ECG 353 Soil Engineering Chapter on Vertical Stresses Distribution

ECG 353
SOIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 2
Vertical Stresses
Distribution in
Soil
LEARNING OUTCOMES
The students should able to :
a) Explain the stress condition in soil mass based on
total stress, effective stress and overburden
pressure.(CO1,PO1)
b) Describe the concept of soil response to stress,
compare and contrast the behavior of elastic,
plastic and elastic-plastic. (CO1,PO1)
c) Conduct empirical analysis of vertical stresses due
to point load, line load, strip load, triangular strip
load, uniformly loaded circular area & uniformly
loaded rectangular area using Boussinesq Theory,
Fadum’s chart.CO2,PO3)
LESSON OUTCOME WEEK 3
a) Explain the stress condition in soil mass based on
total stress, effective stress and overburden
pressure.(CO1,PO1)
b) Describe the concept of soil response to stress,
compare and contrast the behavior of elastic,
plastic and elastic-plastic. (CO1,PO1)
SCHEMATIC LAYOUT
OF THE TOPIC POINT LOAD HOW WOULD
THE SOIL
RESPONSE TO
LINE LOAD
THESE
STRESSES??
STRIP LOAD
HOW TO
ANALYSE
STRESS DUE TO RECTANGULAR
THESE
SURFACE LOAD LOAD STRESSES?
(MAN MADE)
VERTICAL CIRCULAR LOAD WHY WE HAVE
STRESS TO ANALYSE
DEVELOPED THE STRESS
IN SOIL OVERBURDEN TRIANGULAR LOAD IN SOIL?
PRESSURE WHAT
(NATURAL OR IRREGULAR LOAD HAPPENNED IF
MAN MADE) OVER STRESS?
WHAT IS VERTICAL STRESS
Any structures will rest on the top or beneath the soil layer as the
end point to transfer structural loading. Soils that support
foundations of various shapes are subjected to net stress increases.
 Total vertical stress acting at a point
below the ground surface is due to
the weight of everything above (soil
grains, water and foundations)
 Stress generally increase with depth
 Vertical stress σz is
σz = γz
WHY it is IMPORTANT?
 Calculate settlement
 Proposed suitable foundation system
 Remedial work to strengthen up the soil
 Suggest for other construction site
TOTAL STRESS & REMEMBER :
STRESS
EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT WILL

BE USED
THROUGHOUT
In ECG243, you have learned about stresses in soil. THIS COURSE
 Stress is defined as the intensity of loading per unit area.
You also should be able to differentiate in between total stress and

effective stress.
TOTAL STRESS ANALYSIS, σ EFFECTIVE STRESS ANALYSIS, σ’
The stress carried by the SOIL The stress carried by SOIL
PARTICLES AND PORE WATER, u in PARTICLES ALONE.
the soil void.
σ=σ’+u σ’=σ-u
Uses total stress parameter cu,φu Uses effective stress parameter c’,φ’
SHORT TERM analysis before pore LONG TERM analysis.
water dissipates. Soil deformation, strength and stability
depend on effective stress.
UNDRAINED condition. DRAINED condition.
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
 Pressure or stress imposed on the soil by the weight of overlying
soil, also known as lithostatic pressure.
Single layer Multiple

layer
ϒ1 z1
Unit weight Depth,
of soil, ϒ ϒ2 z2
z
(kN/m3)
x ϒ3
x
z3
• The vertical stress at point x is The vertical stress at point

σx=ϒz x is
σx=ϒ1z1 +
ϒ2z2 + ϒ3z3
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
Surcharge Surchage on
Multiple
Surcharge, q (kN/m2) layer
Surcharge, q (kN/m2)
Unit weight Depth, ϒ1 z1

