FIRE AND GAS DETECTION PHILOSOPHY

Fire Detection
In general, the fire detection system shall have the following objectives:

  -          To detect fire in very early stage of it’s form.

  -          To alert operator at control room and give them the location.

  -          To alert any personnel at location of the fire event so that they are aware
and could take any necessary action.

-          To activate the fire fighting equipment.

Based on these, there are four main types of the fire detection devices (fire
detector):

-          Smoke detector.

-          Heat detector.

-          Flame detector (detect the UV or IR radiated by fire).

-          Multi-detector (combination of smoke and heat).

Each detector has a unique purpose and suitability for a specific application.
Thus the detector type should be selected based on the safety (loss prevention)
study. It will depend on the speed of response required, consequences to
facility, and the area of the fire events.

Smoke detectors
The most used smoke detectors are ionization type and photoelectric type. The
ionization type utilizes a constant current that produced by electrode from an
ionization of some isotope. Any particle that goes through the chamber and
interrupt the ionization will make a reduction of constant current. Thus alarm
will be activated. The photoelectric type utilizes a scattered light from smoke
 particles to measure the smoke present. Any particles that interrupt the light
line (it will be scattered) will cause the detector activated.

The smoke detector (both ionization and photoelectric type) are very sensitive
and shall not be used at dirty environments, smoky atmosphere, and open areas
where there is an unpredictable air flows. For example, smoke detector shall
not be used at kitchen, mechanical workshop, etc.

Another type of smoke detectors that most used at offshore oil & gas industries
are High Sensitive Smoke Detectors. This detector usually placed on the very
critical areas such as cable ducting, control room, and electrical room. This
detector take a sample of each sample location by an air-sampling tubes and
then draw the sample to a centralized detector which analyze any small present
of smoke. It will allow the system to give very fast and earliest alert to an
operator of fire event (event it still on the smoke forming stage).

Flame Detectors
Flame detectors are categorized as fast response devices. It senses the flame on
a line of sight. A fire consists of three part, smoke, heat, and flame. This
detector is utilizing at application when flame is the first part of fire that
formed, such as a hydrocarbon leak area.

There are three major types of flame detectors:

-          Ultra-Violet (UV) Flame Detectors

-          Infrared (IR) Flame Detectors

-          Combination of UV and IR Flame Detectors

Ultra-Violet (UV) Flame Detectors

UV type flame detectors are detectors that sense the UV light emitted from a
flame. It’s sensitive to a sun UV light, welding arcs, x-rays, and lightning.
Therefore the use of UV flame detector is limited on the closed area where the
disturbance from sun, lightning etc is absent such as a turbine compressor
closure, turbine generator closure etc.
 UV flame detectors are also shouldn’t use to detect fire that have heavy smoke
(i.e. crude oil) or fires that doesn’t have visible flame (i.e. alcohol etc).

Infrared (IR) Flame Detectors

Infrared flame detectors are detectors that sense the hot light (infrared) emitted
by a CO2 product of flame. Its very reliable than UV flame detector because of
more immune to UV light, welding arcs, etc. It can be used in open areas or
closed areas. The infrared flame detectors signal shall be filtered from hot
human body and set it to insensitive to hot body.

Combination of UV & IR Flame Detectors

UV/IR Flame Detectors use both UV and IR sensor to sense a flame. It should be
selectable to be UV only or IR only or both sensors active. It should be detect
any flame whether indoor or outdoor applications. If both UV and IR sensor are
active, it will only send alarm signal when both of it sense a fire. It will reduce
the false alarm that caused by using UV only or IR only.

Heat or Thermal Detectors

Heat detector is slower device compare to smoke detector and flame detector.
This detector utilize a heat sensitive element (usually are thermistor) to sense
the heat. It will activate only after the fire reaches some significant stage to
radiate its heat energy and sensed by the heat sensitive of heat detectors. Even
though this detector has slow response to fire but it’s very suitable for
application that prone to alarm false if we use smoke or flame detectors such as
kitchen area, workshop, laboratory room, smoking area etc.

