6/15/2022

Welcome to the Webinar on FEMA P-2091,

An Introduction to FEMA P-2091:
A Practical Guide to Soil-Structure Interaction!
A Practical Guide to Soil-Structure Interaction
Instructor. Bret Lizundia, S.E.
Executive Principal at Rutherford + Chekene

Handouts. Webinar handouts will be sent in the chat and are available at this
link: https://cloud.atcouncil.org/s/2HQWRAinbgZytaX.

PDH Certificates. Participants who are both registered and in attendance today
will receive a PDH certificate by email within 4 weeks.

Q&A. Use the Q&A window at the bottom of your screen to pose questions.
Answers will be distributed by email within 4 weeks.

Recording. A link to the recording will be sent by email after the event and will Bret Lizundia, SE
be available for one month.
Rutherford + Chekene
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Presentation Outline Learning Objectives

• Introduction to SSI terminology, SSI modeling approaches, • Gain familiarity with SSI modeling approaches, terminology,
and FEMA P-2091 and different types of effects
• Situations where SSI is important • Learn when SSI is important (and when it is not)
• Rule of thumb test for inertial SSI significance
• Summary of SSI topics in ASCE/SEI 7-16 • Learn how SSI can impact structural behavior
• Base slab averaging and embedment effects • See examples of SSI as applied to different building types
• How to model a basement
• Learn about key SSI resources for practicing engineers
• Detailed case study building examples
• Tips on understanding and implementing SSI
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Survey Questions Chapter 1: Key SSI Terminology

Question 1: For practicing structural engineers: Have you used
SSI in a new building or retrofit design?
• Never • 1-2 times • 3 or more times

Question 2: For practicing geotechnical engineers: Have you

provided SSI recommendations in a geotechnical report?
• Never • 1-2 times • 3 or more times
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 1-2
(modified from Figure 1-2 in NIST GCR 12-917-21)
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Chapter 1: Key SSI Terminology Ch. 1: SSI Terms

Free-field motion: Motion at ground surface in absence Inertial SSI: The dynamic
of structure and its foundation. interaction between the
Foundation input motion: Motion that effectively structure, its foundation, and
excites the structure and its foundation. the surrounding soil caused by
Kinematic SSI: The modification of free-field ground the foundation input motion.
motion to foundation input motion as a result of spatial Effects include the following:
variability in the free-field motions. Effects include the  Period lengthening: The increase in the building period due to foundation
following. flexibility.
 Base slab averaging: Kinematic SSI of a shallow  Radiation damping: The damping in the soil-structure system caused by the
(nonembedded) foundation caused by wave generation and propagation of waves away from the foundation, which are
incongruence over the base area.
caused by dynamic displacements of the foundation relative to the free-field
 Embedment effects: Kinematic SSI embedment displacements.
effects in which foundation-level motions are
reduced as a result of ground motion reduction with  Soil damping: The hysteretic (material) damping of the soil, similar to
depth below the free surface in structures with viscous damping in the superstructure.
embedded foundations.
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Chapter 1: FEMA P-2091 Scope Chapter 1: Types of SSI Modeling

• SSI topics: Base slab averaging,
foundation embedment, foundation Included in Scope of FEMA P-2091
and soil flexibility, period lengthening, Direct Analysis ASCE 7-16 SSI Substructure
and foundation damping. Approach Chapter 19 Approach
• Easy-to-use rules of thumb on when  Modifications
SSI is likely to be of significance. without springs
• Advice on modeling of basements.  Modifications
• The focus is on techniques that with springs
practicing engineers can use. As such, From FEMA P-2006 Lecture
Presentation (Braund, 2019)
soil flexibility is addressed through the
use of springs, rather than by finite From NIST GCR 12-917-21 (NIST, 2012)
element modeling.
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Chapter 1: FEMA P-2091 Purpose Chapter 1: FEMA P-2091 Target Audience

• Primary: Practicing engineers who
• To help practicing
are familiar with seismic design
engineers know when
using ASCE/SEI 7 but who have
incorporating SSI would little to no experience with SSI.
be important.
• Secondary: Engineers who have
• To show examples of some experience with some SSI
how to implement techniques, such as using springs,
different SSI techniques. but may need advice on other SSI
techniques they have not utilized.

