1.1 The Benefits of Proper Air Pressure: Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, Valachil

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC TIRE PRESSURE 2021-2022
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Tires are meticulously engineered and constructed to diver thousands of miles of reliable
service. However, for optimal benefit, they must be properly maintained with proper air
pressure, minimal wear, and so on. Proper Inflation Pressure is the most critical component in
tires upkeep.
• Correct vehicle loading
• Correct tire wear.
• Routine inspection
• Safe Driving Practices
• The state of the vehicle.
1.1 The Benefits of Proper Air Pressure
The optimal tire performance by using the proper air pressure. This means your tires will last
longer, save you money on gas, and help you avoid accidents. On your particular model car or
light truck, the "correct amount" of air is the pressure prescribed by the vehicle manufacturer,
which may be different on the front than the back tires. The tire placard (or sticker) mounted
to the vehicle door edge, door post, glove box door, or fuel door displays the correct air
pressure. If your vehicle lacks a placard, consult the owner's manual or the vehicle maker, tire
manufacturer, or your local dealer. For proper inflation, visit a local tire dealer. The maximum
vehicle load, cold tire air pressures, and tire size suggested by the vehicle manufacturer are all
listed on the tire placard. The consequences of not properly maintaining your tires might be
disastrous. most tire manufactures either provide a handbook or mould a safety warning
straight into the sidewall of the tire. This page displays a typical warning. As you can see, it
warns that tyre failure due to underinflation or overloading might result in catastrophic harm.
For correct inflation and loading, motorists is should refer to the vehicle owner's manual or
the tyre placard in the vehicle. Only specially trained individuals are permitted. tyres should
be mounted or demounted Improper or reckless mounting practises might cause a tyre and
wheel assembly to explode. Before mounting tyres, individuals must have the proper
equipment, training, and knowledge. When seating the beads, never exceed 40 psi. When
installing a tyre on a rim, always use a restraining device is and keep a safe distance from the
tire when inflating it. Remember that mounting and dismounting tyres and wheels should only
be done by trained specialists who are aware of the risks and have the necessary tools and
equipment. According to a study approximately 80% of the road are driven with one and more
Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

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tyre under inflated. Tyre losses air during normal driving (especially after hitting pot holes or
curbs) and seasonal changes in temperature.
Fig 1.1 Different tire inflated conditions
The vehicle can also lose one or two psi each month in winter and even more in the summer
and you can’t feel if the they are properly inflated just by looking at them. This is system
which is installed on the vehicle that enables the operator to adjust the inflation pressure of
individual tire of the vehicle.
This system has three general goals:
a) To Detect: If the air pressure in tyre has dropped (continuously check the air pressure in
each tyre)
b) To Notify: If there is any dropped in the air pressure in any tyre
c) To Inflate\Deflater: In case of over pressure or under pressure the tyre pressure is
maintained inflate the tyre to the required level if there is a drop in the tyre pressure and there
has to be an air supply as well as check wall that opens only when needed. It consists of
compressor which supplies air and air tank is used to stored air at constant pressure. This

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pressurize air can be filled into tyres through flexible ducting with the help of rotary bearing.
The pressure condition is achieved by pressure gauges. The mode of transport in one of the
most important crieterion these days. The vehicle safety is thus essential. Accident is also
increasing at a quick pace. There are several factors which causes these accidents. The
improper inflation of tyres is one among them. Tyres lose air through normal driving
(especially after hitting pot holes or curbs). permeation and seasonal changes in temperature.
when tyres are under inflated the thread wear more quickly. under inflated tyres get damaged
quickly due to overheating as compared to properly inflated tyres The under inflation also
cause a small depreciation in the mileage as well. Above all the vehicle running with under
inflated tyres can cause accidents. Monitoring systems in such systems helps in monitoring
the tyre pressure constantly. The system which contains sensors feed the information to a
display panel which the driver can operate manually. The electronic unit control all the
information. The source taken from the vehicles of air is air braking system or from the
pneumatic systems. Thus, it helps in re-inflation of the tyres to proper pressure conditions
Under-inflated tyres increase rolling resistance, which can not only reduce fuel economy but
can also wear out tyres and reduce vehicle safety through poor handling Maintaining correct
tyre pressures and monitoring for uneven tyre wear (which can be caused by poor wheel
alignment) can help to ensure optimum vehicle performance. Central tire inflation (CT)
systems offer one solution to managing tire pressure, by automatically maintaining tire
pressures within a pre-determined range. commonly used in off-road vehicle applications CTI
systems are primarily installed for their safety benefit (e.g., reducing tyre blow-out) and
extending tire life.
1.2 Problem Identification
As we are aware that maintenance of correct tyre pressure is extremely important for the in
the
Enhancement of tire life. Due to drop in the pressure the tire goes underinflated and Reduces
fuel economy, quickest tire wear, not proper rolling, discomfort ride etc. So, to solve out all
these problems we make an automatic tire inflation system, which will Properly inflate tire
1.3 History
CTIS was first used in production on the American DUKW amphibious truck which was
introduced in 1942 The Czech heavy military 8x8 truck Tatra T813's central inflation and
deflation system was designed to maintain pressure even after multiple bullet punctures.
Military Tatra. trucks are equipped with CTIS as standard. From 1984, GM offered CTIS for
the Chevrolet Blazer and various pick-ups. Several trucks used by the US. military also have