of soil, ϒ
z
(kN/m3) ϒ2 z2
x
x
ϒ3 z3
• The vertical stress at point x is
The vertical stress at point
σx=ϒz+q x is
σx=ϒ1z1 +
ϒ2z2 + ϒ3z3 + q
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
Saturated soil
(GW at the ground surface)
GWL
The total vertical stress is
Saturated Depth,
σx=ϒsatz
unit weight, z
ϒsat (kN/m3) The effective vertical stress is
x σ’x=σ-u
σ’x= (ϒsatz) - (ϒwz)
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
Saturated soil
(GW below ground
surface)
The total vertical stress is
ϒ1
GWL z1
σ= ϒ1z1 + ϒsatz2
ϒsat The effective vertical stress is
z2
σ’x= (ϒ1z1)+ (ϒsatz2 –
x ϒwz2)
Example (Braja M. Das)
Plot the variation of total and effective vertical stresses, and pore
water pressure with depth for the soil profile shown below in Fig.
Vertical Stress Due to An Applied Load
Factors affect the distribution of stress in soil mass :
1. Foundation size & shape
2. Distribution of loading
3. Contact pressure
4. Modulus of soil (E)
5. Proximity of rigid boundary
6. Poisson’s ratio
7. Depth of footing
CONTACT PRESSURE
What is contact pressure?
Contact pressure is the intensity of
loading transmitted from the
underside of a foundation to the
soil.
What factors influenced the distribution

of contact pressure in soil?
Distribution of contact pressure

depends on:
i) the rigidity of the footing
ii) the stiffness of the soil.
STIFFNESS OF SOIL
Hard soil or rock
• When supported on hard soil or
rock, which has a high stiffness
modulus, the load is transmitted to
a relatively small area, since a high
intensity of stress can develop
Medium stiff soil

• On a less stiff medium, the loading
is distributed laterally, producing
lower values of contact pressure
Soft soil
• in a soft soil, the contact pressure
may be almost uniform.
RIGIDITY OF FOOTING
Flexible footing
• Under thick compressible soil, the settlement
profile tends to become dish-shaped.
• A uniformly loaded footing of perfect flexibility
will theoretically transmit a uniform contact
pressure in order to produce this dish shape
Rigid footing
• A perfectly rigid footing will settle uniformly
across its breadth. Thus, it will transmit a higher
contact pressure near the edges.
• Extremely high edge stresses cannot occur,
therefore, some of the load is transferred
inward.Similar behaviour were observed for
cohesive soil.
• In sands, the contact pressure near the edge will
be lower (tending to zero under shallow
footings) and that under the centre will be
higher because of the higher confining pressure
 Most footings are neither perfectly flexible, nor perfectly rigid

 For the purpose of calculating stresses and displacements of soil, it is
sufficient to assume a uniform distribution of contact pressure.
1.2 SOIL RESPONSE TO STRESS
How would the soil behave as
it response to stress?
 Soil is very complex material.
Soil is behaving as an elasto-
plastic material.
 Elasto-plastic material
undergoes both elastic and
plastic deformation during
loading and unloading.
Stresses in a Soil
It deals with the principles of estimating the vertical
stresses increase in soil due to various types of
loading
It can be relate to the effect of vertical stresses on
settlement
The assumption used here is that the soil is
1. Homogenous
2. Isotropic
3. Elastic
 The relationship between a strain and stress is termed
stiffness
OA : linear and recoverable

ABC: non‐linear and irrecoverable
BCD: recoverable with hysteresis
DE : continuous shearing
 The stress‐strain curve of a soil has features which are characteristic

for different material behavior. Soils show elastic, plastic and
viscous deformation when exposed to stresses.
Elastic deformation
 In linear‐elastic behavior (OA) the stress‐strain is a straight line
and strains are fully recovered on unloading, i.e. there is no
hysteresis. The elastic parameters are the gradients of the
appropriate stress‐strain curves and are constant.
Plastic deformation
 With increasing stress the material
behavior goes over from elastic to
plastic. This transition is called yield (A).
Plastic strains (AB) are not recovered on
unloading (BC). Unloading (BC) and
reloading (CD) show a hysteresis. With
increasing strain (at constant stress) the
material eventually fails if brittle or
flows if ductile (E).
Soils material behavior is often simplified

as elastic‐perfectly plastic. During
perfectly plastic straining (AB), plastic
strains continue indefinitely at constant
stress. In a brittle perfectly plastic
material, the yield stress at point A this
is the same as the failure stress at a
point B.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
WEEK 4 & WEEK 5
a) Conduct empirical analysis due to point load, line
load, strip load, triangular strip load, uniformly
loaded circular area & uniformly loaded rectangular
area using Boussinesq Theory, and Fadum’s Chart.
Factor affecting vertical stress(CO2,PO3)
1.3 Stresses in a Soil
Basically there are 6 types of loading :
1. Point load
2. Line load
3. Strip load
4. Triangular load
5. Uniformly loaded circular area
6. Uniformly loaded rectangular area
Basic equation in calculating the vertical stresses:
Increase in = Applied X Influence