There are three types of heat detectors:

-          Fixed type.

-          Rate of rise type.

-          Fusible plugs.

Fixed heat detectors

A fixed heat detector is a detector that set at a fixed temperature set point.
Once the ambient temperatures (caused by a fire) reach the set point, the
detectors will send an alarm signal. As a standard, the fixed heat detectors set
point is 77 Celsius. Fixed heat detectors are very suitable for application that has
a swings temperature on it i.e. kitchen, workshop, laboratory room etc.

Rate of rise heat detectors

Rate of rise heat detectors is a detector that senses the rate of rise in the
ambient temperature. It’s very sensitive heat detectors and can cause a false
alarm at a room having swing temperature. Normally it will activate when the
heat rate of rise is between 12 Fahrenheit or 15 Fahrenheit. It’s suitable to use
at smoking room, warehouse etc. It’s also suitable to use at room that doesn’t
have a high air flow that can cause a smoke detector slow to response such as
storage room or warehouse.

Fusible Plugs
Fusible plugs are a metal cylinder that has a sealed metal with low melting
point. It is connected to a pneumatic tubing loop. When the ambient
temperatures reach the melting point of the seal metal, then the seal will broke
and causing a pneumatic air leak through it. This leak will be detected by a
pressure switch and it will initiate an alarm that activates a very large capacity
valve to operate. This large capacity valves (called deluge valve) will spout a fire
water to extinguish fires. The fusible plug is designed to protect a closed vessel
from a fire. When a closed vessel exposed to a fire, it can causing a dangerous
rise in internal pressure of vessels and causing a blow up. Therefore usually it
put out around a closed vessel.
COORDINATION OF RELAY AND UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY:

COORDINATION OF RELAY

If any fault occurs in motor, the neares relay has to trip ‘D’ breaker itself, so that it won’t affect the
other system. Similarly if any fault occurs after ‘A’ breaker, the nearest is A breaker’s relay. So ‘A’
should trip and other system not affected.

Normally the operating and tripping of breaker time will be around 350 msec.

If after ‘A’ breaker fault occurs ‘A’ will trip at 350msec if it fails ‘B’ will trip at 700msec, I ‘B’ also
fails ‘C’ will trip 1 sec. This is called the co-ordination of Relays.

UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY: 

This relay operates when under voltage occurs in a connected system, normally this relay setting
be 80% of the applied voltage. This relay is used to trip the equipments connected, during under
voltage condition. These relay having two types, instantaneous and IDMT (Inverse Definite
Minimum Time)

IDMT relay are all dis type and the setting can be done through plug setting arrangement.

AC – Alternating current where the voltage is alternating from peak voltage (on both +ve –ve side)
to ZERO voltage periodically.

DC – Direct current where the voltage in constant.

OIL FIELD CABLES

Q. What are the different sizes of the cables?

A. 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 4, 6, 10, 16, 25, 35, 50, 70, 95, 10, 150, 185, 240, 300, 400,
600,  (Dimensions are in Square mm).

Q. What is the use of cable gland?

A.  Cable glands are used to protect against mechanical damages o cables during
entering in junction box, MCC etc. it also give earth continuity of cable Armor and
equipment body.
Q. What type of Cable gland used in Oil Field?

A.  In explosion proof areas double compression glands are used to avoid the gasses
entering in the electrical apparatus.

Q. What are the Cables used in Oil Field?

A.         PVC – Poly Vinyl Chloride

            

            XLPE – Cross Linked Poly Ethylene

             

            LC – Lead Covered

           

            SWA – Steel Wire Armoured

            

            PILC – Paper Insulated Lead Covered

           

            MICC – Mineral Insulated Copper Conductor

Q. What is MICC? Where it is used? What mineral used in this cable?

A. Mineral Insulated Copper Conductor and it is used for fire alarm systems and
Lightings systems at Hazardous area without using conduits and Magnesium oxide is
used as mineral.