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CTIS (e.g., the HMMWV and its civilian counterpart, the Hummer H1). The feature is also
common in Soviet and Russian military trucks.
Fig 1.2 Tatra T813 prototype had CTIS already in 1960, it later
became standard for all Tatra military trucks
1.4 Design Objectives

The overall goal of our design project is to develop a system that will decrease tire wear
While improving fuel economy, performance and safety of a passenger vehicle through
Dynamically adjustable tire pressures. However, there are several key objectives that the
Team has targeted our design to meet, and these objectives include both design Characteristics
and business objectives.
1.5 Design Consideration
We used SOLIDWORKS software to design a three-dimensional model of the Frame. This
software allowed our team to visualize the design in 3-D space and reduce errors in
fabrication. The man criterion in Frame design was to achieve perfect balance between the
axle and frame, and compact dimension to achieve the required weight and torsional rigidity
criteria
Methodology
This project started with discussion with project guide about design. This discussion covering
project overview and throw out opinion that related about title and instruct to proposed a
certain design and concept before go up to next step. Then start to make and decide the best
idea about the title. Before that, literature review and research about title is the important point
to get the best idea. Then study and make a lot of investigation about conventional air filling
system This includes a study about concept of conventional air filling system, process to

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fabricate, and material. These tasks have been done through study on the internet hooks, and
others information. After gather and collect all related information and obtain new idea and is
knowledge about the title, the project would continue with the design process. In this stage,
the knowledge. And idea should throw out in sketching process. After several design
sketched, the best design would be chosen among previous design so that we could carry on
designing process. Then the selected design would be transfer to engineering drawing using
CAD software in order to for analysis process. After that material preparation which is has
been confirm initially. Purpose of this process is to determine the suitable and follow the
product and design requirement. This process covering purchased material, measuring
material and cutting off based on requirement. Here, this process is important because the
material would determine whether our product in way to failure or otherwise. After all the
drawing and material preparation done the next process is a fabrication process. This process
based on dimension has been determined from drawing. During this process, all the
manufacturing process which is suitable could be used such as drilling process, thread using
lathe machine, welding process and cutting material using disc cutter. Analysis stage has been
implemented before fabrication stage. The evaluation is by considering the strength, portable,
durability, safety and others.
1.6 Organization of the Report
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION presents the brief explanation about benefits of proper tire
pressure and basic information of tire pressure inflation
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW presents literature review for different types of tire
inflation system, it also includes defining the problem.
Chapter 3 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY illustrates the objectives and

methodology used for the project. It also contains theory and techniques about the system.
Chapter 4 DESIGN AND FABRICATION contains steps involved in the design of

experiments, selection of parameter and it also includes procedure used to fabricate the
system.
Chapter 5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION contains results and their explanation and
advantages, limitations and applications.
Chapter 6 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK describes the conclusion
drawn from the result and also scope for future work.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This Chapter gives the following studies made by some of authors in their research and gives
the history of the research
• RAM BANSAL, SHUBHAM SWAMI, ALIASGER KANCHWALA, MAZHAR
HUSSAIN [1], Research on ‘Automatic tire inflation system in dynamic condition’ is aimed
to establish a successful improvement overall fuel economy of vehicle along with the increase
of tire life and improved vehicle handling. The methodology of this project idea will work
based on placing a wireless pressure sensor fitted inside the wheel rim of each tire for sensing
the air pressure inside the tire continuously these sensors send signal continuously to the
TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) [2]. TPMS is presets the higher pressure and lower
pressure values. when under inflation occur in tire, the pressure sensors will send the signals
to TPMS and it will generate a buzzer sound which will give input to the ECU at the same
time. The ECU is programmed in such a manner of as soon as it will receive signal from
TPMS of either high or low pressure it will generate a current to actuate the compressor and
solenoid valve. An air compressed along with the air tank which will store the air at a preset
value of pressure in it. When ECU pass a signal to solenoid valve will allow to through air
tank via hosses. A rotary joint will keep between the knuckle and wheel hub to avoid tangling
of hosses in dynamic condition of wheels.
• LUKMAN MEDRIAVIN SILALAHI, MUDRIK ALAYDRUS, AGUS DENDI
ROCHENDI, MUHTHAR MUHTAR [3], Research on the paper ‘Design of Tire Pressure
Monitoring system using a Pressure Sensor Base’ is aimed for attaining stability,
maneuverability and fuel consumption of vehicle by giving an alert to the driver The
methodology of this project is a transmitter pressure sensor module will keep at the tire valve
and this sensor module will responsible for monitoring tire pressure. After that the pressure
in tire will send in to the receiver pressure sensor module through the Bluetooth system. The
transmission is carried out by the system is wireless, hence here using Bluetooth system. This
received data from the receiver pressure sensor module will process in microcontroller. The
processed data from the microcontroller will displayed on the LCD screen will inform the
user for this system needs the components like TPMS (Tire pressure monitoring system),
Bluetooth system, microcontroller system, transmitter pressure sensor module, receiver
pressure sensor module, etc. these pressure sensing modules will sense element of constant
area and respond to force applied will deflect the diaphragm inside the pressure transducer.

