Amílcar José António

TEMA:
Uso do Método Estatístico na Resolução Problema
Licenciatura em Contabilidade e Auditoria

Universidade ISCED
Quelimane, Junho de 2022
 Amílcar José António

TEMA:
Verbs Tenses, Auxiliar Verbs, Conditional Sentence and Relative Pronouns
Licenciatura em Contabilidade e Auditoria

Trabalho de carácter avaliativo a

ser entregue na cadeira de Inglês,
leccionada pelo docente:
Dr. Gregório Jorge Gonçalves

Universidade ISCED
Quelimane, Junho de 2022
Índice
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................3
2. Present Simple Tense..............................................................................................................4
2.1. Structure of sentence –Rules................................................................................................4
2.2. Negative Sentence................................................................................................................4
2.3. Present Continuous Tense....................................................................................................4
2.4. Structure of sentence............................................................................................................4
2.4.1. Positive Sentence..............................................................................................................4
2.4.2. Negative Sentence.............................................................................................................5
2.5. Interrogative Sentences........................................................................................................5
2.6. Present Perfect Tense...........................................................................................................5
2.6. Structure of Sentence...........................................................................................................5
2.6.1. Positive Sentence..............................................................................................................5
2.7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.......................................................................................5
2.8. Structure of sentence............................................................................................................6
2.8.1. Positive Sentence..............................................................................................................6
2.9. Auxiliar verbs.......................................................................................................................6
2.9.1. Conditional sentences.......................................................................................................7
2.9.1.1. Structure.........................................................................................................................7
2.9.1.2. Second conditional.........................................................................................................7
2.9.1.3. Structure.........................................................................................................................7
2.9.1.3.1. If + condition +result (past simple).............................................................................7
2.9.4. Third conditional...............................................................................................................8
2.9.4.1. Relative pronouns..........................................................................................................8
3. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................9
4. References.............................................................................................................................10
1. Introduction
The current assignment talks about different issues under grammar mainly verbs tenses
relative pronouns and conditional it is perceived that, present Simple Tense is used to express
an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to
express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis, present Continuous
Tense is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action
which is in progress at the time of speaking. While, present prefect is used to express an
action which happened or completed in past but usually the action which happened or
completed at a short time before now (near past) not a very long time before now. Specific
time such as two years ago, last week or that day is usually not used in the sentences of in this
tense. It means that this tense expresses the action whose time when it happened, is not
exactly specified but it sounds to refer to some action that happened or completed in near past.

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2. Present Simple Tense
According to Altenberg, E. P. a Vago R. M. (2010) Present simple is used to express an action
in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. It is used to express
an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis.
Rules.1st form of verb or base verb is used as main verb in sentence.
2.1. Structure of sentence –Rules
Positive Sentence• Subject + Main verb + Object• Subject + 1st form of verb + Object
Note: If the subject in a sentence is “he, she, it, singular or proper noun” then “s” or “es” is
added to the first form of verb or base form in the sentence.
Examples. I write a letter. He gets up early in the morning. Sun rises in east.
2.2. Negative Sentence
Subject + auxiliary verb +NOT + Main verb +object
Subject + Do not/Does not + 1st form of verb + object
Examples. I do not write a letter. He does not get up early in the morning. Sun does not rise
in east.
2.3. Present Continuous Tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action at present time. It expresses an action
which is in progress at the time of speaking.
For example, a person says, “I am writing a letter”.
Rules. Auxiliary verb “am or is or are” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb or base verb +
ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence.
2.4. Structure of sentence
2.4.1. Positive Sentence
Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object Subject + am/is/are +
(1st form of verb + ing) + object.
If the subject is “I” then auxiliary verb “am” is used after subject in sentence. If the subject is
“He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “is” is used after subject in
sentence. If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “are” is used after subject in
sentence. The participle “ing” is added to the 1st form of verb i.e. going (go) writing (write)
Examples: I am playing cricket. He is driving a car. They are reading their lessons.

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2.4.2. Negative Sentence
Subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb-ing (Present participle) + object• Subject +
am/is/are + not + (1st form of verb + ing) + object
Rules for using auxiliary verbs (am or is or are) after subject in negative sentences are same as
mentioned above.Examples.I am not playing cricket.He is not driving a carThey are not
reading their lessons.
2.5. Interrogative Sentences
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb-ing(Present participle) + object• Am/is/are + Subject +
(1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object
2.6. Present Perfect Tense
It is used to express an action which happened or completed in past but usually the action
which happened or completed at a short time before now (near past) not a very long time
before now. Specific time such as two years ago, last week or that day is usually not used in
the sentences of in this tense. It means that this tense expresses the action whose time when it
happened, is not exactly specified but it sounds to refer to some action that happened or
completed in near past.
Rules: Auxiliary verb “has or have” is used in sentence. 3rd form of verb (past participle) is
used as main verb in sentence.
2.6. Structure of Sentence
2.6.1. Positive Sentence
Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + Subject• Subject + has/have + 3rd
form of verb or past participle + subject
If the subject is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has” is used after
subject in sentence.If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have” is used after
subject in sentence.
ExamplesI have eaten mealShe has learnt a lesson
2.7. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that started in past and is continued until
now. There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours etc” from which the
action has been started. A sense of time reference is found in these sentences which gives an
idea that action has been continued from some time in past till now (Eastwood:1999).

