16.

Describe basic differences between physical and numerical models in

hydro-engineering. (troch wakuj wok tematu bo nie dotyczyo to co
pisaem hydro-enginerring tylko geotech, ale poczyta nie zaszkodzi)
physical - obvious, as Micha explained shortly
The numerical methods are powerful computational techniques for
solution of equations. Advanced analyses allow to simulate very complex
problems that would be impossible or very hard to study by means of
traditional calculations.

The main advantages of numerical methods are:

definition of stress-strain condition in any desired point of modeled region
analysis of planar or spatial tasks, taking into account work in elastic and
non-linear state

The disadvantages involved with numerical analysis are a connected with

a danger of making a mistake somewhere on the way during analysis which may
not be visible at first glance but can have important impact on the results.
Because many issues are engaged to create a model, the control over them is
lower.

17. Define soil strength parameters and describe methods of their evaluation.

Angle of internal friction () (angle of repose) is a measure of the resistance of

soil against slipping two parts relative to each. It is the result of interaction between
the soil particles. It can has value in range 0-90. The angle of internal friction
depends on:
- mineral composition of a soil
- size and shape of particles,
- soil compaction,
- soil water saturation,
- type of surface particles (rounded or rough)

Cohesion (c) is resistance of soil to external forces, caused by the mutual attraction
of the particles of soil (molecular forces). Cohesion is due to close, mutual adhesion
soil particles, their partial stick together by the colloidal particles and tension of
water membranes that surround them. It occurs in cohesive soils. Depends on the
diameter of the particle, humidity, compaction, mineral composition of soil.

Methods of evaluation:

triaxial device
direct shear device (shear box test)
nomograms
Using of the devices is determined normal stress and the corresponding shear stress
during the destruction of the specimen. The procedure is repeated for different
normal stresses, and then points should be applied on the Coulomb-Mohr graph.
Angle of internal friction is obtained as angle between horizontal line and received
function and cohesion (if occurs) as value of shear stress for normal stress equals 0.

18. Explain methods of bearing capacity assessment of shallow foundation

evaluation both in drained and undrained conditions.

In case of drained condition it is assumed that stresses in subsoil due to

construction do not cause essential increase of pore pressure. This situation occurs
if stresses are rising slowly. Then to calculate bearing capacity we use effective
strength parameters (design values) according to formula:

R
=c ' N c bc sc i c +q ' N q bq s q i q +0,5 ' N b s i
A'

N coefficients of bearing capacity

b coefficients of slope of foundation base
s coefficients of shape of foundation base (B/L)
i coefficients of horizontal load

In case of undrained condition it is assumed that increase of stresses in subsoil is

so rapid that causes increase of pore pressure and consequently reduction of soil
strength. Bearing capacity of undrained subsoil can obtain from formula:

Rk
=c u b c s c i c +q
A'

Cu shear strength of subsoil in undrained condition

19. Specify at least one method of bearing capacity evaluation of a shallow

foundation on layered subsoil.

As a layered subsoil is defined situation when layer with worst strength parameters
(,c) is situated on depth less than 2B (where B is width of foundation) under
foundation level. In that case it is necessary to check bearing capacity in both
layers. For first stronger layer checking Is conducted in normal way and for weaker
layer one must take as a dimension of foundation new, bigger values which are
depend on type of subsoil (cohesive or not) and depth of this weaker layer.

B=B+b
L=L+b
It will change coefficient (N,b,s,c,i) which are used to calculation bearing capacity.
20. Describe at least one method of settlement evaluation of a shallow foundation.

Method of uniaxial subsoil deformation.

In this method it is calculated settlement under centre of foundation in each layer of

subsoil and then settlements are added together to depth z max where
z max d 0,2 z max

zd additional stresses which appear in subsoil after execution of structure

z primary stresses due to soil lying above (h)

Settlement of each layer is calculated from formula:

zdi hi zsi hi
s i= +
M 0i Mi

zs secondary stresses after relaxation caused by excavation, soil once again

is loaded by construction

M 0 primary modulus of compression

M secondary modulus of compression

S= s i

21. Characterise the Winkler model.

Winkler model is the model of subsoil which is described by only one parameter:
q
C compliance of subsoil, which is equal to
C= q
u ; growth of load;

u growth of settlement

Assumption to Winkler model:

1. The loads exerted by foundation carry only the springs that are located under the
base of the foundation and are loaded directly
2. The deflection at any point is linearly dependent on the pressure at that point
3. The pressure at a certain point of subsoil causes deformation only at this point
4. It is assumed that the foundation is permanently bound to the subsoil, the subsoil
does not transmit tensile stress
5. This calculation does not take into account the friction in the plane of contact
foundation with soil

Winkler model is acceptable when H < ~1,5B

H total thickness of all layers between level of foundation and ceiling of bedrock,
B width of foundation

22. Characterise the model of elastic half-space.

Elastic half-space is used when H >~5B. Subsoil is treated as elastic body. By

designing parameters of the model are expressed by the traditional elastic
parameters E0 (young modulus),(Poisson ratio) but occurring in one parameter Es
E0
(elastic modulus) which equals to Es =
1 2 .