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The deflection of the internal diaphragm is measured and converted into an electrical output.
These electrical signals transmit by Bluetooth system[4]
• A.V. WADMANE, P.S. PADURE [5], Review on ‘Automatic tire pressure controlling and
self-inflating system’ aimed that to maintain a mean pressure in a tire by controlling and self-
inflating by system for achieving satisfactory fuel efficiency, stability, increase life of the tires
and reduces the accidents In this paper, the methodology of the project is the system uses
portable compressor that will supply air to all four tires via hosses and rotary joint fixed
between the wheel spindle and wheel hub at each wheel [6]. The rotary joint effectively allow
air to be delivered to the required under inflated tire. This system acknowledges a essential
improvement in gas mileage, the wear reduction, and an increase in handling and tire
performance in diverse conditions. Components used in this system are compressor: which
pump air to the tank, air tank: air will store in certain pressure, pressure gauge: hints the
amount pressure in the tire and hosses supplies the air from tank to tire, rotary joint kept for
avoid tangling of hosses
. ALFONSO SILVA, JESÚS R. SÁNCHEZ, GERARDO E. GRANADOS, JUAN C.

TUDON-MARTINEZ, JORGE DE J. LOZOYA-SANTOS [7], Title of the paper is
Comparative Analysis in Indirect Tire pressure Monitoring systems in Vehicles. Aim of that
paper is Tire pressure Monitoring system are modules implemented in highly instrumented
vehicles to analyze t0he tire pressure condition at any time. When the vehicle is lack of this
instrumentation level, indirect TPMS can be used by considering the vehicle dynamics
behavior through conventional sensors. In this paper, two different approaches have been
studied to monitor indirectly the tire pressure condition in a vehicle. The first approach one is
based on the angular speeds of the four wheels by considering the vehicle load transfer, while
the second method is based on the vertical vehicle dynamics by using each corner as an
independent monitoring system. Both approaches have been compared in different simulation
scenarios in order to highlight their main advantages and drawbacks to consider for their
implement in a centralized control module, the data sent by the wireless pressure sensors is
analyzed, interpreted, and, if tire pressure is lower than a defined threshold, a warning signal
is transmitted directly to the car dashboard [8]
MARIUS TOMA, CRISTIAN, ANDREESCU, CORNELIA STAN [9], Title of the paper
is Influence of tire inflation pressure on the results of diagnosing brakes and suspension. Aim
of that paper is as noninvasive method of checking the status of a technical system, involves
the use of the so-called „diagnosis parameters”, which can be relatively easily measured,

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without dismantling the respective system. A detailed diagnosis of a system of such

complexity will imply a large number of tests, some of which being of large amplitude. This
will lead to a low productivity of the diagnosis activity and to a long period of
immobilization of the vehicle which will affect also the productivity off the transport
activity. However, above all, it is important to retain that the braking system is one of the
most important systems of the vehicle in defining the level of the active safety.
Consequently, current regulations stipulate its inspection every 6 to 24 months, depending on
the vehicle type and its domain of utilization [10]. Considering all the above-mentioned
aspects, a global diagnosis, capable to correctly estimate the technical condition of the
braking system, is recommended. It should ensure a rapid and as simple as possible test of
which result should depend on the technical status of all the system components. The
parameters that meet all these requirements are the braking forces developed at each of the
vehicle wheels.
B. P. OMPRAKASH, T. SENTHIL KUMAR, “M.A.R.S - MECHANIZED AIR
REFILLING SYSTEM [11]: The aim of this study is to design and fabricate a system which
reduces human labor and time by eliminating the condition of driver to go to a gas station or
he has to attach a pump manually as physical connection of tyre and pump consumes more
time. Secondly, tire must not be under inflated nor over inflated i.e., pressure should be in
optimized level as under inflation causes wearing of tyre, consumption of more fuel and over
inflation causes explosion of tire [12]. It also gives better mileage and saves both money and
life. It also predicts about the puncture when there is continuous reduction of its set threshold
value. This system can be used in any type of tyre either tube or tubeless tires and the
permanent connection between valve and hoses which is only meant for tight connection
during rotation of tire; can be removed while changing a tyre by driver. The valve used with
tyre is one way valve so that inside air should not escape from it.
B. SZCZUCKA-LASOTA, T. WEGRZYN, B. LAZARZ, JA KAMINSKA [13], The aim
of study is to reducing the rubber waste of tire by TPMS, according to the regulation, tire
pressure in trucks should be checked and measured at least once every two weeks when the
tire is cold. As the literature data and the results of research conducted in various center
around the world. The article presents the newly developed remote monitoring of tire pressure
in the car fleet. The use of information from monitoring allows slowing down the tire wear
process. The article presents the results of tests of tire pressure and friction wear of the tread
made for the car fleet, the wear of monitored tires amounted to 7-13%, while the wear of

