitude due to rotational
motion of earth
At Equator

ge is the value of the effective

ω acceleration due to gravity at the equator.

φ = 90° ge = g –Rω2 cos2 φ φ = 0° ; cosφ = 1

P

ge = g –Rω2
What must be the angular velocity of rotation of the earth so that the
effective acceleration due to gravity at the equator is zero ?
A. 1.25 × 10–3 rad/sec
B. 1.25 × 10–5 rad/sec
C. 1.25 × 10–7 rad/sec ω
D. 1.25 × 10–9 rad/sec

Re = 64 ×105 m
g = 10
Solution:
If ‘ω’ is increased, ‘ge’ will decrease, At a particular value of ‘ω’,
‘ge’ becomes zero

ge = g– ω2 R
ω =
√ g
R
ω

g
=

=
g – ω2 R

ω2 R
ω =
√ 10
64 × 105

ω =
√ 10 × 10–6
64
R

ω = 1.25 × 10–3 rad/sec Earth

 Orbital Speed (V0), Time Period ,
Total Energy & Binding Energy of Satellite
Orbital Speed (V0)
 Orbital Speed (V0)
Satellites have specific orbital speeds to move around Earth, depending on its
distance from the center of Earth. v 0

m
r

The satellite is launched from the surface with the help of a rocket, which parks it in particular orbit with
a tangential speed appropriate for that orbit.
Orbital Speed (V0)

M
 Orbital Speed (V0)
Since satellite is orbiting along a circular path, there is requirement for the provision
of centripetal force, which is always directed towards the center of orbit.

GMm
r2
=
mv02
r
⇒ v0 =
√ GM
r
M
v0

FG m
O r
 v0
GM
M
g = FG m
R2
O r h m
⇒ GM = gR2

Substituting in the equation of orbital velocity, we have:

⇒ v0 =
√ GM
r
=
√ gR2
r
=
√ gR2
R+h

where “h” is the vertical height of the satellite above the surface.

√
g
⇒ v0 = R
R+h
Examples: Orbital Speed
 Show that the Orbital speed of a body revolving very close to the

surface of a planet of radius R and mean density ρ is 2R √ πρG

3

ρ
R
Solution:
Orbital speed of a body is given as..

Since body is revolving very close

4πR3ρ

√
× G to the surface of a planet
GM
VO = VO = 3
R+h ∴ h << R
R
Also,

=
√ 22R2 (πρG)
3
M = Vol × ρ

√
πρG 4πR3ρ
VO = 2R =
3 3
Time Period of Satellite

Vo m
h

r
 Time Period of Satellite
The time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution around a planet is called its period
or periodic time (T).
Circumference of orbit
Period (T) = Vo m
Orbital Speed
h

r
 Period of Revolution of a satellite Satellit vO
e r

Circumference of orbit
=
Orbital Speed Earth
2πr

√
T =

√
GM
VO =
GM
r
r

√ r3 4 π2 r 3
T = 2π T2 =
GM GM

The square of the period of revolution of a satellite is directly proportional to the cube of the radius
of its orbit.

T2 r3 Kepler’s III Law

Time Period in terms of acceleration due to gravity

T =2π
√ r3
GM T = 2π
√
(R + h)3
GM
At a height ‘h’,

GM

√
gh =
R+h (R + h)2
Close to surface , h << R T = 2π gh GM = gh (R + h)2

T = 2π
√ R3
GM
…
g =
GM
R2
R = 6400 km

√ R GM = gR2 g = 9.8 m/sec2

T = 2π g

= 84.6 minutes
A double star is a system of 2 stars of masses m & 2m, rotating about their centre of
mass only under their mutual gravitational attraction. If r is the separation between these
two stars then their time period of rotation about their centre of mass will be
proportional to -

A. r3/2 Multi-Correct
B. r
C. m1/2
D. m-1/2
A double star is a system of 2 stars of masses m & 2m, rotating about their centre of
mass only under their mutual gravitational attraction. If r is the separation between these
two stars then their time period of rotation about their centre of mass will be
proportional to -

A. r3/2 Multi-Correct
B. r
C. m1/2
D. m-1/2
What would be the new period of rotation of the earth around the Sun if
the distance between the earth and the sun is doubled ?
A. 1032 days
B. 730 days
C. 1295 days
D. 1567 days

r
Solution:
Given r2 = 2r1

T1 = 1 year

T2 = ?

Formula T2 ∝ r3
 T22 = 8
T22 r23
= T2 = √ 8 years
T12 r13
T2 = 2 √2
T12 × r2
3

T22 =
r13 T2 = 2 × 1.414

1 × (2r1)3 T2 = 2.828 yrs

=
r13 T2 = 2.82 × 365
T2 = 1032 days
Compare the Orbital Speeds of 2 satellites if the ratio of their periods is 8 : 1.
Solution:

T1 8 Formula T2 ∝ r3
Given =
T2
1

To Find
vo 1
vo 2
= ? vo =
√ GM
r

2 3
T1 ∝ r1 2 3 3
T1 2
r1 8 r1
= =
2
T2
3
r2 r2 1 r2
∝ T2
 √
2 3
8 r1 GM
= vo =
r2 r
1

r1 4
=
r2 1

√
vo 1 r2
=
vo2 r1

√
vo 1 vo1 1
1 =
=
vo 2 4 vo2 2
Total Energy & Binding Energy of a Satellite
 Potential & Kinetic Energy of Satellite

vo = √ GM
r
V0

m
r
M
Energy of a Satellite

The potential energy of a satellite is

GMm
U = –
r
The kinetic energy of a satellite is
1
K.E. = m Vo2
2

1 GM
or, K.E. = m
2 r

GMm
K.E. =
2r
Energy of a Satellite

The potential energy of a satellite is

GMm GMm
U = – K.E. =
r 2r

Total mechanical energy of the satellite

GMm GMm
= – +
r 2r

GMm
TE = –
2r
 Binding Energy of a Satellite
The minimum energy which must be supplied to a satellite,so that it can escape from
the earth’s gravitational field, is called the binding energy of that satellite.
 Binding Energy of a Satellite
The minimum energy which must be supplied to a satellite,
so that it can escape from the earth’s gravitational field,
is called the binding energy of that satellite.