Q. What types of Cable joint and termination kits used?

A. Cold Compound joint kits. Hot Compound joint kits and Heat Shrinkable joint kits,
Hot Compound Termination and Heat Shrinkable Termination kits,

Q. What is ferrule and where is used?

A. Ferrule is used to connect two conductors during jointing. Three types are Crimping
Type and Soldering Type for High Voltage Cables as well as for Medium Voltage Cables
and for Low voltages ferrules are PVC Insulated.

Q. Why Lead Covered Cables are used in Oil Fields?

A. Lead Covered Cables are used in Oil Fields due to avoid damages of PVC Insulation,
by hydrocarbon gases and chemical corrosion.

Q. How many types of lugs are used?

A. Crimping type and Soldering type lugs are used for cable terminations.

Q. How to check the cable fault?

A.  As follows:

        Isolate the cable

        Megger the cable

        Trace the cable fault through cable fault locator and cable route through cable route
locator
        If the cable resistance is high use the burnout test kit

Before cutting the cable use spiking gun for safety

DIFFERENT KINDS OF RELAYS

DIFFERENT KINDS OF RELAYS

1 OCR Over current relay 50 / 51

2 EF Earth fault 50 N / 51 N
3 DR Different relay 87
4 RPR Reverse power relay 67
5 REF Restricted earth fault relay 87TG
6 ELR Earth leakage relay 50G
7 UV Under voltage relay 27

All these relay will have instantaneous tripping as well as IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
delay tripping or only IDMT or instantaneous.

OVERCURRENT RELAY: 

This relay operates when a over current of short circuit noticed in the load.

Normally these relays will be having plug setting for current selection.

IDMT is normally used for over current. Instantaneous will be actuated only during short circuit
and for this normally the setting will be 10 times the normal current.

Whatever the current fall in the secondary of C. T. will flow through over current relays 50 / 51.

EARTH FAULT RELAY: 

When any fault occurs between phases & earth, this relay will operate.

This relay connected to the zero balanced (residually connected) C. T. connection as shown in the
diagram. Normal over current will not pass through this relay, at point 0 the current will be zero.
When a fault occurs between phase and earth, there will be unbalance and that unbalance current
will pass through relay (50 N / 51 N).
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY:  

This relay protects only the zone connected in between the neutral C. T. and residually
connected  C. T. in the phase side i.e., it is protecting star winding of the transformer. When any
unbalance or earth fault occurs after the phase C. T. there will be unbalance currents neutral C. T.
as well as residually connected phase CT and both currents nullified at point ‘O’. So there won’t
be any current flow in the relay and the relay won’t operate.

When fault occurs in the winding there will be a current flow in the neutral CT only. The current
will operate the 87TG relay.

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

This relay protects the Zone connected between the CTs – i.e. it is protecting only the transformer.
The CT connection is in winding side and in winding side, this is because to compensate vector
difference. The CT ration is also to be selected according to the transformation ratio.

When there is fault after the transformer secondary (i.e. after the secondary CT) there won’t be
any difference of primary and secondary currents, are balanced in the Restraining coil.

When a fault occurs in the transformer, that current will be transformed to primary side only. So
that there will be different in the currents of primary and secondary. That unbalanced current will
pass through the operating coil and the relay will operate.

In generator the differential relay connections will be as shown.

COORDINATION OF RELAY

If any fault occurs in motor, the neares relay has to trip ‘D’ breaker itself, so that it won’t affect the
other system. Similarly if any fault occurs after ‘A’ breaker, the nearest is A breaker’s relay. So ‘A’
should trip and other system not affected.

Normally the operating and tripping of breaker time will be around 350 msec.

If after ‘A’ breaker fault occurs ‘A’ will trip at 350msec if it fails ‘B’ will trip at 700msec, I ‘B’ also
fails ‘C’ will trip 1 sec. This is called the co-ordination of Relays.

UNDER VLTAGE RELAY: 

This relay operates when under voltage occurs in a connected system, normally this relay setting
be 80% of the applied voltage. This relay is used to trip the equipments connected, during under
voltage condition. These relay having two types, instantaneous and IDMT (Inverse Definite
Minimum Time)

IDMT relay are all dis type and the setting can be done through plug setting arrangement.
AC – Alternating current where the voltage is alternating from peak voltage (on both +ve –ve side)
to ZERO voltage periodically.

