REFERENCES CALCULATIONS

CODE
REFERENCE CODE TITLE
INPUTS:

Stem:

Layer Height Base width Top width Front offset Back offset

1 4.250 0.670 0.670 0.000 0.000

Stem total height:

Footing:

Base thickness:

Toe width:

Heel width:

Soil:

Substructure:

Layer Height Unit weight Friction angle Cohesion Allowable pressure Soil-concrete friction Name

1 3.281 0.121 20.000 0.835 2.297 0.550 Loam

Total sub soil height:

Active:

Layer Height Unit weight Friction angle Cohesion Inclination Name

1 3.200 0.115 30.000 - 0.000 Medium Clay

Total active soil height:

Passive:

Layer Height Unit weight Friction angle Cohesion Name

1 4.593 0.115 25.000 - Sand

Total passive soil height:

Loads:

Active:

RETAINING WALL unique Design Report

Page 1 of 5
 Load Id Type Magnitude Length Start pos.

1 Uniform 2.200 0.660 0.000

SOIL PROPERTIES:

Active soil:

Principles of
Foundation
Engineering, Active earth-presssure coefficient
Braja Das, 7th
Ed. - Eqn. 7.19
Simplified for the case of Horizontal Granular Backfill with Vertical Back Face

Equivalent Rankine active earth pressure coefficient

Equivalent Rankine earth pressure coefficient for all the layers

Passive soil:

Principles of
Foundation
Engineering, Rankine passive earth pressure coefficient
Braja Das, 7th
Ed. - Eqn. 7.61

ACTING FORCES:

Vertical forces:

Self-weight of the structure:

Stem wall weight:

Base weight:

Self-weight of the soil:

Total active soil weight:

Total passive soil weight:

Superimposed loads resultants:

Surcharge resultant (uniform):

Total vertical force downwards:

Horizontal forces:

RETAINING WALL unique Design Report

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 Rankine active force

Rankine Active horizontal resultant force per unit length, due to retained earth
The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

Total horizontal force (active soil):

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Rankine active force
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2
Calculate the Rankine active resultant force per unit length, due to superimposed loads

Total horizontal force leftwards:

Rankine passive force

Horizontal Rankine passive resultant force per unit length

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

Total horizontal force (passive soil):

Total horizontal force rightwards:

STABILITY CHECKS:

Overturning:

Restoring moment

The self-weight of the retaining wall and the soil, the distributed load above the heel, the passive soil weight and its associated horizontal pressure, if
considered, tend to counteract the overturning moment. Moments taken about the front edge of base (toe):

Stem wall moment:

Base moment:

Active soil weight moment (layer 1):

Passive soil weight moment (layer 1):

Surcharge moment (load 1):

Passive pressure moment (layer 1):

Total restoring moment:

Overturning moment

The horizontal components of the active soil lateral pressure tend to overturn the retaining wall about the front edge of the base (toe):

Active pressure moment (layer 1):

Surcharge earth pressure moment:

Total overturning moment:

Stability requirement against overturning

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Factor of safety
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

RETAINING WALL unique Design Report

Page 3 of 5
 Bearing:

Soil Pressure Resultant Distance

To calculate soil pressure, the location of the vertical resultant force must be determined.

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Soil pressure resultant distance
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Soil pressure resultant eccentricity
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

Uplift check

Check if the resultant falls within the middle third of the base.

Applied soil pressure distribution

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Minimum soil pressure
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Maximum soil pressure
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

RETAINING WALL unique Design Report

Page 4 of 5
 Stability requirement against bearing capacity failure

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Factor of safety
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

Sliding:

Horizontal frictional resisting force

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Horizontal frictional resisting force considering passive contribution
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

Total horizontal acting force

Stability requirement against sliding

The
Reinforced
Concrete
Design Factor of safety
Handbook, ACI
SP-17(14), Vol.
2

RETAINING WALL unique Design Report

Page 5 of 5