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unmonitored tires reached even 70% [14]. The reduction of generated rubber waste will
amount to over 2000 tons less tire waste per year.
CHAPTER-3
OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
Objectives describe the precise result or outcome of the project where the person aims to
achieve within the stipulated time available and the resources
3.1 Problems derived from literature survey are as follows:
 Underinflated tires overheat more quickly than properly inflated tires, which causes
damage to tires
 Recurring underinflation of tire occurs even summer and winter seasons up to more
than 5 psi
 Underinflation of tire causes unstable of vehicle and insecurity for the passengers,
leads to an accident
 Recurring underinflation in tires reduces the tire’s lifespan, it would affect the
comfort of vehicle
3.2 Primary objective of the project
it is known that in an event of damaging of tire, it is a financial burden for the vehicle owner
and causes certain damages to vehicle. The main objective of this project is to increase the
lifespan of tires and also to reduce the damage to the vehicle. The secondary objectives are as
follows:
 Maintains the required tire pressure: The function of the system is to maintain and
adjust the pressure in all the tires of the system according to varying loading and
driving conditions.
 An automatic system: An automatic system further saves human energy and time in
filling the air in tires when they are in under inflated conditions.
 Builds a low-cost system: the installation of such a system in vehicles is a low-cost
affair
 Improves fuel efficiency and tire life: This system helps in less consumption of fuel
and also improves tire life by reducing chances of wear in tire
 Safety for vehicle components: by attaining of proper tire pressure, system enhance
the safety for vehicle components like suspension, etc.

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 Improves driving comfort: system provides a good driving experience and travelling
comfort for the passengers
3.3 METHODOLOGY
Methodology gives the brief procedure of the project work or analysis of the known work.
the procedure is as shown
Literature survey
Defining
problem(s)
Design
Selection of material
Metal
cutting,
Fabrication
welding,
Forging,
Soldering
Experimental
testing
Result and
Discussion

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CHAPTER-4
DESIGN AND FABRICATION
4.1 DESIGN CONCEPT
The use of computers in the creation, revision, analysis, and optimization of a design is
referred to as computer aided design, or CAD. Computers in engineering analysis such as
stress/strain, heat transfer, and flow analysis are referred to as CAE (Computer Aided
Engineering). CAD/CAE is claimed to have the greatest potential for significantly increasing
productivity since electricity. From concept to final product, CAD/CAE ensures quality.
Rather of bringing in quality control during the final inspection, it aids in the development of
a process that ensures quality throughout the product's life cycle. Prototypes can be
eliminated using CAD/CAE. Prototypes, on the other hand, were necessary to confirm rather
than anticipate performance and other qualities.
Fig 4.1 Two-dimensional CAD design of system
4.2 MODELING
A model is a representation of an object, a system, or an idea that differs from the entity
itself. Modeling is the process of creating a model, which is a representation of the
construction and operation of a certain system. A model is similar to the system it represents,
yet it is simpler. One of the goals of a model is to allow the analyst to predict the impact of
system modifications. On the one hand, a model should be a close representation of the real a

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system, incorporating the majority of its key characteristics. However, it should not be so
complicated that understanding and experimenting with it is impossible. A good model is a
careful balance of realism and simplicity. Iteratively raising the complexity of a model is
recommended by simulation experts. Model validity is a key consideration in modelling.
Simulating the model under known input conditions and comparing model output to system
output are examples of model validation procedures. A mathematical model generated with
simulation software is, in general, a model meant for simulation research.
Software for modeling:
 Solid works
 Creo
 CATIA
 Unigraphics, etc.
4.3 CREO SOFTWARE
PTC's parametric, integrated 3D CAD/CAM/CAE solution, Creo Elements/Pro (previously
Pro/ENGINEER), is used by discrete manufacturers for mechanical engineering, design, and
manufacturing. Pro/ENGINEER was the first successful rule-based constraint (also known as
"parametric" or "variational") 3D CAD modelling system, developed by Dr. Samuel P.
Geisberg in the mid-1980s. The parametric modelling approach uses parameters, dimensions,
features, and relationships to record intended product behaviour and generate a recipe for
design automation and product development process optimization. Companies with a family-
based or platform-driven product strategy adopt this design approach. where a prescriptive
design strategy is critical to the design process' success by incorporating engineering
restrictions and relationships to swiftly optimize the design, or where the resulting geometry
is complicated or based on equations Creo Elements/Pro is a single, integrated, scalable
platform that combines design, analysis, and manufacturing capabilities. Solid modelling,
surfacing, rendering, data interoperability, routed systems design, simulation, tolerance
analysis, and NC and tooling design are all essential competencies. It, like other software, is
always being updated to add new features. The information below is intended to provide an
overview of the product's capabilities rather than particular data on its individual features.
Creo Elements/Pro is a CAD/CAM/CAE software package that competes with other similar
solutions currently on the market. Creo Elements/Pro is a parametric, feature-based Themo
Dellin-g architecture with powerful rule-based design capabilities that is integrated into a
single database strategy. The trapper parameter exemplifies how it allows in-depth control of