Vertical Stress Stress Factor
∆σ = P X I
The influence factor can be
obtained using either :
1. Equation (Formula)
6 equations for 6
types of loading
The influence factor can be
obtained using either :
2. Table
The influence
factor can be Newmark Chart
obtained using
either :
3. Chart
Fadum Chart
1.3.1 Point Load
Boussinesq’s method (1885)

Increase in = Applied X Influence
Vertical Stress Factor
Stress
∆σ = P X IP
But… for each type of loading
∆σ = P X IP
z2
Where
IP = 3 1 5/2
2π 1 + ( r / z)2
Or alternatively, Ip can be obtained from Table 1

1.3.1Point Load
 Variation due to depth

and horizontal offset.,
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
1.3.1 Point Load
Example 1 Point Load

Calculate the increase in
1200 kN
vertical stress at a point of 2 m
depth directly below the point
load.
vertical stress at a point of 2 m
depth with a radius of 2 m
from the point load.
r=2m
*Calculate the value of
z=2m
influence factor
*Use Table 1 to find the value
A B of influence factor
*Compare the results
Point Load 1200kN
Example 1 Point Load (Solution)
For Point A,
2m
P = 1200 kN, r = 0 m and z = 2 m A
Use Table 1, to obtain the value of Influence factor, Ip.
r/z=0/2=0
From the table, Ip = 0.4775
Therefore,
∆σ = P X IP = 1200 X 0.4775 = 143.25 KN/m2

z2 (2)2
1200kN
For Point A,
2m
A
Load r z r/z Ip
1200 kN 0 2 0 0.4775
**NOTE: I prefer all of you too answer in table form like this
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
1200kN
1.3.1 Point Load 2m
2m
B
Load r z r/z Ip
1200 kN 2 2 1 0.0844
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
1.3.1 Point Load
Example 2 Point Load

Refer to the diagram given on
900 kN 650 kN
the left.
Calculate the total value of
increase in vertical stress at
point A due to the induced
3m
loading of the two point loads
4m as given in the diagram.
*Calculate the value of
influence factor
*Use Table 1 to find the value
A B C of influence factor
Mid-Point
*Compare the results
1.3.1 Point Load 900 kN 650 kN
3m
 4m
A B C
Mid-Point
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
1.3.1 Point Load 900 kN 650 kN
3m
Example 2 Point Load (Solution) 4m
For Point A,
A B C
2nd Load, Mid-Point
P = 650 kN, r = 3 m and z = 4 m
and for Ip determination, r / z = 3 / 4 = 0.75
From the table, Ip = 0.1565
∆σ = P X IP = 650 X 0.1565 =6.36

z2 (4)2
1.3.1 Point Load
Point Load
Table 1
0.1602 –
0.1527 =
0.0
1.3.1 Point Load
The increase in vertical stress at point A, will take into account both
loads (Load 900 kN and Load 650kN).
Therefore,
∆σv at Point A = ∆σv due to 1st Load + ∆σv due to 2nd Load
= 26.86 + 6.36
= 33.22 kN/m2
900 kN 650 kN
1.3.1 Point Load

3m
4m
Example 2 Point Load (Solution) A B C

Mid-Point
It is more presentable if table is used to show all the calculations.

Point A,
∆σv = P x Ip
Load r z r/z Ip
z2
900 0 4 0.0 0.4775 26.86 (+)
650 3 4 0.75 0.1565 6.36
Total 32.22 kN/m2

1.3.1 Point Load
Point B,
∆σv = P x Ip
Load r z r/z Ip
z2
900 1.5 4 0.375 0.337 18.56

(+)
650 1.5 4 0.375 0.337 13.41
Total 31.97 kN/m2

1.3.1 Point Load
Point C,
∆σv = P x Ip
Load r z r/z Ip
z2
900 3 4 0.75 0.1489 8.38

(+)
650 0 4 0.0 0.4775 19.39
Total 27.78 kN/m2

1.3.2 Line Load
P (kN/m)
For line loading, the

increase in vertical stress :
∆σ = P X IL
z
Where :
IL = 2 1 2  Line load, P (kN/m)
r = horizzontal distance from load
π 1 + (r/z)2

 z = depth
Alternatively, IL can be obtained from Table 2.

