CHAPTER – 5

d – BLOCK ELEMENTS
 CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
 GROUP TRENDS IN d – BLOCK ELEMENTS
 MATALLURGY OF COPPER
 CHEMISTRY OF SILVER NITRATE
 CHEMISTRY OF COPPER SULPHATE
 CORROSION AND ITS PREVENTIONS
 SILVERING OF MIRRORS
 TIN PLATING
 PHOTOGRAPHY
 CO – ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
 I.U.P.A.C OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
“M O D E R N PERIODIC T A B L E”
 TRANSITION ELEMENTS
 TRANSITION ELEMENTS:
• Elements in group I – B, II – B through VIII – B are known as
the Transition Elements because they show their properties
which are transitional between highly reactive and strong
electropositive elements.

 d – BLOCK ELEMENTS:
• The elements which have partially filled d – orbital or in
which last electron enters in d – orbital are called d – block
elements.
• These elements are also called Outer Transition Elements.
 SERIES OF d – BLOCK ELEMENTS:
• The d – block elements consist of four series.
• Each series consist of 10 elements.
• Total 40 elements are present in d – block.

SERIES START END

1st Scandium (Sc = 21) Zinc (Zn = 30)

2nd Yttrium (Y = 39) Cadmium (Cd = 48)

3rd Lanthanum (La = 57) Mercury (Hg = 80)

4th Actinium (Ac = 89) Copernicium (Cn = 112)

 f – BLOCK ELEMENTS:
• The elements which have partially filled f – orbital or in which
last electron enters in f – orbital are called f – block elements.
• These elements are also called Inner Transition Elements.

 SERIES OF f – BLOCK ELEMENTS:

• The f – block elements consist of two series.
• Each series consist of 14 elements.
• Total 28 elements are present in f – block.

SERIES START END

Lanthanides Cerium (Ce = 58) Lutetium (Lu = 71)

Actinides Thorium (Th = 90) Lawrencium (Lr = 103)

 METALLURY OF COPPER
 MINERALS:
• The combined forms of metals with less definite chemical
impurities are called Minerals.

 ORES:
• The minerals are mixed with earthy or rocky materials

 GANGUE PARTICLES:
• The earthy or rocky materials present in ore

 METALLURGY:
• The science or technology which is used to extracts the metals
from their ores and making them for practical use
 ORES OF COPPER:

1. Sulphide ores:
Copper / Chalo pyrite = CuFeS2
Chalocite = Cu2S

2. Oxide ore:
Cuprite = CuO2

3. Carbonate ores:
Malachite = CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
Azurite = 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
 EXTRACTION OF COPPER:
• Copper is mostly extracted from copper pyrite (CuFeS2).
• It contains about 6 % copper.
• Extraction of copper involves the following steps:

1. ROASTING OF THE ORE:

• The concentrated ore is roasted in a furnace in air to remove
sulphur, carbon and other impure contents from the ore.
• The overall reaction:
4CuFeS2 + 5O2 → 2Cu2S + 2FeO + 2FeS + 4SO2
2.SMELTING OF ORE:
• The roasted ore is now mixed with sand (SiO2).
• The ore is now heated strongly until it melts.
• The sulphide ore of iron, oxidized to oxide ore of iron, which
reacts with sand to form slag or ferrous silicate (FeSiO3).
2FeS + 3O2 → 2FeO + 2SO2
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 (Slag)
• Ferrous silicate commonly known as Slag which is floats on the
surface of Molten Matte.
• Molten Matte is the mixture of cuprous sulphide (Cu2S) and
ferrous sulphide (FeS).
3. BESSEMERIZATION:
• In Bessemer converter, molten copper matte is treated with
some silica by blowing hot air.
2FeS + 3O2 → 2FeO + 2SO2
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3 (Slag)
• The hot air converts Cu2S partially to Cu2O which reacts with
remaining Cu2S to give metallic cooper in molten state.
2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2
• This metallic copper is called Blister Copper because, as it
solidifies hidden SO2 escapes producing blisters on its surface.
• Blister copper about 99 % pure, it contains impurities such as
iron, arsenic, zinc, lead, silver and gold etc
3. REFINIG OF BLISTER COPPER:
• The blister copper is not suitable for electrical work so it is
further refined by electrical process.
• Electrolytic cell consists of:
 Anode:
Blocks of blister copper
 Cathode
Thin sheets of pure copper
 Electrolyte:
Solution of CuSO4 + H2SO4
 Cell Reactions:
• At anode:
Cu (Blister copper) → Cu +2 + 2 e – (Oxidation)

• At cathode:
Cu +2 + 2 e – → Cu (Pure copper) (Reduction)

• Net reaction:
Cu (Blister copper) → Cu (Pure copper)