Mathematically , it is given as..

B.E = – TE

GMm GMm
B.E = E = –
2r 2r
Examples: Binding Energy of a satellite
What will be the B.E. of a satellite of mass 80 kg revolving in an orbit close
to earth’s surface. Also calculate its B.E. at a height of 1600 km from
earth’s surface. (Me = 5.98 x 1024 kg ; Re = 6400 km)
A. 2.49 × 109 J, 1.99 × 109 J
B. 2.49 × 108 J, 1.99 × 108 J
C. 2.49 × 107 J, 1.99 × 107 J
D. 2.49 × 106 J, 1.99 × 106 J

v
Solution:

Given m = 80 kg To Find
h = 1600 km
B.E. of satellite
R = 6400 km
= 6.4 × 106 m
M = 5.98 × 1024 Kg
R+h= 6400 + 1600
= 8000 km = 8 ×106m
 GMm (for satellite at height h)
B. E. = GMm B. E. =
2 (R + h)
2 (R + h)
6.67 × 10–11 × 5.98 × 1024 × 80
= GMm =
2R 2 (8 × 106)

1 6.67 × 5.98× 8 × 108

= × 4.985 × 109 =
2 2× 8
B. E. = 2.49 × 109 J = 1.99 × 109 J
If a body is projected with speed lesser than escape velocity:

A. The body can reach a certain height and may fall down following a straight line path
B. The body can reach a certain height and may fall down following a parabolic path
C. The body may orbit the earth in a circular orbit
D. The body may orbit the earth in an elliptic orbit

Multi-Correct
If a body is projected with speed lesser than escape velocity:

A. The body can reach a certain height and may fall down following a straight line path
B. The body can reach a certain height and may fall down following a parabolic path
C. The body may orbit the earth in a circular orbit
D. The body may orbit the earth in an elliptic orbit

Multi-Correct
A spacecraft which is moving with a speed u relative to the earth in the x-direction, enters the
gravitational field of a much more massive planet which is moving with a speed 3u in the
negative x- direction. The spacecraft exits following the trajectory as shown below.
The speed of the spacecraft w.r.t the earth a long time after it has escaped the planet's gravity
is given by
u
A. u
B. 4u
C. 2u 3u
D. 7u
u

3u 3u
A double star is a system of two stars of masses m & 2m, rotating about their
centre of mass only under their mutual gravitational attraction. If r is the
separation between these two stars then their time period of rotation about
their centre of mass will be proportional to
A. r3/2
B. R
C. m1/2
D. m-1/2
3 identical stars of mass M, forms an equilateral triangle of side L that rotates around
the centroid of the triangle.
The amount of work done, that is required to dismantle the system, is :

A. m

B.

C.

D. m m
 m

m m
Our Sun, with mass 2 x 1030 kg revolves on the edge of our milky way galaxy, which can be assumed
to be spherical, having radius 1020m. Also assume that many stars, identical to our sun are
uniformly distributed in the spherical milky way galaxy. If the time period of the sun is 1015 second
& number of star in the galaxy are nearly
3 x 10(x), find value of 'x' (take π2 = 10, G = 20/3 x 10-11 in MKS)
A. 12
B. 10
C. 11
D. 13
 A satellite is orbiting around a planet in a circular path of radius r. A meteorite of mass m
collides with the satellite & sticks to the satellite. After collision, the satellite is seen to
have gone into an orbit whose minimum distance from the planet is r/2. Mass of satellite
is 9m and that of planet is M and assume that the meteorite is moving radially towards
the satellite’s orbit with speed v before collision as shown

If find the value of n.

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

m
m
M v M
m
A planet moves around sun in an elliptical orbit of eccentricity e. The ratio of the
velocity at perigee Vp, and at apogee Va, is given by=

A. Vp/Va = 1+e/1-e
B. Vp/Va = 1-e/1+e
C. Vp/Va = √1+e/1-e
D. Vp/Va = √1-e/1+e
TOP RANKERS SERIES
The gravitational field strength E and gravitational potential V are related as

In the figure, transversal lines represent equipotential surfaces. A particle of mass m is

released from rest the origin. The gravitational unit of potential, 1 V = 1 cm2/s2
y-component of E at the point whose coordinates are (4 cm, 4 cm) is
A. 1 cm/s2 Y
B. 8 cm/s2
C. 4 cm/s2
D. None of these

450
x
O 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm -40V

-30V
-20V
-10V
 Y

450
x
O 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm -40V

-30V

-20V

-10V
The gravitational field strength E and gravitational potential V are related as

In the figure, transversal lines represent equipotential surfaces. A particle of mass m is

released from rest the origin. The gravitational unit of potential, 1 V = 1 cm2/s2

A. v = 2√y
B. v = √2y
C. v = 2y
D. v = 2y + 4y2 + 2y2 Y

450
x
O 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm -40V

-30V
-20V
-10V
A particle of mass m (where m is the mass in gram) is released from point O
with initial velocity zero. The work done by gravitational force on the particle,
when it is taken from to B, is

A. 30m, unit Y
B. -15m, unit 1 V = 1 cm2/s2
C. -30m, unit
D. +15m, unit

900
450

x
O 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm
-40V

-30V
-20V
-10V
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