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Rules: An auxiliary verb “has been or have been” is used in sentence. 1st form of verb (base
verb) +ing (present participle) is used as main verb in sentence. “Since” or “for” is used
before the “time reference” in sentence. If the time reference is exactly known such as 1995, 4
O’clock then “since” is used before the time in sentence. If the time reference is not exactly
known such as three hours, six years, four days, then “for” is used before the time in sentence.
2.8. Structure of sentence.
2.8.1. Positive Sentence.
Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
Subject + has been/have been + (1st form of verb+ ing) + object + time referenceIf the subject
is “He, She, It, singular or proper name” then auxiliary verb “has been” is used after subject in
sentence.If subject is “You, They or plural” then auxiliary verb “have been” is used after
subject in sentence.Examples.He has been watering the plants for two hours.I have been
studying since 3 O’clock
2.9. Auxiliar verbs
According to Eastwood (1999), auxiliary verb is a form of be, have or a modal verb, for
example: must, can, could which come before the subject In like manner, Alexander (1990),
states that a verb is considered an auxiliary when it 'helps' others. On the other hand, modal
verbs are also helping verbs as stated on the first paragraph which add information such as
possibility, necessity, or requests, to the verb that follows.
In general, it can be said that both modal and auxiliary verbs are used to support other verbs to
show what they express, in fact, modal verbs which includes (Can, Could, May, Might, Must,
Ought to, Shall, Should, Will, and would), in contrast with the normal auxiliary verbs which
include (be, do and have), again, which express only (negation or question), they are used to
express different modalities, as can be noticed by the name (modal) itself.
As an illustration, despite both modal and auxiliary verbs perform the same action of “helping
verbs”, as a matter of fact, modal verbs differ from other auxiliaries because they are not
subject to inflection as the normal auxiliary do, not only, they do not change according to
tense. In addition, modal verbs are different from normal/ordinary verbs because as stated
Alexander (1990) they have rules of usage such as: 1. We can't use them as to-infinitives; 2.
We do not use the to-infinitive after modals; 3. There is no -(e)s in the third person singular;

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In addition, 4. The interrogative form is made by inverting the modal verb to the place of the
subject and vice versa. For example:
1. I want to be able to obtain higher marks. (Not 'to can')
2. You must/mustn't arrive late. (Not 'to arrive')
3. The Lecturer can see allow you to enter. (No -s on can)
4. I can play football. 4.1. Can I play football?
2.9.1. Conditional sentences
according to Ansell, M. (2000) there are several structures in English that we call them
conditionals or if conditionals. The word condition means situation or circumstance. If
particular condition is true a particular result happens.
There are three Basic English conditionals plus the so zero conditionals that we do not use so
often.
1 first conditional
For real possibility
We are talking about the future and the result of this condition
2.9.1.1. Structure
If + condition + result
Ex; A. if I win the lottery I will buy a car
B. if I buy the tickets, I will travel t London
C. if it rains today, I will not go to school
D. if she borrow me the money, I will go to the shop.
2.9.1.2. Second conditional
The second conditional is like the first conditional, we are still thinking about the future, a
particular condition in future but the result of this condition, but there is not a real possibility
that this condition will happen
2.9.1.3. Structure
2.9.1.3.1. If + condition +result (past simple)
Ex: A. if I won a lottery I would buy a car.

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Oxford University Press. B. if she had a car, she should give me a lift.
C. if you have studied harder, you would pass all the exams
D. if the sporting club have played better, it should win the match.
E. if I had walked faster, I would not miss the lesson.
F. if we had a garden, we would have a cat.
2.9.4. Third conditional
In first and second conditionals we talk about the future. Now third conditional we talk about
the past, condition that did not happen in the past
2.9.4.1. Relative pronouns
• Who: this relative pronoun is commonly used to direct people.
Example: The teacher who teaches English Subject is my father.
In other case, that is also used to refer someone, but it is not commonly used.
Example: John is the boy that walks by bicycle every day.
• Which and that: these are used to direct things. That is commonly used than which, or in
other hand Which is seen as a little formal.
Examples: My father has got many shops which sells different kind of goods. The birds that
we are talking about are singing.
• Whose: this relative pronoun is used to refer things belonging to or things associated with
someone.
Examples: David is a writer whose books are sold in his country. They have got a driver
whose wife is died.
The pronouns such as he or it are not used with the relative pronoun.
Examples: We do not say: The teacher who he has a blue car is my father.
It could be: The teacher who has a blue car is my father.
In other cases, the relative pronoun may be omitted, so, the left sentence is called “Zero
relative clause”.

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3. Conclusion
Concluding the assignment it was possible to understand that auxiliary verb is a form of be,
have or a modal verb, for example: must, can, could which come before the subject In like
manner, Alexander (1990), states that a verb is considered an auxiliary when it 'helps' others.
On the other hand, modal verbs are also helping verbs as stated on the first paragraph which
add information such as possibility, necessity, or requests, to the verb that follows.
In general, it can be said that both modal and auxiliary verbs are used to support other verbs to
show what they express, in fact, modal verbs which includes (Can, Could, May, Might, Must,
Ought to, Shall, Should, Will, and would), in contrast with the normal auxiliary verbs which
include (be, do and have), again, which express only (negation or question), they are used to
express different modalities, as can be noticed by the name (modal) itself.

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4. References
Alexander, L. G. (1990). Longman English Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students pp.
New York.
Altenberg, E. P. a Vago R. M. (2010). English grammar understanding the Basics. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Ansell, M. (2000). Free English grammar. 141.
Eastwood, J. (1999). Oxford Practice Grammar. (Ed. 2) New York.

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