PROJECTION KEYBOARD

INTRODUCTION :-
A projection keyboard is a form of computer
input device whereby the image of a virtual
keyboard is projected onto a surface: when a
user touches the surface covered by an image
of a key, the device records the corresponding
keystroke. Some connect to Bluetooth devices,
including many of the latest smartphone,
tablet, and mini-PC devices with Android, iOS
or Windows operating system.

HISTORY:-

An optical virtual keyboard was invented and

patented by IBM engineers in 1992. It optically
detects and analyses human hand and finger
motions and interprets them as operations on a
physically non-existent input device like a
surface with painted or projected keys. In that
way, it can emulate unlimited types of
manually operated input devices (such as a
mouse, keyboard, and other devices).
Mechanical input units can be replaced by such
virtual devices, potentially optimized for a
specific application and for the user's
physiology, maintaining
speed, simplicity, and unambiguity of manual
data input.
In 2002, start-up company Canesta developed
a projection keyboard using their proprietary
"electronic perception technology." The
company subsequently licensed the technology
to Callon of Korea.
A proposed system called the P-ISM combines
the technology with a small video projector to
create a portable computer the size of a
fountain pen.

DESIGN :-
A laser or beamer projects visible virtual
keyboard onto level surface. It is a modern
input device. A sensor or camera in the
projector picks up finger movements. Software
converts the coordinates to identify actions or
characters.
Some devices project a second (invisible
infrared) Beam above the virtual keyboard. The
user's finger makes a keystroke on the virtual
keyboard. This breaks the infrared beam and
reflects light back to the projector. The
reflected beam passes through an infrared filter
to the camera. The camera photographs the
angle of incoming infrared light. The sensor
chip determines where infrared beam was
broken.
Software determines the action or character to
be generated.
The projection is realized in four main steps
and via three modules: projection module,
sensor module and illumination module. The
main devices and technologies used to project
the image are a diffractive optical element, red
laser diode, CMOS sensor chip and an infrared
(IR) laser diode.

TEMPLATE PROJECTION :-
A template produced by a specially designed
and highly efficient projection element with a
red diode laser is projected onto the adjacent
interface surface. The template is not however
involved in the detection process.

REFERENCE PLANE ILLUMINATION

An infra-red plane of light is generated on the

interface surface. The plane is however situated
just above and parallel to the surface. The light
is invisible to the user and hovers a few
millimetres above the surface. When a key
position is touched on the surface interface, the
light is reflected from the infra-red plane in the
vicinity of the key and directed towards the
sensor module.
MAP REFLECTION COORDINATES

The reflected light user interactions with the

interface surface is passed through an infra-red
filter and imaged on to a CMOS image sensor
in the sensor module. The sensor chip has a
custom hardware embedded such as the Virtual
Interface Processing Core and it is capable of
making a real-time determination of the
location from where the light was reflected. The
processing core may track not only one, but
multiple light reflections at the same time and
it can support multiple keystrokes and
overlapping cursor control inputs.

INTERPRETATION & COMMUNICATION

The micro-controller in the sensor module

receives the positional information
corresponding to the light flashes from the
sensor processing core, interprets the events
and then communicates them through the
appropriate interface to external devices. By
events it is understood any key stroke, mouse
or touchpad control.
Most projection keyboards use a red diode
laser as a light source and may project a full
size
QWERTY keyboard. The projected keyboard
size is usually 295 mm x 95 mm and it is
projected at a distance of 60 mm from the
virtual keyboard unit. The projection keyboard
detects up to 400 characters per minute.

CONNECTIVITY :-

Projection keyboards connect to the computer

either through Bluetooth or USB.
Bluetooth dongle technology enables the
projection keyboard for point to multi-point
connectivity with other Bluetooth devices, such
as PCs, PDAs and mobile phone.
The way that Bluetooth projection keyboards
connect to devices depends on the specific
tablet, phone or computer.
PROJECTION SCREEN

INTRODUCTION :-

A projection screen is an installation

consisting of a surface and a support structure
used for displaying a projected image for the
view of an audience. Projection screens may be
permanently installed, as in a movie theater;
painted on the wall or portable with tripod or
floor rising models as in a conference room or
other non-dedicated viewing space. Another
popular type of portable screens are inflatable
screens for outdoor movie screening.
Uniformly white or grey screens are used
almost exclusively as to avoid any discoloration
to the image, while the most desired brightness
of the screen depends on a number of
variables, such as the ambient light level and
the luminous power of the image source. Flat
or curved screens may be used depending on
the optics used to project the image and the
desired geometrical accuracy of the image
production, flat screens being the more
common of the two. Screens can be further
designed for front or back projection, the more
common being front
projection systems, which have the image
source situated on the same side of the screen
as the audience.
Different markets exist for screens targeted for
use with digital projectors, movie projectors,
overhead projectors and slide projectors,
although the basic idea for each of them is very
much the same: front projection screens work
on diffusely reflecting the light projected on to
them, whereas back-projection screens work by
diffusely transmitting the light through them.

Screens by installation type in

different settings :-

In the commercial movie theatres, the screen is

a reflective surface that may be either
aluminized (for high contrast in moderate
ambient light) or a white surface with small
glass beads (for high brilliance under dark
conditions). The screen also has hundreds of
small, evenly spaced holes to allow air to and
from the speakers and subwoofer, which often
are directly behind it.
Rigid wall-mounted screens maintain their
geometry perfectly just like the big movie
screens, which makes them suitable for
applications that demand exact reproduction of
image geometry. Such screens are often used in
home theaters, along with the pull-down
screens.

