Shor

tCi
rcui
tIndi
cat
or
T.
SRI
NIVASMURTHY,
Prof
essor
,Depar
tmentofEEE,
QISCET,
Ongol
e,AP,
Indi
a
N.
LEKHANA,
UGSchol
ar,
Depar
tmentofEEE,
QISCET,
Ongol
e,AP,
Indi
a
G.
VAMSI
,UGSchol
ar,
Depar
tmentofEEE,
QISCET,
Ongol
e,AP,
Indi
a
G.
VYSHNAVI
,UGSchol
ar,
Depar
tmentofEEE,
QISCET,
Ongol
e,AP,
Indi
a
K.
SATHWI
KRAJU,
UGSchol
ar,
Depar
tmentofEEE,
QISCET,
Ongol
e,AP,
Indi
a
G.
NAVEEN,
UGSchol
ar,
Depar
tmentofEEE,
QISCET,
Ongol
e,AP,
Indi
a
1
E-
mai
laddr
ess:
-gol
lanav
eennav
i@gmai
l.
com;
2
E-
mai
laddr
ess:
-sat
hwi
kraj
uk@gmai
l.
com

Abst
ract
Shor tcircui
tcondi ti
oni sacondi t
ioninwhi cht heinputt
erminalsofapowersuppl y
getinel ectri
calcont actwitheachot hercausinghugecur r
entflow.Thisl eadst ov ery
l
argeheatgener ationwhi chcandamaget hesy stem andalsoposeat hreatt opeopl e
nearbyi t.Thus,shor tcircuitcondi t
ioni snecessar ytobedet ectedandbeat tended
i
mmedi ately.Shor tCi r
cui
tI ndicatorProjectdoest hetaskofdet ecti
ngtheshor tcircuit
i
naci r
cui tinwhi chi tisconnect edaut omatical
ly.Withthehelpofr egulatorandapai r
oftransistorswel i
tupani ndicatorLEDt hatglowsonl ywhenther eisshortcircuitevent
occurri
ng.I nt hiswayonecaneasi lyunderstandt heshortcir
cui tconditi
onandt ake
appropriatemeasur eofcut ti
ngof fthepowersuppl yandremovingt heshor tcir
cui t
.We
havedemonst rat
edt heshor tcircuitinourci r
cuitboardusingawi repiecewhi chhas
verylow,cl oset ozer ovalueofr esist
ancet huscr eati
ngashor tcircui
tatt hesour ce
connect or.

Key
wor
ds:
Buzzer
s,Di
odes,
Resi
stor
s,Tr
ansi
stor
s,PCB,
LED.

I
.INTRODUCTI
ON
Shor tcircui
tcancauseci rcui
tdamage,ov erheating,f i
reorexplosion.Al t
houghA
Shortci rcuitisan abnor malconnect ion bet ween t wo nodesofan el ectri
cci rcuit
i
ntendedt obeatdi ffer entvoltages.Thisr esultsinanel ectri
cconnect edlimi t
edonl yby
theThev eninequi val ent
resistanceoft her estoft henet wor kwhi chusual lyther esultofaf ault,therear e
caseswher eshor tci rcuit
sar ecausedi ntenti
onally,f orexampl ef orthepur poseof
volt
agesensi ngcr owbarci rcuitprotectors.Shor tcircuitisacondi t
ioninwhi cht heinput
ter
mi nalsoft hepowersuppl ygeti ncont actwi theachot hercausinghugecur rentflow.
Thisleadst ov eryl argeheatgener ati
onwhi chcandamaget hesy stem andal soposea
thr
eatt opeopl enear byi t
.Thus,shor tcircuitcondi t
ioni snecessar ytobedet ectedand
beat tendedi mmedi ately.Shor tcir
cuitindicatorpr ojectdoest hetaskofdet ect i
ngt he
shortcircuitinaci rcui tinwhi chi ti
sconnect edaut omat i
call
y.Wit
ht hehel pofr egulator
andapai roft r
ansi st orswel itupai ndicatorLEDwhi chglowsuponl ywhent hereis
shortcircuitoccur ring.I nthiswayonecaneasi lyunder standtheshor tci
r cuitcondi ti
on
andtakeappr opriatemeasur eofcut ti
ngoft hepowersuppl yandr emov i
ngt heshor t
 cir
cuit.
Inmai ncircuit
s,shortcir
cuitsmayoccurbet weent wophases,bet weenaphase
andneut ralorbet weenaphaseandear t
h.Suchshor tcircuit
sar eli
kelytor esulti
na
veryhi ghcurrentandt heref
orequickl ytri
ggeranov ercurrentpr ot
ecti
ondev ice.Tohelp
reduce t he negat i
ve eff
ects ofshor tcir
cuit
s,powerdi stri
bution t
ransformers are
deliberatelydesignedtohav eacer tainamountofl eakager eactance.I
npowersocket s
orev ent hesiteoft heshortcir
cuititself)
.Suchi sacommoncauseofanel ectri
carc,i
f
i
tf ormsdur i
ngt heshortcir
cuit
,produceshi ghamountofheatandcancausei gnit
ionof
combust ibl
esubst ancesaswel l.Ini ndustri
alandut i
l
itydistri
butionsystems,dy namic
byhi ghshor t-forcesgeneratedcircui tcurr
entscauseconduct orstospreadapar t.Bus
bars, cables,andappar at
uscanbedamagedbyt heforcesgener atedi
nashor tci
rcui
t.