DC – Direct current where the voltage in constant.

 FREQUENCY – 

 In AC, the voltage which completes one cycle of Sin wave form is called frequency and the unit is
‘HERTZ’ (Hz)

TYPES OF VALVE SUMMARY

Summary
The following important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Types of Valves Summary

Gate valves are generally used in systems where low flow resistance for a fully
open valve is desired and there is no need to throttle the flow.

Globe valves are used in systems where good throttling characteristics and low
seat leakage are desired and a relatively high head loss in an open valve is
acceptable.

Ball valves allow quick, quarter turn on-off operation and have poor throttling
characteristics.

Plug valves are often used to direct flow between several different ports
through use of a single valve.

Diaphragm valves and pinch valves are used in systems where it is desirable for
the entire operating mechanism to be completely isolated from the fluid.

Butterfly valves provide significant advantages over other valve designs in

weight,space, and cost for large valve applications.

Check valves automatically open to allow flow in one direction and seat to
prevent flow in the reverse direction.

A stop check valve is a combination of a lift check valve and a globe valve and
incorporates the characteristics of both
 Safety/relief valves are used to provide automatic overpressurization protection
for a system.

1.       HAZARDOUS AREA OF CLASSIFICATION:

                 ZONE ‘0’            In which an explosive gas – air mixture is continuously present for a long period.

                 ZONE ‘1’            In which an explosive gas air mixture is likely to occur under normal operation.

                 ZONE ‘2’             In which an explosive gas air mixture is not likely to occur in normal operation and if it
occurs it exist only for short time.

TYPE OF PROTECTION AND GAS GROUP

ZONE ‘0’          Ex‘s’ (Specifically certified for used in Zone ‘0’).

                 ZONE ‘1’        Any type of protection suitable foe Zone 0 and Ex‘d’, EX ‘b’, Ex‘p’,Ex ‘e’

                 ZONE ‘2’        Any type of protection suitable for Zone 0 or Zone 1 and Ex’N’ or ‘n’ Ex ‘O’, Ex ‘q’

Ex‘d’                          – Flame proof or Explosion proof.

Ex ‘e’                         – Increased safety
Ex’N’ or ‘n’               – Non sparking
Ex ‘I’                         – Intrinsic Safety
Ex ‘p’                        – Pressurization
Ex ‘O’                       – Oil immersion
Ex ‘q’                        – Sand or Power filled
Ex‘s’                          – Special protection.

GAS GROUP
IEC USA
Representative Gas
1 Methane I D
2 Propane IIA D
3 Ethylene IIB C
4 Hydrogen IIC B
5 Carbon Disulphide IIC
6 Acetylene IIC A
H. T. MOTORS: Motor workings with voltage 3.3 KV and above are HT motors. This motor normally
used for higher loads as the operating current cab be reduced. Normally these motors are
connected. These motors are having some special cooling arrangements like forced air cooling,
condenser type cooling in which water is circulated to cool the temperature inside. Instead of a
ball bearing, sleeve bearings are also used. For cooling the bearing, separate oil us used.

The following protection normally used;

1 Instantaneous over current Settled normally 10 times the rated current.

2 Thermal overload relay
3 Locked rotor or prolonged start
protection
4 Negative phase sequence
5 Earth fault
Operates only during short circuit.
Set normally at 110% rated operates at motor
overload.
Set normally at 125% the rated operates when the
load got jammed. Set at normal starting time +
sec.
Set normally at 25% the rated. Operates when
phase unbalance occurs and single phasing. (one
phase failed).
Set normally at 20% the rated operates when fault
occurs between phase and earth.

Motor protection relay is having all the above set protection.

Motor is provided with the differential relay protection connected between Start side CTs and
Phase side CTs as shown.

VIBRATION: Vibration of motor is usually the result of troubles such as unbalance of rotor,

misalignment, looseness or bad bearings. Vibration is checked by vibration meter.