From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-5

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FEMA P-2091 Project Team NIST GCR 12-917-21 (ATC-83)

• FEMA • Project Review Panel
• Mike Mahoney, Project Officer • Peter Lee, SOM
• Bob Hanson, Subject Matter Expert • Sissy Nikolaou, WSP USA
• Bob Pekelnicky, Degenkolb
• ATC: Ayse Hortacsu, Project Manager • Payman Tehrani, SC Solutions
• Project Technical Committee • Working Group Members
• Bret Lizundia, R+C, Proj. Tech. Director • Tim Ancheta, RMS
• CB Crouse, AECOM • Ricardo Henoch, SOM
• Steve Harris, SGH • Laurel Jiang, R+C
• Boris Jeremic, UC Davis
• Gyimah Kasali, R+C
• Jon Stewart, UCLA • Lisa Star, CSU Long Beach
• Mike Valley, MKA • Chris Tokas, OSHPD (now HCAI)
13 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
• Jiejing Zhou, SOM
• Comprehensive compilation of SSI
information. Forms much of the
underlying basis of the SSI
provisions in both ASCE/SEI 7-16
and ASCE/SEI 41-17.
• Discusses the underlying technical
basis and includes several
significant case study examples
and comparisons of different
modeling techniques.
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Outline of FEMA P-2091 Design Guide Chapter 2: Situations Where SSI is Important
Chapter 1: Introduction • Items in green are direct
worked examples of how to do
• Large building footprint
Chapter 2: Situations Where SSI is Important
Chapter 3: Rule of Thumb Test for Inertial SSI Significance ASCE 7-16 Chapter 19 SSI reduces design forces.
procedures.
Chapter 4: Base Slab Averaging
• The larger building on the
Chapter 5: Embedment Effects
Chapter 6: Foundation and Soil Flexibility
• Differences with ASCE 41-17 left will have a greater
Chapter 7: Period Lengthening
Chapter 8 SSI procedures are reduction in short period
noted.
Chapter 8: Foundation Damping spectral response.
Chapter 9: How to Model a Basement Items in black are additional,
Chapter 10: Conclusions and Recommendations
• • This is due to the kinematic
useful advice to practicing
Appendix A: Two-Story BRBF Design Example engineers. interaction effect of base
Appendix B: Twelve-Story Concrete Design Example slab averaging.
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 2-1
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Chapter 2: Situations Where SSI is Important Survey Question

• Substantial foundation Question 3: For a given site and a given building height, would
embedment reduces design you expect SSI to be more important for a flexible moment
forces. frame or a stiff shear wall building?
• The building on the left with
• Moment frame • Shear wall
deeper embedment will have
a greater reduction in short
period spectral response.
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 2-2
• This is due to the kinematic
interaction embedment effect.

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Chapter 2: Situations Where SSI is Important Chapter 2: Situations Where SSI is Important
• High structure-to-soil • An increase in the
stiffness ratios will lengthen
period and change design short period range
forces. can increase spectral
• Foundation rotation and acceleration.
translation will add to
superstructure • An increase in the
displacements. long period range can
• The increase in decrease spectral
fundamental period can acceleration.
affect associated spectral
accelerations. From FEMA P-2091, Figure 2-4
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 2-3 (adapted from NIST GCR 12-917-21 Figure 2-3)
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Chapter 2: Situations Where SSI is Important
• Foundation rocking impacts
superstructure behavior.
• In the fixed base model, the
mechanism is buckling of the
highly stressed brace in
compression.
• In the flexible base model, the
braced frames rock, and the
brace has adequate capacity,
but beams see increase end
rotations.
21 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
Chapter 2: Situations
Where SSI is Important
• With the stiff/strong foundation
(represented as a fixed base),
superstructure displacements are
small, the frame is protected, and
damage concentrates in the wall.
• With the flexible/weak
foundation, displacements
increase, and damage is
concentrated in the frame, rather
than the wall.
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 2-5 (adapted from
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 2-6
(adapted from ATC-40)
FEMA P-2006 and associated training slides) 22 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