I
I.LI
TERATUREREVI
EW
Recent ly,variousinv estigat ionsont ransmi ssionl inef aultanalysisusi ngWT,KPCA,
NN,SVM, FLC,AFLandWSEet c.,hav ebeendi scussed.Wi ththeirappl i
cat ioncer tain
i
nv estigati
onont r
ansmi ssionl inef aul tanal ysisispr oposedi nther esear chwor k.Few
schemesf orfaultdet ection, classi f
icationandl ocationofpowert ransmi ssionl i
nesar e
present ed.
Shor tci r
cuitcur r
entl i
terat uresur veyr epor tcont ainst her esultsofal i
terat ure
i
nv estigati
ononshor tcircuitcur rentlimit erstheoccasi onf ort hi
sisar esear chpr ogr am
performedi nthegr oupcal l
edappar atusandsy stemsf orel ectri
calener gysuppl yoft he
Eindhov enUni versit
yoft echnol ogyonamet hodofshor tcircuitcurrentl i
mi ting.Fort hi s
researcht heav ail
abilit
yofsur v eyoft hel iteratureont hesubj ectappear eddesi rabl e.
Wi t
hr eferencet oA. Bhat i
a( introduct iont oshor tcircuit)
Ashor tcircui tresultsi nexcessi vecur rentf low i nthepowersour cet hrought he
'
shor t
,'andmayev encauset hepowersour cet obedest royed.Inel ect r
icaldev ices,
unintent i
onalshor tcircuitsar eusual l
ycausedwhenawi re'
si nsulationbr eaksdown, or
whenanot herconduct ingmat er ial(suchaswat er)isi ntroduced,al lowi ngchar get o
fl
owal ongadi fferentpat hthant heonei ntended.

Damagef rom shortcircui

tscanber educedorpreventedbyemployi
ngfuses,
cir
cuit
breaker s,orot herov er
load protecti
on,whi ch di
sconnectthepoweri nreact
ion t
o
excessi vecurrent.Ifafuseisi nthesuppl ycir
cuit
,itwil
ldoitsj
obandbl owout,t
hus
openi ngt hecircui
tandst oppingt hecurrentfl
ow.I facircui
tbr
eakerisi
nt hesuppl
y
ci
rcuit ,
itwil
ltr
ipandopent hecircuit
.
Exampl eregardingref
erence:-

Acommont ypeofshortcir
cuitoccurswhentheposi
ti
veandnegat
ivetermi
nal
sofa
batt
eryareconnectedwit
hal ow-resi
stancei
ntheconnecti
on,l
ikeawireWithalow
resi
stancei
ntheconnection,ahi ghcur r
entwil
lfl
ow,causi
ngthedeli
veryofalar
ge
amountofenergyinashortperiodofti
me.

Ahi ghcurr
entflowi
ngt hr
oughabat terycancausear apidincr
easeoft emper ature,
potenti
allyr
esult
inginanexplosi
onwi thther el
easeofhy dr
ogengasandel ect
r olyt
e(an
aci
dorabase) ,whichcanbur nti
ssueandcausebl indnessorev endeath.Ov erloaded
wireswi l
lal
soov er
heatcausingdamaget othewi r
e'sinsul
ati
on,orstart
ingaf ire.High
currentcondit
ionsmayal sooccurwithel ectri
cmot orloadsunderst al
ledcondi t
ions,
suchaswhent heimpell
erofanelectr
icall
ydr iv
enpumpi sj
ammedbydebr i
s; t
hi sisnot
ashor t
, t
houghitmayhavesomesi milareffects.
 I
nel ect
ri
caldevicesuni
ntent
ionalshortci
rcui
tsareusuall
ycausedwhenawi r
e's
i
nsulat
ionbr eaksdown,orwhenanot herconducti
ngmat eri
alisi
ntr
oduced,al
l
owi
ng
char
get ofl
owal ongadif
fer
entpaththantheoneintended.