1.3.2 Line Load
Sheet Pile Wall

1.3.2 Line Load
Table 2 : Influence factor for Line Load

r = distance from load; z = depth
1.3.2 Line Load
Example 3 Line Load

P = 150 kN/m vertical stress at a point of
3 m depth directly below
the line load (point A)
r= 4m Calculate the increase in
vertical stress at a point of
z= 3m
3 m depth with a radius of
4 m from the line load
(point B)
A *Use Table 2 to find the
B
value of influence factor
1.3.2 Line Load
Example 3 Line Load (Solution) r= 4m
z= 3m
Point A,
A
∆σv = P x IL
Load r z r/z IL
z
150 0 3 0.0 0.637 31.85 kN/m2

1.3.2 Line Load
Example 3 Line Load (Solution) r= 4m
z= 3m
Point B,
∆σv = P x IL
Load r z r/z IL
z
150 4 3 1.33 0.08 4.0 kN/m2

1.3.2 Line Load

Line Load Line Load
150 kN/m 100 kN/m
3m
2m
A B C
Mid-Point
1.3.3 Strip Load

Alternatively, Is can be obtained from Table 3

Strip Load
Road / Highway / Railway Tracks

Strip Load
Table 3 : Influence factor for Strip Load
x = distance from CL; z = depth; b = ½ length of width

1.3.3 Strip Load
Diameter = 2.5 m Example 5 Strip Load

P = 200 kN/m2
vertical stress at a point A
and B below the strip load.
*Use Table 3 to find the
z= 4m value of influence factor
A B
x= 3m
Strip Load P = 200 kN/m2
Diameter = 2.5 m
z= 4m
A
Example 5 Strip Load (Solution)
Width of Strip = 2.5 m ,

Therefore b = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m
z = 4 and x = 0
Point A,
Load b z x z/b x/b IS ∆σv = P x IS
200 1.25 4 0 3.2 0.0 0.375 75.0 kN/m2

1.3.3 Strip Load P = 200 kN/m2
Diameter = 2.5 m
Example 5 Strip Load (Solution)

z= 4m
Width of Strip = 2.5 m ,

B
Therefore b = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m
x= 3m
z = 4 and x = 3
Point B,
Load b z x z/b x/b IS ∆σv = P x IS
200 1.25 4 3 3.2 2.4 0.174 34.8 kN/m2

1.3.3 Strip Load
Strip Load Strip Load
200 kN/m2 180 kN/m2
1.5 m
3.3 m
CL CL
A B C
Mid-Point
Example 6 Strip Load

Calculate the increase in vertical stress at each of the
point, point A, B and C imposed by both of the strip
loads. Both strip load width = 3 m.
*Use Table 3 to find the value of influence factor
1.3.4 Triangular Load
For triangular loading,
∆σ = P X IT
c
Where :
IT = 1 x β - 1/2 sin2α
π c
 c =width of base load

 x =distance from toe to point ∆σ
 z = depth
Alternatively, It can be obtained from Table 4.

Embankment for Road / Highway / Railway Tracks
Combination Loading Case

Table 4 : Influence factor for Triangular Load

x = distance from toe@heel; z = depth; c = base width of load
z/c
Uniform Triangular Load
120 kN/m2
CL
3m
A B C D E
2m Base width 4 m 2m
Example 7 Triangular Load

Calculate the increase in vertical stress at point A, B, C,
D and E below the triangular load.
*Use Table 4 to find the value of influence factor
Example 7 Triangular Load (Solution)
Base of load, c = 4 m , Therefore c = 4 m

Center line, toe and heel has been identified.
Boundary for x value, either (+) and (–) also has been identified.

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
- ve CL
+ ve 3m
A B C D E
Example 7 Triangular Load (Solution)

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
CL
- ve + ve
3m
A B C D E
Boundary for
+ve and -ve
120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
Example 7 +
- CL
ve ve 3m
Triangular Load
A B C D E
(Solution) 2m Base width 4 m 2m
Refer to diagram,
x=-2
Point A,
Load z c x z/c x/c IT ∆σv = P x IT
120 3 4 -2 0.75 - 0.5 0.0445 5.34 kN/m2

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
Example 7
Triangular Load - CL +
(Solution) ve ve 3m
A B C D E
Refer to diagram, 2m Base width 4 m 2m
x=0
Point B,
120 3 4 0 0.75 0.0 0.15 18.0 kN/m2

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
Example 7
- CL +
Triangular Load ve ve 3m
A B C D E
(Solution)
Refer to diagram,
x=+2
Point C,
120 3 4 2 0.75 0.5 0.360 43.2 kN/m2