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complex geometry. Engineering Design, Analysis, and Manufacturing are the three basic
headings that divide the product's capabilities.
4.4 ENGINEERING DESIGN
Creo Elements/Pro provides a set of tools for creating a full digital representation of the
product under development. There is also the ability to develop geometry for other integrated
design disciplines such as industrial and standard pipe work, as well as complete wire
definitions, in addition to the general geometry tools. Tools for collaborative development
are also available. A variety of concept design tools can be utilised in the downstream
engineering process to offer up-front Industrial Design concepts. These include everything
from idea sketches for industrial design to reverse engineering using point cloud data and
sophisticated free-form surface tools. Using CREO software, we generated a 3D model of
this project. The models are seen below.
Fig 4.2 front view of fabricated system
Fig 4.3 right view of fabricated system
Fig 4.4 Rear view of fabricated system

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Fig 4.5 close angle view of fabricated system
4.5 FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPONENTS

The following are the primary components that are used in the design and manufacture of the
automatic tire pressure inflation system:
• Pressure sensor
• Indicator of pressure
• Bearing, with bearing cap
• Wheel Configuration
• Stand for frames
• Quick-coupling joint
• Valve solenoid
• AC motor
• Pulley
• A belt-driven system
• Compressor (DC)
• Battery
4.5.1 PRESSURE SWITCH
A pressure switch is a type of switch that closes an electrical contact when a specific fixed
pressure on its input is attained. The switch could be set up to make contact as the pressure
rises or falls. Another form of pressure switch measures mechanical force; for example,
pressure-sensitive mats are used to open commercial building doors automatically. A capsule,
bellows, Bourdon tube, diaphragm, or piston element deforms or displaces proportionately to
the applied. pressure in a pressure switch for sensing fluid pressure. The resulting motion is
delivered to a set of switch contacts, either directly or by amplifying levers. Because the
pressure may fluctuate, because contacts should operate fast, an over-center device, such as a
small snap-action switch, is utilised to ensure speedy contact activity. Mercury switches set
on a Bourdon tube are one type of sensitive pressure switch. By shifting the contacts or
modifying the tension in a counterbalance spring, the pressure switch can be adjusted. A
calibrated scale and pointer on industrial pressure switches may be used to display the
switch's set point. Small variations in pressure do not change the state of the contacts
in a pressure switch's differential range around its set point. The difference can be adjusted in
some varieties. A pressure switch's pressure-sensing element can be configured to respond to

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the difference between two pressures. When the difference is considerable, such switches are
useful, for example, to detect a clogged filter in a water supply system. The switches must be
built to respond only to the difference, not to changes in the common mode pressure. The
pressure switch's contacts can be rated anywhere from a few tenths of an amp to roughly 15
amps, with smaller values found on more sensitive switches. A pressure switch is typically
used to drive a relay or other control device, although certain models can also control tiny
electric motors or other loads directly. Because the switch's core components They must be
chosen to balance strength and life expectancy against compatibility with process fluids when
they are exposed to the process fluid. Rubber diaphragms, for example, are frequently used in
contact with water, but would quickly disintegrate if employed in a system with mineral oil.
Enclosures are used on switches designed for use in hazardous regions containing flammable
gas to prevent an arc at the contacts from igniting the surrounding gas. Weatherproof,
corrosion-resistant, or submersible switch enclosures may be necessary. An electronic
pressure switch consists of a pressure transducer (strain gauge, capacitive element, or other)
and an internal circuit that compares the measured pressure to a predetermined set point. In
comparison to a mechanical switch, such devices may give better repeatability, accuracy, and
precision.
4.5.2 PRESSURE GAUGE
Many ways for measuring pressure and vacuum have been developed. Pressure gauges and
vacuum gauges are instruments used to measure pressure. A manometer is a pressure
measurement equipment that is usually confined to monitoring pressures near atmospheric
values. The term manometer is frequently used to refer to liquid column hydrostatic
instruments in particular. A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuum,
which is separated into two types: high vacuum and low vacuum (and sometimes ultra-high
vacuum). Many of the techniques used to test vacuums have a pressure range that overlaps.
As a result, by combining multiple various types of gauges, it is possible to constantly
measure system pressure from 10 mbar to 1011 mbar.
4.5.3 BEARING WITH BEARING CAP

Because hammering the bearings could produce cracks, they are pressed smoothly into the
shafts. The bearing is constructed of steel, while the bearing cap is made of mild steel.
Construction and types of ball bearings
An inner ring, an outer ring, the balls, and the cage or separator are the four sections of a ball
bearing. The balls run in curvilinear grooves in the rings to improve the contact surface and