Inmai nscircuits,shortci r
cuitsmayoccurbet weent wophases,bet weenaphase
andneut ralorbet weenaphaseandear t
h( ground) .Suchshor tcircuit
sar el i
kelyt o
resultinav er
yhi ghcur r
entandt herefor
equi ckl yt r
iggeranov ercur r
entpr otecti
on
device.Howev er,iti spossi bl
ef orshor tcircuitst oar isebetweenneut ralandear th
conduct ors,andbet weent woconduct orsoft hesamephase.Suchshor tcir
cuitscanbe
danger ous,par t
icularlyast heymaynoti mmedi atel
yr esultinal argecur rentandar e
thereforelesslikelyt obedet ected.Possibleeffect sincludeunexpect edener gi
sationof
a circuitpr esumed t o be isolated.To hel pr educe t he negative eff
ect s ofshor t
cir
cuits,powerdi stributi
ont ransformer saredel iber
at elydesignedt ohav eacer tain
amountofl eakager eactance.Thel eakager eactance( usuallyabout5t o10%oft hef ul
l
l
oadi mpedance)hel psli
mi tbotht hemagni t
udeandr ateofriseoft hefaultcurrent.

Ashor tcir
cuitmayl eadtoformationofanel ectr
icar c.Thear c,achannelofhot
i
oni zedplasma,i shighl
yconducti
v eandcanper si
stev enaf tersignif
icantamountsof
originalmat er
ialf
rom theconductorshasevapor ated.Surfaceer osioni satypi
calsi
gn
ofel ectr
icar cdamage.Ev enshor tar
cscanr emov esi gnif
icantamount sofmat er
ial
from theel ect
rodes.Thetemperatureoftheresulti
ngel ectri
calarcisv eryhigh(t
ensof
thousandsofdegr ees),causi
ngthemet alont hecont actsur facest omel t
,pooland
mi gratewiththecurrent
,aswellastoescapeintot heairasf inepar t
iculatematt
er.

Shortcircuitforcesandwi ndingdef ormationf ail

uremodes:
Whenat r
ansf ormerissubj ectedtoashor tcir
cuitintheat t
achednet work,thenit
experiencesconsi derablyi
ncreasescur r
entf l
owsf orthedurati
onoft heexternalfault
.
Themagni tudesoft heresult
ing‘ t
hroughf ault’currentsareusuallymuchhi ghert han
normali n–ser vicecur r
ents,becauset heyar enol ongerlimitedbythel oadimpedance
andmayonl ybel i
mitedbyt hei mpedanceoft het r
ansformeritsel
f.Theshor tcircui
t
mayar i
sebecauseofadef ectarisingintheanot heritem ofnetworkequi pment,orasa
resultofasy stem orenv i
ronment all
ygener atedt r
ansient,exampl ecloseupl i
ghtning
stri
ke,whi chcausesaphaset oear t
hf aul
t.Ar isi
ngf rom theradialandaxi alforces
actingonwi ndings, t
hemaj ordefor mati
onmodescausedbyf aultcurr
ent sar
e:

1.Radialbuckling
2.Conduct orti
lti
ng
3.Conduct orbendi ng between supporti
ng spacercolumns,l ocaldistor
ti
on ofthe
windi
ng.
4.Conduct ort elescopi
ngi nwi ndi
ngsofl imi
tedradialthi
cknessandr est
rai
ntwhere
conductor shav ebeenabletopassaxi al
lypassedeachother.
5.Spir
altighteningundert wist
ingforces
6.Coll
apseoft hewi ndi
ngandsuppor tsMovementoft hewindi
ngl eads,par
ti
cul
arl
ytap
l
eads.

I
II
.RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
Her eweuset wot r
ansistor
s T1andT2.T1i sthegeneralpurposeNPNt r
ansistor
 BC
547 andT2i st hemedi um powerPNP t ransi
stor 
SK 100.I ti
salsoav ai
labl
eas  CK
100 and 
BEL100P.Atpoweron,T1conduct sandpul l
st hebaseofT2t ogr ound
potenti
al.Si
nceT2i saPNPt r
ansistor
,itconductswheni t
sbasebecomesnegat i
ve.So
ful
lpoweri sav
ailabl
eatt hecoll
ectorT2whi chisusedtopowert hebreadboard.Green
LEDl i
ghtsatthistimetoi ndi
catet heavail
abil
it
yofout putpowerandnoshor tinthe
breadboar d.
SK100 candelivermaximum  800mA  currentsoalmostfullsupplyvolt
age
(l
ess0. 6to0.8volt
sduet oD1andT2)i sav ai
lableintheboard.
I
ft hebreadboardpoweri sok, 
RedLED  remai ns of
f 
sinceit
scathodei sconnectedt o
the out putand in a high st at
e.When a  shortci r
cuit 
occur
si nt he board, 
Green
LED  exti
nguishesand RedLED  li
ghts.Shortci r
cuitint heoutputblockst hecollector
currentofT2sot hecat hodeof  RedLED  getst hecur r
entpathandi tlight
s. 
Green
LED  remainsoffduetotheabsenceofcur rentf r
om T2.