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
Example 7
- CL +
(Solution) A B C D E
Refer to diagram,
x=+4
Point D,
120 3 4 4 0.75 1 0.300 36.0 kN/m2

120 kN/m2
Toe Heel
Example 7
- CL +
A B C D E
(Solution)
Refer to diagram,
x = +6
Point E,
120 3 4 6 0.75 1.5 0.09 10.8 kN/m2

1.3.5 Circular Load
For circular loading, the
∆σ = P x IC
Where :
IC = 1 - 1 3/2
1 + (a/z)2
Or ∆σ = P x (A+B)
A and B is influence factor from table 5

z = depth
a = radius of circular load
r = distance form CL of load to point ∆σ
Table 5 : Influence factor for Circular Load
r = distance from load; z = depth
Example 8 circular
load
Determine the
vertical stress at a
point A, 5.0 m depth
below the uniformly
loaded circular area
of 250kN/m2 as in
figure below.
Example 8
circular load
(solution)
Load z r a z/a r/a Ic ∆σv = P x Ic

(A+B)
250 5 0 2.5 2 0 A=0.106

B=0.179
Circular Load
Example 9 Circular Load

Uniform Circular Uniform Circular
Load Load Calculate the increase in vertical
120 kN/m2 90 kN/m2 stress at each of the points;
Point A and Point B whereby
both points are imposed by both
CL CL of the circular loads.
*Use Table 5 to find the values
Depth
6m
Diameter
5m
Diameter
3m
of the influence factor.
3m
A B
7m
1.3.6 Rectangular Load
For rectangular loading, the

∆σ = P X IR
Where :
IR = Table 6
Fadum Chart
Newmark Chart
Table 6 : Influence factor for Rectangular Load
L and B = dimension of rectangle from load; z = depth

Fadum Chart :
Influence factor for
Rectangular Load
• The influence values referred to this chart is strictly

for corner of a rectangular loaded foundation only.
• For points other than the corner, value of IR may be
obtained by superpositions of rectangles
For points other than the corner, ∆σv , may be obtained by

superpositions of rectangles.
(a) IR = IR for area ABCD (directly measured)
(b) IR = IR for area AFIE + FBGI + IGCH +EIHD
(c) IR = IR for area AEFD + EBCF
(d) IR = IR for area AEGI – BEGH – DFGI + CFGH
Rectangular Load
Example 10 Rectangular Load

Calculate the increase in vertical
D stress at the designated points.
1.5 m
A
*Use Table 6 & Fadum Chart to
1.5 m C
find the values of influence
factor. Compare the results.
6m
B centre point
UDL for the rectangular load is
200 kN/m2.
Depth for all the points is 5m.
8m
Rectangular Load

(Solution)
D
A 1.5 m ∆σv at Point A

1.5 m C
1st step,
Determine direction of L and B
6m L
B centre point
B
2nd step,
Determine, how many rectangles at
8m Point A that share a common
corner.
Only 1 rectangle !
3rd step,
You may start, calculating…
Example 10 Rectangular Load (Solution)
Length, L = 6 m
Breadth, B = 8 m
Point A,
Load z L B L/z B/z IR ∆σv = P x IR
200 5 6 8 1.2 1.6 0.205 41.0 kN/m2


Fadum’s chart

(Solution)
∆σv at Point B
D
1.5 m
A
1st step,
1.5 m C
L
6m
B
B centre point
2nd step,
Determine, how many rectangle at
Point B that share a common
8m corner.
“4 rectangles ! All with the same
dimensions”
3rd step,
Example 10 Circular Load (Solution)
Length, L = 3 m
Breadth, B = 4 m
Point B,
24.94
200 5 3 4 0.6 0.8 0.1247
kN/m2
*Multiply this value by 4, because

there are 4 rectangles;
24.94 x 4 = 99.76 kN/m2
1.3.6 Rectangular Load L/z = 0.6
B/z = 0.8


(Solution)
∆σv at Point C
1st step,
1.5 m C
L
6m
B
2 step,
nd
Determine, how many rectangles at

Point C that share a common
8m corner.
2 rectangles ! (Both are imaginary
rectangles !)
3rd step,
Rectangle 1 - Rectangle 2
1.5 m C
=
8m
Original
6m
Rectangle
Example 10 Rectangular (Solution)
1st Rectangular Load,