23. What kind of ultimate limit state condition have to be checked in the case of
retaining wall?
GEO bearing resistance
w d '
'
c N c s c i c bc +q' N q s q iq b q +0,5 ' B' N s i b y
A

- B' is width of the wall

- bc, by, bq are coefficients of slope of the base of the wall
- iq, iy, ic are coefficients of gradient of resultant
- Nq, Ny, Nc are coefficients of bearing capacity
- sq, sy, sc are coefficients of a shape
- c' - effective cohesion
- q' - surcharge of backfill
- y' - is density of the soil

- wd - designed redundant force perpendicular to the slab

contour

GEO failure due to sliding

Td TR

where:
Td
T d=w
- designed resultant of forces parallel to base of foundation
TR
- designed heave resistance.

Characteristic value of heave resistance:

137,36 kN /mtg 17 +2,425 m 14 kPa

1,1

Where:
w - redundant force perpendicular to the slab contour

Designed value of sliding resistance:

75,95 kN /m
T R= =69,05 kN /m
1,1

Where:
w|| - redundant force parallel to the slab contour
24. Explain what is the active soil pressure, passive soil pressure and the soil
pressure at rest.

Stresses that are present in the soil if when it has not experienced any
strain or movement are referred to 'earth-at-rest' pressures. They represents the
state of soil before any construction has been yet started.

K 0 is the ratio of effective horizontal stress to the corresponding vertical

stress. If due to change of magnitude of one of principal effective stresses, the

soil element was to experience enough strain to fail, then the stresses at the
failure plane would be combination of:

- the effective stress 'n , normal to the shear plane

- the shear stress

f , parallel to the shear plane

Figure X: Stresses at failure. [13] Figure Y: Failure envelope. [13]

'
So n is the normal effective stress and
f the structural shear

strength of the soil. They are related by a formula: f =c' + 'n tan '

representing the limit before a failure, that is why it is common to call it 'failure
envelope'. The expression originates from Coulomb (1776) with modification of
Terzaghi (1943). The c' and tan ' are two most common parameters of each soil
determined on the base of experiences. The relationship is linear. So called 'Mohr
circle' for at-rest pressure may be inscribed in the envelope.
 Figure Z: Mohr circle for at-rest pressure. [13]

It does not touch the failure line as it represent a state of equilibrium. If it

happens that the circle touches the envelope, it therefore represents a state of
failure stress within the soil. There are two different states of failure - active and
passive.

Figure X: Active failure. [13] Figure Y: Passive failure. [13]

If next to a considered particle of soil, a trench is being excavated, the

vertical effective stress remains untouched. However due to removal of former
resistant the horizontal effective stress is reduced, thereby allowing the soil to
evolve horizontally. Such a move drawn on a the plot makes the Mohr circle
growth until it touches the failure envelope. This is the point of so called active
failure. The minimum value of horizontal effective stress that corresponds to this
'
moment is known as active earth pressure -
pa . It is equal to K a V . Where

Ka is the coefficient of active earth pressure and represents the ratio between
'
pa and V . Derived from what was shown so far, it may be expresses as:
 pa 1sin ' 2 '
K a= '
= '
=tan ( 45 )
V 1+ sin 2

Different phenomenon takes place if a pile is driven in the neighborhood of

the metro works, or if the diaphragm walls are preloaded with tie-backs or struts
in order to limit ground movement. Again the vertical effective stress is not
concerned however the horizontal effective stress is this time increased. That
results at first as diminishing of the Mohr circle, passing through point where its
radius is equal zero. At that point both active and passive pressure have the
same values. Over that point it would start increasing until it reaches the failure
envelope. That kind of break is known as passive failure. This upper limit of
lateral effective stress over which it may not further increase is referred to as
'
passive earth pressure -
pp . It is equal to K p V . Where Kp is the

coefficient of passive earth pressure and represents the ratio between

pp and
'
V . Derived from what was shown so far, it may be expresses as:

pp 1+ sin ' 2 '

K p= = =tan (45 + )
'V 1sin ' 2

Note that unlike the at-rest pressure, these two are extreme states of earth
pressure which represent failures. In a state of failure it is assumed that the shear
strength of the soil is fully mobilized along its shear plane.

25. Characterize the most important parameters of deformations due to mining

exploitation.
There are two main parameters:
Deformation .
If it is > 0, then the beam is under tension,
if < 0 it is under compression.
Radius of deformation R.
If it is < 0, potentially beam may lose the contact with soil in the center.
If it is > 0, potentially beam may lose contact with soil on its ends.