Chapter 3: Rule of Thumb Test for Chapter 3: Rule of Thumb Test for
Inertial SSI Significance Inertial SSI Significance
• Use the right shear wave velocity.
• If h’/(vsT) > 0.1, then inertial SSI effects It is not Vs30.
are likely to be significant.
There are several similar shear wave velocity parameters. ASCE/SEI
• h’ = effective height = 7-16 is not consistent with the terms:
In Chapter 20, v̅s is the “average shear wave velocity.” It is taken over
2/3 (36 ft superstructure + 0.5 ft slab) = the top 100 ft of soil. This is often designated as Vs30 for 30 m. Both
24.3 ft v̅s and Vs30 are low strain shear wave velocities, though this is never
stated in Chapter 20.
• vs= 763 ft/s at this site In Chapter 19, vso, for inertial SSI is the “average low strain shear
wave velocity over a depth of B below the base of the structure.” If
the depth B were 100 ft, it would be the same as v̅s.
• T = Cthnx = 0.020 x 360.75 = 0.29 s In Chapter 19, the low strain shear wave velocity needs to be
modified by Table 19.3-1 to obtain the average effective shear wave
• h’/(vsT) = 24.3 ft / (763 ft/s x 0.29 s) = velocity, vs.
Low Strain Shear Wave Velocity
0.11 > 0.1  SSI inertial effects likely to ASCE/SEI 7-22 has improved the terminology.
at Example Building Site
be significant From FEMA P-2091, Figure 3-1 From FEMA P-2091, Figure 3-2
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Chapter 3: Rule of Thumb Test for Chapter 3: Rule of Thumb Test for
Inertial SSI Significance Inertial SSI Significance
• Step 1: Determine footing embedment depth, e. • Step 4: Determine the average low strain shear wave
Per Chapter 5, this is 0.5 ft for slab-on-grade only, velocity, vso, over the rocking depth.
since footings do not take up more than 75% of Vso = Σdi / Σ(di / vsi)
the footprint area. = (31.81 / [(3.28/676) + (6.56/817) +(19.69/1,319)
+((31.81 – 29.53)/1,269) = 1,074 ft/s
• Step 2: Determine the effective profile depth, zp. • Step 5: Determine the effective shear wave velocity
zp = (B3L)0.25 = (28.53 x 41.5)0.25 = 31.31 ft ratio, [vs / vso].
SDS = 1.0 SDS / 2.5 = 0.4 Site Class D
• Step 3: Determine the effective depth for [vs / vso] = 0.71 per ASCE/SEI 7-16 Table 19.3-1
foundation rotation, r. • Step 6: Determine the average effective shear wave
r = e + zp = 0.5 + 31.31 = 31.81 ft velocity, vs.
vs = vso [vs / vso] = 1,074 x 0.71 = 763 ft/s
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 3-1 From FEMA P-2091, Figure 3-1, Table 3-1
25 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 26 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

Chapter 4: Base Slab Averaging (BSA) Chap 4: Base Slab Averaging

Likely BSA if slab
• Kinematic SSI reduction of No BSA is stiff enough

demands on the structure

due to variations in ground Example 100 ft x 400 ft footprint
motion across larger • be = effective foundation size =
foundations. (Abase)½ = (100 x 400)1/2 =
BSA with diagonal tie
• Requires interconnected beams
Highly likely BSA if
mat is stiff enough 200 ft < 260 ft cap
footings, foundation base
area, and the average From FEMA P-2091, Figure 4-2

effective shear wave

velocity, vs. Example Building Base Configurations, Showing
Different Degrees of Interconnectivity
27 FEMA P-2091 Webinar From FEMA P-2091, Figure 4-1 28 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

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Chap 4: Base Slab Averaging Chapter 5: Embedment Effects

Note that dashed line reduced for BSA
is drawn below where it should be.
• Kinematic SSI reduction of Key Equation
demands on the structure RRSe = 0.25 + 0.75 cos[2πe / Tvs]
due to embedment of building
foundation.
• Requires foundation
embedment depth, e, which is
• Reduction is largest in short period region over a minimum of 75% of
• T = 0.2 s, reduce by 0.86 foundation footprint at that
• T = 0.4 s, reduce by 0.96 depth, and the average effective
• T = 1.0 s, reduce by 0.99 From FEMA P-2091, Figure 4-4 shear wave velocity, vs. From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-1