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allow higher loads to be transported. Because the groove's radius is slightly bigger than the
ball's radius, a small amount of radial play is required. As a result, the bearing may
compensate for minor angular misalignment between the assembled shaft and mounting. The
divider It maintains the balls equally spaced and keeps them from colliding on the sides
where their relative velocities are highest. Ball bearings come in many different types and
sizes. Extra light, light, medium, and heavy single-row radial bearings are available. for each
bore, as illustrated in Fig. 1-3(a), (b), and (c).
Fig 4.6 100 Series 200 Series 300 Series Axial Thrust Angular Contact Self-
Aligning Bearing
400 represents the heavy series of bearings. Most, but not all, manufacturers utilise a
numbering scheme in which the bore in millimeters is calculated by multiplying the final two
digits by 5. The series number is indicated by the third digit from the right. Bearing 307, for
example, denotes a medium-series bearing with a 35-mm bore. Refer to the manufacturer’s
details for any additional digits that may be present in a bearing’s catalogue number. Deep
groove bearings and bearings with two rows of balls are listed by some manufacturers. See
the particular pages dedicated to Quality Bearings & Components (QBC) bearing
designations. A significant amount of axial thrust can be carried by the radial bearing. When
the load is totally directed along the axis, however, the thrust type of bearing should be
utilised. Both radial and axial loads will be handled by the angular contact bearing. Large
quantities of angular misalignment will be handled by the self-aligning ball bearing. The use
of rings with deep grooves can help to boost radial capacity or A double-row radial bearing
is used. Radial bearings are classified into two groups based on how they are assembled. The
maximum, or filling-notch type, and the Conrad, or non-filling-notch type, are the two types.
The balls in the Conrad bearing are positioned between the rings as indicated in the divider is
then riveted in place and they are evenly spaced.
4.5.4 ARRANGEMENT OF WHEEL
The frame support holds the simple wheel and braking setup. The pneumatic cylinder piston
is positioned near the brake drum. Wheel is attached by a pulley and it is connected by to the
motor which has a small pulley in the ratio of 10:1 respectively.

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4.5.5 FRAME
Mild steel is used to construct the frame stand. The above-mentioned components are
arranged in this frame stand in a proper manner. The stand holds the remaining components
that make the project a huge success. Once all of the components have been mounted and
installed, the project's effectiveness can be seen.
4.5.6 QUICK JOINT COUPLING
Fig4.7 Quick joint coupling

A coupling (or coupler) is a very short piece of pipe or tube having a socket at one or both
ends that allows two pipes or tubes to be joined, welded, brazed, or soldered (copper, brass,
etc.) together in piping or plumbing. A short length of pipe with two female National pipe
threads (NPT) (a coupler is a double female while a nipple is a double male in North
American parlance) or two male or female British standard pipe threads can also be used. If
the coupling's two ends are not the same (e.g., one BSP threaded and one NPT threaded), The
device is then known as an adaptor. One simple socket and one threaded socket is another
option. Another option is to switch from 3/4" NPT to 1/2" NPT. The words decreasing
coupling or reducer are used when the two ends employ the same connection method but are
of different sizes.
4.5.7 SOLENOID VALVE

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Fig4.3 Solenoid valve

Directional control valves regulate the flow of air and are used to control the start, stop, and
direction of the flow. Directional valves are classified as two-way, three-way, four way, or
multi way depending on how many pathways the air is allowed to go. The number of
regulated connections of the valve, inlet connections to the compressed air supply, and the
varying number of ways the air consumer receives the outlet connection, while the
atmosphere receives the exhaust connection. Cut off valve or solenoid valve is a solenoid
control valve that is used to alter the flow direction. The electronic control unit that is
mounted to the dash pad controls the solenoid cut off valve. The flow direction is controlled
by a separate solenoid valve in our project. One controls the flow of oil from the oil tank to
the hydraulic cylinder. The oil from the hydraulic cylinder is returned to the reservoir via
another one. One of the most significant components of a pneumatic system is the directional
valve. This valve, also known as a DCV, is used to alter the direction of air flow in a
pneumatic system. The internal moveable elements of the directional valve change position
to do this. This valve was chosen for its speed and ability to reduce manual labor, as well as
for its ability to convert the machine into an automatic machine through the use of a solenoid
valve. A solenoid is a device that turns electrical energy into force and motion in a straight
line. These are also utilized to control a mechanical system that controls the valve
mechanism. Solenoids can be either push or pull. The plunger of a push type solenoid is
pushed when the solenoid is electrically energized. When a pull type solenoid is energized,
the plunger is drawn back. The pieces of the solenoid should be named so that they can be
identified while making repairs, performing service work, or installing them.
Fig 4.4 5/2 Solenoid

INFLATION SYSTEM
The solenoid valve has 5 openings. This ensures easy exhausting of 5/2 valve. The spool of
the 5/2 valve slide inside the main bore according to spool position; the ports get connected
and disconnected. The working principle is as follows.
Position-1
When the spool is actuated towards outer direction port ‘P’ gets connected to ‘B’ and ‘S’
remains closed while ‘A’ gets connected to ‘R’.
Position-2
When the spool is pushed in the inner direction port ‘P’ and ‘A’ gets connected to each other
and ‘B’ to ‘S’ while port ‘R’ remains closed.
4.5.8 AC MOTOR
It is discovered to drive the roller shaft attached to the frame structure's end. A huge pulley is
found around the free end of the shaft of the motor, around which the belt passes. The motor's
other specifications are mentioned in the machine's design section. A single-phase motor can
only produce an alternating field since it only has one alternating current source: one that
pulls in one direction at first, then the other as the polarity of the field shifts. Because there
would be no moment on a squirrel-cage rotor in this field, it would simply jitter. However, if
pushed in one way, it will spin. The most significant difference between single-phase AC
motors is how they start the rotor in a specific direction so that the alternating field produces
rotary motion in the desired direction. A device that introduces a phase-shifted magnetic field
on one side of the rotor is commonly used to accomplish this. The performance curves of the
four major types of single-phase AC motors are shown in the diagram. They're outlined
below.
Fig 4.5 single-phase AC motor curves