VELOCITY AND DISPLACEMENT: Vibration can be measured in terms of how fast the part moves.
This is called the Peak Velocity and is measured in inches/seconds or millimeter/seconds.
Velocity is a function of both displacement vibrations.

Vibrations can be measured in terms of how far the move back and forth. This is called the peak to
peak displacement measured in mils. 1 mil = 25.4 microns

BEARINGS: The bearings used in electrical machineries are ball bearings, Roller Bearings,
Tapered Roller Bearings, Thrust Bearings, Sleeve Bearings, Needle Bearings etc, generally on
load side of the machine Roller Bearings are used.

                D.E. – Drive and

                N.D.E – Non drive end

DEFINITION FOR BEARING NO 6308

6              –                             Refers deep groove ball bearing

3              –                             Refers medium weight (2 Light weight /4 – Heavy weight)

08           –                             08 × 5 = 40 mm diameter of the shaft

7308 -                                    Angular contact or thrust bearing

C3           -                             Clearance extra for high temperature

Z              -                             Shield bearing

MOUNTING NAD DISMOUNTING PRESSURE

1.    Remove motor pulley with 3 leg puller if the motor is small and medium size. For large pulley
Hydraulic puller may be used.

2.    Remove fan cover and fan.

3.    Remove outer bearing cover on both ends and remove end shields with markings.

4.    Take out the rotor from stator.

Now the motor is dismantled totally while assembling reverses the above procedure.

1.       O/H TRANSMISSION

1.       What is corona phenomenon? When does it occur?

Corona is a type of electrical discharge at the surface of conductors at high voltage because of
voltage stress, it occurs at foul weather, depends on pressure, temperature, humidity, pollution
level, in air and condition of conductor surface.

2.       What are acceptable corona losses in foul weather?

5 KW/KM.

3.       How does lightning arrestor work?

Lightning arrestors employ some form of non linear type of resistance like thyrite or matrosil
whose resistance decreas3es rapidly with increase of applied voltage. But as soon as energy has
been dissipated resistance is restored to a high value which suppresses the arc across the gap
effectively when line voltage returns to normal.

4.       What are the points to be checked when carrying out inspection of O/H lines?
a)      Frequency weekly/monthly depending in location

b)      Check points non growth of trees, birds’, nests, cracks of insulators, faulty line regulation
structure for mechanical defect-corrosion.

TRANSFORMER
  Transformers Transformation Ratio
          
       V1/V2=N1/N2=I1/I2=K or NS/NP=VS/VP=IP/IS=K

2.       Explain the function of Buchholzs Relay for Transformer protection?

It is the gas and oil operated relay. It has two circuits, one is trip and second is alarm. Any minor
fault develops that time the evaporated gas will actuate the alarm circuit; otherwise any major
fault rush of oil will actuate the Trip Circuit.

3.       What are the protections for Transformers?

a)      Buchholz relay
b)      Overheated relay
c)       Earth fault relay
d)      Temperature sensor

For higher transformer additionally

a)      Restricted Earth fault relay

b)      Differential relay

4.       How to check Transformer oil? What should be value?

a)      To collect oil from bottom drain in Test kit.

b)      Adjust Test kit spears (2.5mm or 4mm)
c)       Increase the voltage gradually up to tripping point

The oil should withstand 30KV for 1 minute gap with a gap of 2.5mm

5.       What is the breather? Details about the Silica gel

It is a small container, contains silica gel and oil. It absorbs the moisture from the atmospheric air
and allow the fresh air to the conservator.

6.       What is C.T. and P.T.

C.T. is Current Transformer which step down the current. It is used for current measurement and
protection.P.T. is Transformer Tap changing on HT side. Transformer is working at mutual
induction action.

