Future Foundations

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SOLUTIONS REVISION
Class 12 - Chemistry
Time Allowed: 30 minutes
Maximum Marks: 12

Question No. 1 to 4 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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The solutions which boil at a constant temperature like a pure liquid and possess the same composition in liquid, as
well as vapour state are called azeotropes. The components of azeotropes cannot be separated by fractional distillation.
Only non-ideal solutions form azeotropes. Solutions with negative deviation form maximum boiling azeotrope and the
solutions with positive deviation form minimum boiling azeotrope. The boiling point of azeotrope is never equal to the
boiling points of any of the components of the azeotrope.

1. The azeotropic solutions of two miscible liquids show what type of deviation from Raoult's law?
2. The azeotropic mixture of water & HCI boils at 108.5 ∘
C . What type of deviation is shown by the solution? Does this
solution behave as ideal or non-ideal?
3. Do ideal solutions form azeotropes?
4. Out of pure liquid and azeotrope showing positive deviation, Which one has a higher boiling point?
Question No. 5 to 8 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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Vapour pressure of a liquid or a solution is the pressure exerted by the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid or solution
at a particular temperature. It depends upon the nature of the liquid and temperature. The non-volatile solute in solution
reduces the escaping tendency of the solvent molecules in the vapour phase because some of the solute particles occupy
the positions of the solvent molecules on the liquid surface. The relative lowering of the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution. This is also known as Raoult's
law. However, for solutions of volatile solutes, the vapour pressure of a component in a solution at a given temperature
is equal to the mole fraction of that component in the solution multiplied by the vapour pressure of that pure
component. The solutions in which each component obeys Raoult's law is called an ideal solution. For ideal solutions
ΔHmixing and ΔV mixing are also zero. Practically no solution is ideal. A non-ideal solution is that solution in which
solute and solvent molecules interact with one another with a different force than the forces of interaction between the
molecules of the pure components. There are two types of non-ideal solutions, showing positive deviations and
negative deviations from ideal behaviour. If for the two components A and B, the forces of interaction between A and B
molecules are less than the A-A and B-B interactions, the non-ideal solutions have positive deviations. On the other
hand, if the forces of interaction between A and B molecules are more than the A-A and B-B interactions, the non-ideal
solutions have negative deviations.

5. What is the mole fraction of A in solution obeying result's low if the vapour pressure of a pure liquid A is 40 mm of Hg
at 300 K. The vapour pressure of this liquid in solution with liquid B is 32 mm of Hg?
6. Vapour pressure of a solution of heptane & octane is given by the equation:

P(sol.)(mm Hg) = 35 + 65x, where x is the mole fraction of heptane. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure octane.

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 7. What is the value of ΔVmixing and ΔHmixing for non-ideal solution showing negative deviation?

8. Acetic acid + pyridine, the mixture is an example of which type of solution?

Question No. 9 to 12 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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The boiling point elevation and the freezing point depression of solutions have a number of practical applications.
Ethylene glycol (CH2OH⋅ CH2OH) is used in automobile radiators as an antifreeze because it lowers the freezing point

of the coolant. The same substance also helps to prevent the radiator coolant from boiling away by elevating the boiling
point. Ethylene glycol has a low vapour pressure. We can also use glycerol as an antifreeze. In order for boiling point
elevation to occur, the solute must be non-volatile, but no such restriction applies to freezing point depression. For

example, methanol (CH3OH), a fairly volatile liquid that boils only at 65oC is sometimes used as antifreeze in

automobile radiators.

9. Out of the CH3OH and C6H12O6, which is a better reagent for depression in freezing point but not for elevation in

boiling point?
10. Will the depression in freezing point be same or different, if 0.1 moles of sugar or 0.1 moles of glucose is dissolved in 1
L of water?
11. 124 g each of the two reagents glycerol and glycol are added in 5 kg water of the radiators in the two cars. Which one is
better for a car? Justify your answer.
12. If the cost of glycerol, glycol and methanol are the same, then what would be the sequence of the economy to use these
compounds as antifreeze?

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