INFLATION SYSTEM
4.5.8.1 Split-Phase Motor
Fig 4.6 Split-phase motor
The split phase motor has two independent windings wound in the stator that allow it to start.
Both windings are separated from one another. Only one winding is utilised for starting, and it
is wound with a smaller wire diameter and higher electrical resistance than the main windings.
This temporal delay, combined with the physical placement of the initial winding, causes the
field to appear to rotate from the rotor's perspective. The motor starts because of the apparent
rotation. When the motor reaches about 75% of rated speed, a centrifugal switch is used to
disconnect the starting winding. The motor then operates according to standard induction
motor principles.
4.5.8.2 Capacitor-Start Motors
Fig 4.7 Capacitor-start motor

INFLATION SYSTEM
The largest single grouping of general-purpose single-phase motors is capacitor start motors.
These motors come in a variety of sizes, from fractional to 3HP.configuration of the windings
and centrifugal switch is quite similar to that of a split phase motor. The key distinction is
that the first winding does not need to be very strong. A specific capacitor is used in series
with the beginning winding in the case of a capacitor start motor. The presence of this
capacitor causes a minor delay in the magnetization of the beginning and running poles. As a
result, there is the appearance of a spinning field. When the motor reaches its maximum
speed, The motor continues to run in typical induction motor mode once the starting switch
opens. This reasonably cost motor has high starting torque, ranging from 225 to 400 percent
of full load torque. Conveyors, air compressors, and refrigeration compressors are all
examples of loads that require a capacitor start motor. It's also used in many applications
where strong starting torque isn't required because of its overall attractive qualities. The
bulbous protrusion on the frame where the starting capacitor is positioned is generally enough
to identify a capacitor start motor.
4.5.9 PULLEY
Fig 4.8 Pulley
A pulley is a wheel mounted on an axle or shaft that supports the movement and direction
change of a cable or belt around its circle. Pulleys are used to lift loads, apply forces, and
convey electricity in a number of ways. The assembly of wheel, axle, and supporting shell is
referred to as a "block" in nautical contexts. A pulley, also known as a sheave or drum, may
have a groove running around its circle between two flanges. A rope, cable, belt, or other
drive element can be used in a pulley system. or a chain that runs inside the groove over the
pulley. The pulley is one of six simple mechanisms used to hoist weights, according to Hero
of Alexandria. Pulleys are joined together to form a block and tackle, which provides
mechanical advantage for applying huge forces. Pulleys are also used to carry power from one

INFLATION SYSTEM
rotating shaft to another as part of belt and chain drives. A belt and pulley system has two or
more pulleys that are connected by a belt. Mechanical power, torque, and speed can now be
communicated between axles. A mechanical advantage is realized when the pulleys have
different diameters The mechanical advantage of a belt drive is similar to that of a chain
drive; however, unlike gears and sprockets, the mechanical advantage of a belt sheave is
approximated by the ratio of the pitch diameter of the sheaves only. A drum-style pulley,
which lacks a groove or flanges, is frequently slightly convex to keep the flat belt centered.
The crowned pulley is another name for it. This sort of pulley, which was historically
commonly employed on industrial line shafts, is still used to drive the rotating brush in
upright vacuum cleaners, belt sanders, and bandsaws. The diameters of pulleys, like the
diameters of gears and, consequently, their number of teeth, determine a gear ratio, and hence
the speed increases or reductions and mechanical advantage that they can offer. Cone pulleys
and step pulleys (which work on the same principle but are usually applied to flat belt and V
belt versions, respectively) are a way to provide multiple drive ratios in a belt-and-pulley
system that can be shifted as needed, similar to how a transmission does with a shiftable gear
train. The most typical way drill presses deliver a range of spindle speeds is by V belt step
pulleys.
4.5.10 BELT DRIVE
Fig4.9 Belt drive

A belt is a flexible material loop that connects two or more spinning shafts that are usually
parallel mechanically. Belts can be used to create motion, carry electricity effectively, and
track relative movement. The shafts do not have to be parallel, and belts are wrapped around
pulleys with a twist between them. The belt can drive the pulleys usually in one direction
(the same if the shafts are parallel) or it can be crossed, reversing the direction of the driven