1.       YPM of Transformer

a)      Obtain the work permit

b)      Transfer the load to the other transformer
c)       Switch “ON” the Earth Switch on primary and secondary side
d)      Physically clean the Transformer
e)      Check the insulation resistance of primary and secondary winding and check the winding
resistance
f)       Check the terminal tightness
g)      Check the Earth connections of Transformer
h)      Carry out B.D.V. test of Transformer oil
i)        Control box cleaned with contact cleaner
j)        Check the Silica gel
k)      Check the HT and LT bushings
l)        Open the Earth switch
m)    Energize the Transformer an d give load
n)      Close the permit.

2.       Which are the Paralleling conditions of Transformers?

a)      Voltage must be same as check tap-changer position

b)      Frequency must be same
c)       Phase sequence must be same
d)      Impedance of both the Transformers has to be same
e)      Vector group of both must be same.

CONTROL VALVE

1. What is a ‘control valve’? 

A control valve is a final control element in a process line to control the process.

2. Explain the types of control valves?

1.Globe valve

2.Butterfly valve

3.Ball vale
 3. What is a double seated control valve? Where in general it is used?

A control valve whose trim has two seats n plugs. A double seated control valve
is commonly used in high differential, huge capacity, turbulent flow lines.

CONTROL VALVE

ON-OFF VALVE

4.    What is a single seated balanced trim?

It is a trim having a single seat n plug and balance holes on its plug. A single
seated balanced trim is used in a process line where the DP across the valve is
high. These kind of trims are useful in reducing the vibration on the valve body
and also assists in closing the valve.
 ON-OFF VALVE

5.    What is a ‘direct acting’ and ‘reverse acting’ atuators?

m extends when air pr in actuator increases. Air to extend.

Reverse acting : Stem retracts when air pr in actuator increases. Air to retract.

SMALL TYPE ON-OFF VALVE

 STEM,PLUG,SEAT AND GAGE

6.    Explain the following on a control valve:

Trim, CV, Actuator, Stem travel, Valve body, Yoke, Gland packing

Trim   : Trim is a matched pair of ‘plug’ and ‘seat’

CV      : It is a valve coefficient, defined as the capacity index of a valve

as the number of u.s. gallons per minute of water that will flow through a

valve in the wide open position with a ressure drop of a valve in wide open

position with a pressure drop of a 1psi.it is used in the valve sizing

calculations.

Actuator: The drive unit having a diaphragm and a piston that operates

the valve stem.

Stem travel: The scale that shows the stem movement in inches orcentimeter.

 Valve body  : The bottom portion of a control valve installed on a pipeline to

control a process. The valve body contains a trim, pipe flange, bonnet, gaskets,
guide bush, gland packing, lantern ring, grease, cooling fins…etc.
  Yoke : A portion of the actuator which connects the actuator to the valve body
carrying a stem travel plate.

Gland packing: A sealing system in the valve body which prevents the process
fluid coming out through the valve stem.

7.    What is an ‘over sized’ control valve? How to solve an oversize problem?

A control valve is said to be over sized when a minimum signal to the valve
(minimum opening of the valve) brings process to the set point rapidly. This
situation leads to an imbalance and high gain in the control loop. The problem
can be solved by changing the valve trim to a reduced trim size or by replacing
the control valve for the correct size.

8.    What is a bench set on a control valve actuator? 

 On a pneumatic control valve, this is the minimum and maximum air pressure to
be applied to achieve the full stroke length of the actuator.

9.    Why does a bench set differ on actuators of the same size?

A higher bench set actuator is selected when the control valve is operating on a
high pressure process line.

10.    What is a valve positioner? How does it work?

Valve Positioner is a unit used on a control valve to ensure actuator stem takes a
position proportional to the input signal. It positions the diffrent types of valve
actuators of different capacities and spring ranges by converting the low
pr/capacity signal 3-15psi or 4-20a into high pr and large capacities. Iie to
increase the speed of the response of the valve. To compensate the forcing
effects of the fluids causing an unbalanced valve plug. To minimize frictional
effects of glanding packing actuator stem packing. To split the valve travel and
for reversing the valve action to the output of the controller by reversing the
action, and change the valve characteristics. In case the require stroke length
isn't achieved, then the positioner either increases or decreases its output until
the valve achieves the desired stroke length.