An overhead projector projecting onto a pull-

down screen
Pull-down screens (also known as manual wall
screens) are often used in spaces where a
permanently installed screen would require too
much space. These commonly use painted
fabric that is rolled in the screen case when not
used, making them less obtrusive when the
screen is not in use.
Fixed-frame screens provide the greatest level of
uniform tension on the screens surface,
resulting in the optimal image quality. They are
often used in home theater and professional
environments where the screen does not need
to be recessed into the case.
Switchable projection screens can be switched
between opaque and clear. In the opaque state,
projected image on the screen can be viewed
from both sides. It is very good for advertising
on store windows.
Mobile screens usually use either a pull-down
screen on a free stand, or pull up from a
weighted base. These can be used when it is
impossible or impractical to mount the screen
to a wall or a ceiling.
SCREEN GEOMETRY :-

Square-shaped screens used for overhead

projectors sometimes double as projection
screens for digital projectors in meeting rooms,
where space is scarce and multiple screens can
seem redundant. These screens have an aspect
ratio of 1:1 by definition.
Most image sources are designed to project a
perfectly rectangular image on a flat screen. If
the audience stays relatively close to the
projector, a curved screen may be used instead
without visible distortion in the image
geometry. Viewers closer or farther away will
see a pincushion or barrel distortion, and the
curved nature of the screen will become
apparent when viewed off-axis.

Selectively reflective screens :-

Certain screens are claimed to selectively
reflect the narrow wavelengths of projector
light while absorbing other wavelengths in the
optical spectrum. Sony makes a screen that
appears grey in normal room light, and is
intended to reduce the effect of ambient
light.This is purported to work by
preferentially absorbing
ambient light of colors not used by the
projector, while preferentially reflecting the
colors of red, green and blue light the projector
uses. A true color-selective screen has not been
substantiated. A contrast-enhancing screen
has been introduced by Dai Nippon Printing
(DNP) and Screen Innovations that is based on
thin layers of black louvers rather than
wavelength-selective reflection properties.

Screens as an optical element :-

In an optimally configured system, projection

screen surface and the real image plane are
made to coincide. From an optical point of
view, a screen is not needed for the image to
form; screens are rather used to make an image
visible.
REAR PROJECTION

INTRODUCTION :-

Rear projection is one of many in-camera

effects cinematic techniques in film production
for combining foreground performances with
pre-filmed backgrounds. It was widely used for
many years in driving scenes, or to show other
forms of "distant" background motion.
Sometimes referred to as process photography.
The rear projection technique is commonly
used in cinema to create the illusion of a
combined foreground and background. In
which there are pre-filmed performances
taking place in the background.
The rear projection means that some kind of
pre-recorded film is projected as the
background of the film. While the live action
photography takes place in the foreground.
Together, the combining of the pre-filmed and
projected background with the live action
foreground produces the rear projection
technique.
ADVANCES REAR PROJECTION
TECHNIQUE :-
Since the rear projection technique was
established all those years ago. There have
actually been many advances. And we now see
the use of “front projection” which utilizes
bluescreen effects to produce a similar
experience.
In fact, rear projection technique has largely
been rendered obsolete for many years. But the
idea of it is still used in films through front
projection techniques incorporating the use of
a similar concept.

TECHNIQUE :-
Actors stand in front of a screen while a
projector positioned behind the screen casts a
reversed image of the background. This
requires a large space, as the projector needs to
be placed some distance from the back of the
screen. Frequently the background image may
initially appear faint and washed out compared
to the foreground. The image that is projected
can be still or moving, but is always called the
plate. One might hear the command "Roll
plate" to instruct stage crew to begin
projecting.
These so-called process shots were widely used
to film actors as if they were inside a moving
vehicle, who in reality are in a vehicle mock-up
on a sound stage. In these cases, the motion of
the backdrop film and foreground actors and
props were often different due to the lack of
camera stabilizing in the filming from the
moving vehicles used to produce the plate. This
was most noticeable as bumps and jarring
motions of the background image that would
not be duplicated by the actors.
Holographic Projection
(The Future of Presentations)

INTRODUCTION :-

Holograms are three-dimensional (3D) freely

existing projections in space, and they can be
seen without 3D glasses. Holographic
projections are next-generation content that
can be used in almost any application,
including conference, trade shows, events,
product or business presentations. By using
them, you can efficiently display objects,
animated elements, and products three-
dimensional to make them seem real in the real
world. Often, they are made to look like they
are floating in space, while ensuring visibility
from all sides, unlike when you view images
from a typical film on a regular screen. This
way, you can walk around the hologram and
still see a realistic picture. Without any
supervision to keep presentation continue.
One of the best things about holographic
presentations is they do not require you and
your audience to wear any device (i.e., 3D
glasses and virtual reality headsets) to see the
image projections. So, it can be advantageous if
you want to attract a bigger crowd to your
presentation during events like exhibitions and
trade fairs. Your products can be displayed
innovatively, exclusively, and in high-quality,
and at the same time, the presentation
delivered according to what your target
audience wants to see and hear. This opens a
vast section of marketing opportunity and
keeps the product in point of vision of a
potential customer.

Holographic presentations

It can be effective in delivering your marketing

or promotional message when they are used
with special effects, and background sound and
music that suits the show. This way, you can
provide a more entertaining experience, while
extending the attention span of your audience
and providing a more immersive experience to
leave a lasting impression in the minds of the
viewers.
Working with a reputable provider of 3D
hologram projection systems will enable you to
use holographic presentation efficiently. With
their help, you can have access to high-end
Pepper Ghost systems like EyeLiner Musion’s
or you can use the Holo-Gauze platform if you
want to provide a direct projection. You can
create any presentation utilising any illusion
while being backed by reliable after-sales
support for worry-free use.