12

CLASS

Liquid Solution
Ideal and Non-Ideal
Solutions

Anupam Gupta
Anupam Gupta
IIT Delhi
GATE Scholar
Mentored Millions
JEE/NEET/Olympiads aspirants
Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

100 %ile 100 %ile

 Ideal Solutions

● Those solutions which obey Raoult’s law over the entire range of conc. are
called ideal solutions.

● When the forces of attraction between AーA, BーB is similar to AーB, then A
and B will form ideal solution.

Properties of ideal solution:

i. Raoult’s law is obeyed
ii. ΔHmix = 0
iii. ΔVmix = 0, (1L + 1L = 2L)
iv. E.g. n-hexane and n-heptane; ethyl bromide and ethyl iodine; benzene and
toluene; chlorobenzene and bromobenzene form ideal solutions.
Which of the following represents correctly the changes in thermodynamic
properties during the formation of 1 mol of an ideal binary solution.

A. B.

C. D.
 Non-ideal Solution
Those solutions which do not obey Raoult's over the entire range of concentration
are called non-ideal solutions.
When the forces of attraction between A—A, B—B is different from A—B then 'A'
and 'B' form non-ideal solutions.

Properties of ideal solution:

i. Raoult's law is not obeyed.
ii. ΔHmix ≠ 0
iii. ΔVmix ≠ 0
For an ideal solution of two components A and B, which of the following is true?

A. ΔHmixing < 0 (zero) [Main 2014]

B. ΔHmixing > 0 (zero)
C. A — B interaction is stronger than A — A and B — B interactions
D. A — A, B — B and A — B interactions are identical.
 Positive Deviation from Raoult’s Law

Partial pressure of each component A and B is

higher than that calculated from Raoult's law,
and hence total pressure over the solution is
also higher than if the solution were ideal.
 Negative Deviation from Raoult’s Law

Partial pressure of each component A and B is

lower than that calculated from Raoult's law,
and hence total pressure over the solution is
also lower than if the solution were ideal
Positive deviation solution Negative deviation solution

i. PT > (XAP0A + XBP0B) i. PT < (XAP0A + XBP0B)

ii. The inter molecular interaction is ii. The inter molecular interaction is more
weaker as interaction found in any one than the interaction found in any one the
the pure components. pure components.
A…….A
A…….A Molecular A…….B Molecular
A…….B interaction is more B…….B
B…….B interaction is than
stronger than
Positive deviation solution Negative deviation solution

iii. iii.
ΔVmix = +ve ΔHmix = +ve ΔVmix = -ve ΔHmix = -ve
ΔSmix = +ve ΔGmix = -ve ΔSmix = +ve ΔGmix = -ve

H2O + CH3OH, C2H5OH + H2O + HCOOH H2O + CH3COOH

Hexane H2O + HNO3 CHCl3 + CH3OCH3
C2H5OH + Phenol+Aniline
Cyclohexane, CHCl3 + CCl4
A binary liquid solution is prepared by mixing n-heptane and ethanol. Which one of
the following statement is correct regarding the behaviour of the solution ?
[JEE(M)-2009]
A. The solution is non-ideal, showing +ve deviation from Raoult's Law.
B. The solution in non-ideal, showing -ve deviation from Raoult's Law.
C. n-heptane shows +ve deviation while ethanol shows -ve deviation from
Raoult's Law.
D. The solution formed is an ideal solution.
The vapour pressure of the solution of two liquids A(po = 80 mm) & B(po =
120 mm) is found to be 100mm when xA = 0.4. The result shows that