11.Why is a valve positioner preferred even on a control valve having a bench set
20-100 kPa?

It makes the valve response (movement) quicker.

 When there is a load change in the process, the positioner assists the valve to
achieve the stroke length as per the controller’s instruction

12.What are the possible reasons if a control valve fails to open/close?

Gland packing is too tight

Actuator bench set is not proper or suitable

Process load change is too high

Trim is an unbalanced type

Actuator spring is broken

Air supply to the valve positioner / actuator is close or high ..etc

13.    What is ‘gland packing’? Name the types of commonly used gland packings?

A sealing system in the valve body which prevents the process fluid coming out
through the valve stem. Commonly used gland packing are Teflon, Graphite,
Asbestos..etc

14.     What is a ‘lantern ring’? Where is it located on a control valve?

A greasing ring placed in the valve bonnet across the gland packing. The unit
provides lubrication to the valve stem when it travels up and down.

BATTERIES AND CHARGERS

1) What is constant current charging?

     Charging method in which current does not appreciably change against battery demand.
Suitably for    applications where a battery needs to be fully recharged in the short time.

2) What is constant Potential charging?

     Charging method where constant voltage is applied and charge current is allowed to vary
against battery demand. Usually the initial current is limited this being classified as modified
constant potential charging.

3) How do you decide the boost charge current rate for given ampere hour rating of battery?
    C/5
    ie 100AH/5 = 20 Ampere
4) How do you check the battery condition?
    By conducting Discharge Test

5) What are advantage of Alkaline Batteries over lead acid?

     a) Considerably more life.
     b) Need not deal with H2SO4 dangerous.
     c) Less Maintenance.

6) Why Battery room is considered for Hazardous area classification?

     Because of Hydrogen evolution.
     Gas group 2 C

7) What is the float voltage for Alkaline and Lead acid Cells?
     Alkaline     - 1.42V
     Lead Acid - 2.4V
8)  What is the specific gravity values of battery cells? How to measure?
      1) 1280 for fully charged lead acid cells.
      2) 1260 for half charged lead acid cells.
      3) 1180 for dead cell( lead acid cells).
      4) 1200 for fully charged nickel cadmium cells and discharged condition same value.
          Specific gravity can be measured by " Hydrometer" 

9) If one battery cell is dead,How to replace that battery?

     One by pass jumper is to be provided across the battery and replace it.after replacing the by
pass,jumper must be removed.

10) How to get 24V using 1.5V cells?

      16 number of cells are to be series connected we can get 24V.

11) What are the battery maintenance procedure?

      1) Clean the battery terminals and apply petroleum jelly.
      2) Check the voltage per cell.
      3) Check the specific gravity of electrolyte.
      4) Check the electrolyte level.
      5) Check the electrolyte temperature.
      6) Check the total voltage.

Capacitors :

APP is All poly polypropylene type capacitor. It consists one layer of aluminium foil and
other of polypropylene. Polypropylene is the dielectric medium that is placed in between
aluminium layers during wrapping process. Actually every technology is superior it only
depends on the situation. You can take an example of truck tyre it can not be used in two-
wheeler.APP is like that but it has more watt losses as compare to MPP. Its life is more but
costlier than MPP and running cost will be high due to losses.

MPP is metalised polypropylene capacitor. It consists of polypropylene film having

aluminum layer on its other side itself.Its life is lessor than APP & Mixed dielectric type but
having low losses and running cost is lesser.

Mixed -dielectric capacitor consists of polypropylene film having aluminum layer on its other
side itself and another dielectric medium like craft paper dipped in biodegradable oil/ resin
placed in between of MPP film during wrapping process Or MPP film dipped in resin/
biodegradable oil. It has better life than MPP,slightly costlier than MPP,same losses like
MPP, low losses and running cost is lessor than APP.

In mixed die- electric another technology is using gas as a other die-electric medium. But
this technology is banned in Europe & America as it release harmful gases dangerous for
human beings during its bursting but in India it is still in use.

NOW A DAYS ALMOST MIXED DIE-ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY IS WORLD-WIDE USED