29 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 30 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

Chapter 5: Embedment Effects Chapter 5: Embedment Effects

Depth of Embedment for a

Basement on Perimeter Strip Footings
Depth of Embedment for a and Interior Spread Footings
Building on a Mat Foundation
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-1
Depth of Embedment for a Building From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-3 Maximum Depth of Embedment
on Grade Beams and Spread Footings From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-4
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-2
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Chapter 5: Embedment Effects Chapter 5: Embedment Effects

Depth of Embedment
on a Sloping Site
Maximum Depth of
Depth of Embedment for a Depth of Embedment for a
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-7
Embedment on a Sloping Site
Smaller Partial Basement Larger Partial Basement From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-8
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-5
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-6
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Chapter 5: Embedment
Effects - Example Chapter 5: Embedment Effects - Example
e = 20 ft
vso = 972 ft/s
vs / vso = 0.687 (ASCE/SEI 7-16 Table
19.3-1 for Site Class D and SDS = 1.06)
vs = vso[vs/vso] = 972 x 0.687 = 668 ft/s
Example Building
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-8
RRSe = 0.25 + 0.75 cos[2πe / Tvs]
Average low strain shear wave velocity, vso, over the
embedment depth, e = 20 ft. RRSe = 0.25 + 0.75 cos[2π x 20 ft/(0.20s Site-Specific Response Spectral
vso = Σdi / Σ(di / vsi) = 20 / [(3.28/676) + (6.56/817) + Acceleration Modification Factor for
x 668 ft/s)] = 0.692 < 0.70  use 0.70
((20-9.84)/1,319)] = 972 ft/s Foundation Embedment, RRSe
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 3-1, Table 3-1
35 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 36 FEMA P-2091 Webinar From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-10

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Chapter 5: Embedment Effects Ch. 6: Foundation & Soil Flexibility

• Reduction is largest in the • Computation of the flexibility of soil
short period region. supporting building foundations which
Reduction factors: is incorporated into SSI analyses.
• T=0.2, reduce by 0.70
• ASCE/SEI 7-16 does not have not have
• T=0.4, reduce by 0.92
guidance on determining soil flexibility.
• T=1.0, reduce by 0.99
• Maximum combined • NIST GCR 12-917-21, ASCE/SEI 41-17,
reduction from base slab FEMA P-2006, and FEMA P-2091
averaging and embedment Response Spectra for Example Building,
provide methods and examples.
effects is 0.70. With and Without Embedment SSI
From FEMA P-2091, Figure 6-1
37 FEMA P-2091 Webinar From FEMA P-2091, Figure 5-11 38 FEMA P-2091 Webinar (taken from FEMA P-2006)

3-Story RCSW
Soil damping
Ch. 7: Period Lengthening 10-Story Chapter 8: Foundation Damping
RCSW

• Foundation damping is an inertial SSI effect. There

• Soil flexibility leads to period are two types:
lengthening in the superstructure, 10-Story
SMF • Soil damping: Hysteretic damping of the soil,
changing seismic demands. similar to inherent viscous damping in the
superstructure.
• Radiation damping: Damping in the soil-structure Radiation
system caused by generation and propagation of
waves away from the foundation, which are Damping
10-Story caused by displacements of the foundation
RCSW relative to the free-field displacements.
10-Story
SMF • Not permitted for (1) closely spaced, but
3-Story unconnected footings, (2) deep foundations, or (3)
RCSW mat footings only connected by weak, flexible slabs.
• Effective damping is limited to 20% in ASCE/SEI 7-16.
From FEMA P-2091, Table 7-1 and Figure 7-2
39 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 40 FEMA P-2091 Webinar Figures from Mike Valley (2007)

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Chapter 9: How to Model a Basement:

NIST GCR 12-917-21 Model Comparison Studies Chapter 9: How to Model a Basement: Model 1 Example
• For moment frames, Model 1 and Model 2 lead to comparable or slightly conservative results
to the Baseline Model and thus represent reasonable and practical design alternatives. • Two models:
• For shear walls, Model 4 provides more consistent results to the Baseline Model, though superstructure and
Model 2 typically conservatively bounds the Baseline Model results and is thus a reasonable basement.
and practical design alternative. Model 1 results are more variable, less of a match, and • Dynamic base at grade
conservative for several parameters, but not all. for superstructure model.
• Transfer forces from
Model 4 Baseline
Model 1 Model 2 Model 4 Simplified Model superstructure to
4a
basement model.
• Ratio wall forces by
Rbraces / Rwall (not shown).
From FEMA P-2091,
Figures 9-4, 9-5

For MF For MF/SW

For SW
41 FEMA P-2091 Webinar Figures adapted from FEMA P-2091, Figure 9-3, NIST GCR 12-917-21 and PEER TBI 42 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

Chapter 9: How to Model a Basement: Model 2 Example Chapter 9: How to Model a Basement: Sloping Site
• One model:
Combined
superstructure and
basement.
• Dynamic base at
grade for code forces.
• Scale dynamic model
so first story shear
matches code base
shear.
• Ratio wall forces by From FEMA P-2091,
Figures 9-7 and 9-8
Rbraces / Rwall (not
From FEMA P-2091,
Figures 9-4, 9-6 shown).
One model with linear combination of inertial loads from
43 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 44 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
building plus unbalanced pressures from soil.

11

Appendix A: Two-Story Building Example
Two-Story BRBF
From FEMA P-2091, Figure A-3
45 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
Appendix A: Two-Story Building Example
Foundation Plan
Typical Floor Framing Plan (Roof Similar)
From FEMA P-2091, Figure A-5
47 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
SSI Topics Covered
• Foundation flexibility
(vertical and lateral)
• Reductions in loading due
to soil damping, radiation
damping, and base slab
averaging
• Impacts of limitations in
ASCE/SEI 7-16 provisions
46 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
From FEMA P-2091, Figure A-4
48 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
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Appendix A: Two-Story Building Example
• SDS = 1.57
• Site Class D
• Apply extension of plateau from
Ts = 0.68 s to 1.5Ts = 1.02 s per
ASCE/SEI 7-16 Section 11.4.8
• Note that descending branch of
spectrum is not an issue here as
longest period in example is Design Acceleration Response
T= 0.62 s Spectrum per ASCE/SEI 7
From FEMA P-2091, Figure A-2
Appendix A: Two-Story Building Example
Initial Fixed Base Design
• Ta = Cthnx = (0.03)(25)0.75 = 0.34 s
• CS = SDS/(R/Ie) = 1.57/(8/1.0) = 0.196
• V = CS W = 0.196(4,384) = 949 k
Overall View
From FEMA P-2091, Figure A-3
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Appendix A: Two-Story
Appendix A: Two-Story Building Example Building Example
Transverse Frame Foundation 30'- 0" Impact of Foundation Flexibility on Period
50.1 k 50.1 k
• Overturning demand is reduced by 25% 117.5 k • Vertical/lateral springs per Guide
for stability and soil pressure design per 66.0 k 66.0 k
• Per ASCE/SEI 7-16 Sec. 12.13.3, need
ASCE/SEI 7-16 Sec. 12.13.4 60.4 k
to include a 50% increase and decrease First-Mode Displaced Shape
• MOT = 3,692 kft Point “A”

177.9 k
on best estimate of spring values with Foundation Flexibility
• MR = 12,282 ft (max. factored loads) From FEMA P-2091, Figure A-8
414.2 k

646.5 k

• MR = 7,141 ft (min. factored loads) 38'- 0"

13'- 3½"

• Overturning F.O.S. = 7,141 / 3,692 = 1.9 Free-Body Diagram of a

Typical Transverse Frame
• LRFD design bearing pressure = 4.5 ksf (with Max. Factored Loads)
• Overturning demand pressure = 4.0 ksf From FEMA P-2091, Figure A-6
49 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 50 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