L = 6 m and B = 9.5 m and z = 5 m
2nd Rectangular Load,
L = 6 m and B = 1.5 m and z = 5 m
Point C,
200 5 6 9.5 1.2 1.9 0.200 38.9 kN/m2
200 5 6 1.5 1.2 0.3 0.0675 13.5 kN/m2
25.4 kN/m2
Rectangular Load
Rect 1, L/z = 1.2 & B/z = 1.9
1.2
1.9
Rectangular Load
Rect 1, L/z = 1.2 & B/z = 0.3
L and B = dimension of rectangle from load; z = depth Interpolate

0.0825
1.2
Rectangular Load

(Solution)
D
∆σv at Point D
1.5 m
1st step,
1.5 m
L
6m
2nd step, B
Determine, how many rectangle at
Point A that share a common
8m corner.
4 rectangles ! (All are imaginary
rectangles !)
3rd step,
L = 7.5 m
L=
7.5 m Rectangle 1 - Rectangle 2
B = 1.5 m
=
B = 9.5 m
Rectangle X
Rectangle 3
L=
L = 7.5 m
B=
Rectangle X
-
In this case
there a loop
B=8m
= due to 2 times
of deduction.
We need to
add a rectangle
in order to fill
the loop!
Original
Rectangle
L=
B=
Original
Rectangle + Rectangle 4
Original SOLVED
Rectangle !!!
Rect Load z L B L/z B/z IR ∆σv = P x IR
1 200 5 7.5 9.5 1.5 1.9 0.210 44.2 kN/m2
2 200 5 7.5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.086 17.2 kN/m2
3 200 5 1.5 9.5 0.3 1.9 0.088 17.6 kN/m2
4 200 5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.037 7.4 kN/m2
16.8 kN/m2
REMINDER!!!
∆σv at D = Rect 1 – Rect 2 –

Rect 3 + Rect 4

ECG 353 Soil Engineering Chapter on Vertical Stresses Distribution

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ECG 353

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT WILL

 Stress is defined as the intensity of loading per unit area.

You also should be able to differentiate in between total stress and

Single layer Multiple

• The vertical stress at point x is The vertical stress at point

Unit weight Depth, ϒ1 z1

What factors influenced the distribution

Distribution of contact pressure

Medium stiff soil

 Most footings are neither perfectly flexible, nor perfectly rigid

OA : linear and recoverable

 The stress‐strain curve of a soil has features which are characteristic

Soils material behavior is often simplified

Basically there are 6 types of loading :

Increase in = Applied X Influence

Boussinesq’s method (1885)

But… for each type of loading

Or alternatively, Ip can be obtained from Table 1

 Variation due to depth

Example 1 Point Load

Example 1 Point Load (Solution)

Use Table 1, to obtain the value of Influence factor, Ip.

From the table, Ip = 0.4775

∆σ = P X IP = 1200 X 0.4775 = 143.25 KN/m2

Example 2 Point Load

Example 2 Point Load (Solution) 4m

P = 650 kN, r = 3 m and z = 4 m

and for Ip determination, r / z = 3 / 4 = 0.75

From the table, Ip = 0.1565

∆σ = P X IP = 650 X 0.1565 =6.36

Example 2 Point Load (Solution)

1.3.1 Point Load

Example 2 Point Load (Solution) A B C

It is more presentable if table is used to show all the calculations.

900 0 4 0.0 0.4775 26.86 (+)

650 3 4 0.75 0.1565 6.36

Total 32.22 kN/m2

Example 2 Point Load (Solution)

900 1.5 4 0.375 0.337 18.56

Total 31.97 kN/m2

Example 2 Point Load (Solution)

900 3 4 0.75 0.1489 8.38

Total 27.78 kN/m2

For line loading, the

Alternatively, IL can be obtained from Table 2.

Sheet Pile Wall

Table 2 : Influence factor for Line Load

Example 3 Line Load

Example 3 Line Load (Solution) r= 4m

150 0 3 0.0 0.637 31.85 kN/m2

Example 3 Line Load (Solution) r= 4m

150 4 3 1.33 0.08 4.0 kN/m2

Alternatively, Is can be obtained from Table 3

Road / Highway / Railway Tracks

Table 3 : Influence factor for Strip Load

x = distance from CL; z = depth; b = ½ length of width

Diameter = 2.5 m Example 5 Strip Load

Width of Strip = 2.5 m ,

Load b z x z/b x/b IS ∆σv = P x IS

200 1.25 4 0 3.2 0.0 0.375 75.0 kN/m2

Example 5 Strip Load (Solution)