I
V.FI
NDI
NGANDDI
SCUSSI
ON
Shortci
rcuitindi
cat ori
sasi mpleandeasy .Butitr equi
reanDCpowert ooperat
eatfault
conditi
onsofasy stem orinasy stem’sci rcui
t.Althehar dwareequipmentshouldbeinst
all
ed
onpr i
ntedcir
cuitboar dinpossibleswit chingandi ndicat i
onofequipmentwhenev ert
hefault
occursinthesy st
em.Thepr oposedsy stem canbedev elopedwithalawbudgetcompar edt o
current
lyavai
lableshor tcir
cui
tindicator s.Inaddit
ion, t
heuserdoesnotneedt ostaynearthe
PCBt ocheckwhet herfaulti
sdet ect
ed, ast heycansenseandi ndi
catethesystem
automat i
cal
ly.Further
, si
ncethesy stem i sautomat ed,theuser sdonotwantt ocontr
olmot or
manual l
y.

V.CONCLUSI
ONANDFURTHERRESEARCH

Fi nally,i
nshor tci rcuitst udy,wehav etol earnaboutt heshor tcircuitandwehav e
toclarifysomedoubt abl equest i
onsl ike: whati sshortcircuit?Howi thappens?Wheni t
happens?Whyi thappens?, wheni thappen?, whyithappens?Andal solear n
prevent i
onmet hodsof
shortci rcuitstudy .Shor tcircuit(faul tcurrent)studiesar erequir
edt oinsur ethat
existi
ngandnewequi pmentr at i
ngar eadequat etowi thstandt heavail
ableshor tcircui
t
energyateachpoi nti nt heel ect r
ical system.Whenev eryouar eworkingwi t
helectr
icit
y,
thepr operuseofsaf et ypr ecaut i
onsi soft heut mosti mpor tancetoremember ,i
nthe
frontofal l
elect roni
ct echni cal manual s,youwi l
lal
way saf i
ndasect iononsaf ety
precaut ions.Al sopost edoneachpi eceofequi pmentshoul dbesi gnlistint hespecifi
c
precaut ionsf ort hatequi pment .Onear eat hatsomet imesov erlooked, andi sahazar d
especi allyon-boar dshi p, i
st hemet hodi nwhi chtheequi pmenti sgrounded.By
groundi ngt her eturnsi deoft hepowert ransformert ot hemet al
chassi s,theloadbeing
suppl i
edbyt hepowersuppl ycanbewi reddi rect l
ytonecessi t
yofwi ri
ngdi r
ect l
yt othe
returnsi deoft ransf ormeri sel i
mi nated.Faul tcur rent sthatexceedequi pmentr ati
ngar e
capabl eofext ensiv eequi pmentdamageandar eser ioust hreatt ohumanl i
fe.Recent ly
,
23000f i
recompl ai ntsay earf rom al lov erst ate.Ther ear eal otoff i
r eaccident sare
occur redduet ot hisshor tcircuit.Topr ot ectt hebui l
di ngsf rom t hisshor tcircuitswe
hav etol earnaboutt hisshor tci rcuitphenomenon.
LineShor tCir cui tAndEar thFaul tIndi catort hef aultcur rentint hel i
newi llincr
ease,
whent hecur renti ncr easesmor et hanacer tainsetv alue,theuseofov ercur r
entf ault
i
ndi catorwi llalarmsdi splay.Suchi ndicat orsneedt osetaShor tCi rcuitAndEar thFault
Indicatoral armt hr eshol dinadv ance, shor tcircuitingener al400A- 1200A, ground
gener all
yi nthe5- 60A, ,adjustabl erange.Whent helineshor tcir
cui tandear thf ault
i
ndi cator,thel i
newi l
l occurmor esi gnificanti nstant aneouscur rentchanges, whent he
protect i
ondev iceact iont ri
p, thel i
nest eadycur rentwi l
lbezer o.Det ectionoft hecur rent
valueoft hi
smut at ion, butal sot odet er mi net heshor tcircui tandear t
hf aultindicator
.Becauset hust ypeofi ndicat ordoesnotneedt osett heal armt hresholdinadv ance,it
s
scopeofappl icationi smor eext ensi ve.Butbecauseoft heneedf orreal-ti
me
moni toringofl inecur rent,productpowerconsumpt ion, shor terser vi
cel i
fe.

VI
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