Appendix A: Two-Story Building Example Appendix A: Two-Story Building Example

Effect of Foundation Damping Adjusted Base Shear with Foundation Damping
• Details are in Guide and depend on building period, SDS, site 4
BSSI  1.181
class, foundation dimensions, soil shear modulus, R, and Ω0 5.6  ln1000  
~
• Soil hysteric damping, βs = 0.116 Cs 0.196
Cs  CS   0.196   0.196  0.166  0.03
• Radiation damping, βrd = 0.019 BSSI 1.181
• Foundation damping ratio, βf = 0.046 Per ASCE/SEI 7-16 Sec 19.2.1, for
• Effective viscous damping of structure, β = 0.05 R ≥ 6, the adjusted response
• Effective damping ratio, β0 = 0.091 (nearly double typical 0.05) must be at least 90% of Ch. 12:
0.9(0.196) = 0.177g
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Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example

• Site Class D
SSI Topics Covered
• Site-specific procedures of
• Spectral modifications for
base slab averaging and ASCE/SEI Chapter 21 give
embedment effects. • SDS = 1.0
• Adjustments in demands • SD1 = 0.7
from period elongation and
foundation damping.
• Impacts of limitations in
ASCE/SEI 7-16 provisions.
Twelve-Story Concrete Design Response Spectra
SMF and Dual System for the Example Building
53 FEMA P-2091 Webinar From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-4 54 FEMA P-2091 Webinar From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-1

Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example Survey Question

Lateral force-resisting system
• Transverse: Dual system of Question 4: Which direction will
special moment frame and have more significant impacts
special shear wall from SSI?
• Longitudinal: Special • Dual system
moment frame • Moment frame

Twelve-Story Concrete
Foundation Typical Floor Plan
From FEMA P-2091,
SMF and Dual System
From FEMA P-2091,
Figure B-5 Figure B-2 From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-4
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Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example

Example considers 4 variations
• Model 1: Base case, with
basement and fixed base
• Model 2: Base case, with
basement and flexible base
• Model 3: No basement, fixed
base
• Model 4: No basement, flexible
base
From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-3
57 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
Initial Transverse Fixed Base Design
• Analysis fundamental period, T = 1.49 s
• Ta = Cthnx = (0.02)(161)0.75 = 0.90 s
• Upper limit per ASCE/SEI 7-16 Eq. 12.8.2
CuTa = Cthnx = (1.4)(0.90) = 1.27 s < 1.49 s
 use 1.27 s
• CS = SDS/(R/Ie) = 1.0/(7/1.0) = 0.143
• CS ≤ SD1/[T(R/Ie)] = 0.7/[1.27(7/1.0)] = 0.079
• CS ≥ 0.044SDS Ie = 0.044(1.0)(1.0) = 0.044
Typical Sections Analytical Model for
• V = CS W = 0.079(43,919) = 3,470 k Base Case Building (Model 1)
58 FEMA P-2091 Webinar From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-4

Appendix B: Twelve-Story Appendix B: Twelve-Story

Building Example Building Example
Kinematic Interaction Kinematic Interaction Limitations
• Base slab averaging per Chapter • ASCE/SEI 7-16 Section 19.2.3.3: Site-
4 of the Guide: RRSbsa specific modified spectrum cannot
be less than 80% of site-specific free-
• Embedment per Chapter 5 of
field spectrum
the Guide: RRSe
• ASCE/SEI 7-16 Section 19.2.3.4: Site-
specific modified spectrum cannot
be less than 70% of Sec. 21.3/Ch. 11
spectrum with mapped values
Kinematic SSI Spectral Modification Kinematic SSI Spectral Modification
Factors and Design Response Spectra • RRSbsa x RRSe ≥ 0.7 Factors and Design Response Spectra
From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-11 From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-11
59 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 60 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

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Appendix B: Twelve-Story
Building Example Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example
Biggest Kinematic Interaction Period Elongation Due to Flexible Base
Limitation • Vertical and lateral pile stiffnesses
• ASCE/SEI 7-16 Section 19.4: Site- provided by geotechnical engineer.
specific modified spectrum cannot See Guide for additional details.
be used for ELF, MRSA, or linear
• Transverse period increases from
response history analysis. It is for
target spectra/scaling for NRHA.
1.491 s to 1.765 s
• This restriction is not in
ASCE/SEI 41-17. Analytical Model with Spring
Kinematic SSI Spectral Modification
Factors and Design Response Spectra Supports (Model 2)
From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-11 From FEMA P-2091, Figure B-12
61 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 62 FEMA P-2091 Webinar

Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example

Effect of Foundation Damping Adjusted Base Shear with Foundation Damping
• Details are in Guide and depend on building period, SDS, site BSSI  4 5.6  ln 100 0    4 5.6  ln 100(0.064)    1.067
class, foundation dimensions, soil shear modulus, R, and Ω0
S 0.70
• Soil hysteric damping, βs = 0.07 C s  D1   0.057
 R  7 
T   1.765  
• Radiation damping, βrd = 0.0 (no method for deep foundations)  Ie   1.0 
• Foundation damping ratio, βf = 0.020  C   0.057 
V   Cs  s W   0.079   43,919  1,123 kips
• Effective viscous damping of structure, β = 0.05  BSSI   1.067 
• Effective damping ratio, β0 = 0.064

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Appendix B: Twelve-Story
Appendix B: Twelve-Story Building Example Building Example
Limitations Models
• Model 1: Basement, fixed
• They matter!
• Model 2: Basement, flexible
• Section 12.13.3 (period • Model 3: No basement, fixed
elongation only) does not • Model 4: No basement, flexible
have 0.9 floor.
Variation in spring stiffness
• In the N-S longitudinal
• Lower bound (LB), best estimate
direction, the minimum
(BE), upper bound (UB)
base shear per ASCE/SEI 7-
16 Equation 12.8-5 governs, Adjusted Base Shear, VSSI / V
so no reduction can be • Basement: 64% - 90%
realized. • No basement: 52% - 90%
65 FEMA P-2091 Webinar 66 FEMA P-2091 Webinar From FEMA P-2091, Table B-6

Ch. 10: Comparison

Survey Question of SSI Provisions
Question 5: Both ASCE/SEI 7-16 and ASCE/SEI 41-17 have • ASCE/SEI 7-16 and
provisions for SSI. Which Standard is more conservative? ASCE/SEI 41-17
SSI provisions are
• ASCE/SEI 7-16 • ASCE/SEI 41-17 similar but not
identical.
• ASCE/SEI 41-17
has fewer
limitations in
most cases.

From FEMA P-2091, Table 10-1

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Section 1.7: Tips for Understanding and
Implementing SSI
• SSI is not that difficult to implement.
• SSI is typically iterative, so it may require additional rounds of analysis, as
compared to a fixed base analysis, to converge on the final solution.
• SSI typically reduces the seismic demands that are used for design, but
there are unusual cases with site-specific response spectra where demands
can increase because period elongation may lead to climbing up the
response spectrum with increasing levels of spectral acceleration.
• Adding foundation flexibility to a model can change deformation patterns
in the superstructure, which can stress particular elements in a different
way than in a fixed base model. For example, adding foundation flexibility
can lead to rocking of shear walls or braced frames and increased demands
on coupling beams connecting rocking elements.
69 FEMA P-2091 Webinar
Closing & Thank you
PDH certificates
• Provided for participants of live webinar (not the
recording)
• Distributed via email within four weeks
Q&A
• Distributed via email within four weeks
6/15/2022
Section 1.7: Tips for Understanding and
Implementing SSI
• Effective shear wave velocity, vs, is a key parameter in several SSI
equations and techniques. The effective shear wave velocity differs from
the low-strain shear wave velocity, vso, used for site classification in
ASCE/SEI 7-16 Chapter 20. The parameter, vs, depends on soil type, site
spectral acceleration, and the depth of importance. FEMA P-2091 provides
detailed guidance on the subtle, but important, differences between vs and
vso.
• There are a number of code provisions, both in ASCE/SEI 7-16 Chapter 12
and Chapter 19, that can limit the extent of SSI reductions that can be
utilized.
• Although ASCE/SEI 7-16 is the standard that is referenced and used in the
FEMA P-2091’s design examples, ASCE/SEI 41-17 has a similar set of SSI
provisions. In some cases, ASCE/SEI 41-17 has more relaxed requirements
and limitations regarding the use of SSI.
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