A. Solution exhibits ideal behaviour

B. Solution shows positive deviations
C. Solution shows negative deviations
D. Solution will show positive deviations for lower concentration and negative
deviations for higher concentrations.
At 35°C, the vapour pressure of CS2 is 512 mm Hg and that of acetone is 344
mm Hg. A solution of CS2 in acetone has a total vapour pressure of 600 mm Hg.
The false statement amongst the following is
[JEE (M) 2020]
A. Raoult's law is not obeyed by this system
B. a mixture of 100 mL CS2 and 100 mL acctone has a volume < 200 mL
C. CS2 and acetone are less attracted to each other than to themselves
D. heat must be absorbed in order to produce the solution at 35°C
For a solution formed by mixing liquids L and M, the vapour pressure of L
plotted against the mole fraction of M in solution is shown in the following
figure. Here XL, and XM represent mole fractions of L and M, respectively, in
the solution. The correct statement(s) applicable to this system is
[IIT Adv. 2017]

A. The point Z represents vapour pressure of pure liquid M and

Raoult’s law is obeyed from xL = 0 to xL = 1
B. Attractive intermolecular interactions between L - L in pure
liquid L and M - M in pure liquid M are stronger than those
between L-M when mixed in solution.
C. The point Z represents vapour pressure of pure liquid M
and Raoult's law is obeyed when xL ⟶ 0
A. The point Z represents vapour pressure of pure liquid L and
Raoult's law is obeyed when xL ⟶ I
Mixture(s) showing positive deviation from Raoult's law at 35°C is (are)
A. carbon tetrachloride + methanol
B. carbon disulphide + acetone
[IIT Adv. 2016]
C. benzene + toluene
D. phenol + aniline
 Dew Point and Bubble Point

A single component system have fixed

boiling and condensation point but a solution
of more than one component has variable
boiling points called Bubble point and
variable condensation point called Dew
Point
The Bubble Point is the point at which the
first drop of a liquid mixture begins to
vaporize.

The Dew Point is the point at which the first

drop of a gaseous mixture begins to
condense.
 Azeotropes

Non-ideal solutions at certain concentration form Azeotropes which are binary

mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a
constant temperature.
 Azeotropes

The solutions which show a large positive deviation from Raoult's law form minimum
boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. Ethanol and Water is an example of
minimum boiling azeotrope.

The solutions that show large negative deviation from Raoult’s law form maximum
boiling azeotrope at a specific composition. Nitric acid and water is an example of
maximum boiling azeotrope.
Azeotropic mixture of liquids can only be separated by
A. simple distillation
B. fractional distillation
C. distillation under reduced pressure
D. chemical means
The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture of water and ethanol is less than that of
water and ethanol, separately. The mixture shows
A. no deviation from Raoult's law
B. positive deviation from Raoult's law
C. negative deviation from Raoult's law
D. that the solution is unsaturated
Pure water boils at 373 K and nitric acid at 359 K. The azeotropic mixture of water
and nitric acid boils at 393.5 K. On distillation of the azeotropic mixture,

A. pure nitric acid will distil over first.

B. pure water will distil over first.
C. one of them will distil over with small amount of the other.
D. both of them will distil over in the same composition as they are in the
mixture.
Which of the following can be separated into its pure components by fractional
distillation?
A. C6H6 + C7H8
B. H2O + HCl
C. H2O + HNO3
D. H2O + C2H5OH
#JEELiveDaily
XI XII
Mon, Wed, Fri Tue, Thu, Sat

PHYSICS

12 PM
Namo Kaul Jayant Nagda

MATHEMATICS

1 PM
Purnima Kaul Sameer Chincholikar

CHEMISTRY

2 PM
Monica Bedi Anupam Gupta
 Daily Hits!
livedaily.me/jee
 Telegram Channel

t.me/livejee
Bratin Mondal Amaiya Singhal

100 %ile 100 %ile

LIVE Class Environment Performance Analysis
LIVE Polls & Leaderboard Weekly Test Series
LIVE Doubt Solving DPPs & Quizzes
LIVE Interaction
India’s BEST Educators Unacademy Subscription

Class 11 JEE 2024 Class 12 JEE 2023

If you want to be the BEST

“Learn” from the BEST
Plus ICONIC
extra

11th / 9, 10
11th / 9, 10

12th / Drop
12th / Drop

UDAAN UDAAN