INFLATION SYSTEM
shaft in a two-pulley system (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a
source of motion, a conveyor belt can be used to continuously move a cargo between two
location The carrying medium of a belt conveyor system is a conveyor belt (often shortened
to belt conveyor). Conveyor systems are available in a wide range of designs and sizes. In a
belt conveyor system, an endless loop of carrying medium—the conveyor belt—rotates
around two or more pulleys (also known as drums). One or both of the motorized pulleys
move the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is the drive pulley,
while the unpowered pulley is the idler pulley. Belt conveyors are classified into two groups:
Bulk material handling and general material handling (such as moving boxes around a plant)
(such as transporting enormous amounts of resources and agricultural goods such as grain,
salt, coal, ore, sand, and overburden).
4.5.11 COMPRESSOR (DC):
A compressor delivers high-pressure compressed air. It moves ahead thanks to an electric

motor. The cylinder's inlet is supplied with air by the compressor. An air compressor, as the
name implies, compresses and increases the pressure of air. The air compressor extracts air
from the surrounding environment, compresses it, and transfers it under high pressure to a
storage vessel. It can then be transferred by pipeline to a site that requires compressed air.
Because air compression requires some manual labor, the compressor must be driven by a
prime mover. Compressed air is utilised in industry for a range of purposes, including
pneumatic drills, rivets, paint spraying, and supercharging internal combustion engines.
Elevators, rams, pumps, and a variety of other equipment are all controlled by it.
Compressed air is sucked to produce air ballast in blast furnaces and Bessemer converters.
Batteries are used to store extra solar energy that has been converted into electrical energy in
remote systems. Only isolated sunlight loads are exempt, such as irrigation pumps or
drinking water storage. In fact, for devices with a power output of less than a kilowatt.
Batteries appear to be the only technically and economically practical storage solution.
Because both the PV system and the batteries have large capital expenses. The total system
must be optimized in terms of available energy and local demand patterns. To be
economically effective, solar energy storage requires a battery with a precise set of
characteristics We utilis lead acid batteries to store electrical energy from solar panels for
street lighting, and more information about lead acid cells may be found below
4.5.12 LEAD-ACID WET CELL

INFLATION SYSTEM
The lead-acid cell is the most widely employed kind when high load currents are required. A
dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) serves as the electrolyte. The load current to the
starter motor of an automobile, for example, is normally 200 to 400A when using battery
power to start the engine. Although a single lead-acid cell provides a nominal output of 2.1
volts, lead-acid cells are frequently used in series combinations of three for a 6-volt battery
and six for a 12-volt battery. A secondary cell or store cell that may be recharged is a lead
acid cell. As long as the cell is in good physical condition, the charge and discharge cycle
can be repeated several times to restore the output voltage condition. Heat from high charge
and discharge currents, on the other hand, reduces the useful life of an automotive battery to
3 to 5 years. The lead-acid kind of secondary cell has the highest output voltage of the four
varieties, allowing for less cells for a given battery voltage.
Fig 4.10 Lead acid battery
4.5.11.1 CONSTRUCTION
The positive and negative electrodes in a lead-acid battery are made up of a series of plates
welded to a connecting strap. The plates are submerged in an electrolyte made up of eight
parts water and three parts concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is made up of a lead-
antimony alloy grid or framework. The active material, lead oxide, may be pasted onto the
grid thanks to this design. A forming charge creates the positive and negative electrodes
during cell manufacturing. The active ingredient in the positive plate is converted to lead
peroxide (PbO2) during the manufacturing process. A spongy lead serves as the negative
electrode (Pb). The majority of automobile batteries are sent dry from the manufacturer. The

INFLATION SYSTEM
electrolyte is added during installation, and the battery is subsequently charged from the
plates. In normal operation, maintenance-free batteries require little or no water. Except for a
pressure vent, certain varieties are completely sealed, with no way to introduce water. The
components of a battery are depicted in the diagram.
4.5.11.2 CHEMICAL ACTION
Hydrogen and sulphate ions combine to form sulfuric acid. Lead peroxide from the positive
electrode reacts with hydrogen ions to generate water, and with sulphate ions to form lead
sulphate when the cell discharges. He sulphate is produced by combining lead on the
negative plate with sulphate ions. As a result of the discharge, more water is produced,
diluting the electrolyte and forming lead sulphate on the plates. As the discharge proceeds,
sulphate fills the grids' pores, slowing acid circulation in the active material. The powder
seen on the exterior terminals of aged batteries is lead sulphate. Charging is required when
the combination of a weak electrolyte and sulfation on the plate reduces the battery's output.
On The external D.C. source reverses the current in the battery during charging. Chemical
processes are reversed when ions move in the electrolyte in the opposite direction. The
positive plate's lead sulphates react with water and sulphate ions to produce lead peroxide
and sulfuric acid. By adding sulfuric acid, this activity re-forms the positive plates and
strengthens the electrolyte.
Fig 4.11 Chemical reaction in batteries

While reforming lead on the negative plate to react with hydrogen ions; this also forms
currents can restore the cell to full output, with lead peroxide on the positive plates, spongy
lead on the negative plate, and the required concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.
The lead-acid cell's chemical formula is

INFLATION SYSTEM
Charge
Pb + PbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ 2pbSO₄ + 2H₂O
Discharge
4.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE

 Switch on the ac motor for the dynamic rotation of the tire, ac motor is connected to the
tire by a belt drive
 The primary hose is connected to the coupling which is connected to the pressure gauge
 The solenoid valve inlet is supplied with D.C compressed air. This project's power source
is a battery.
 A pressure switch is positioned in the air flow tube and is used to measure tyre pressure.
The pressure switch reading determines the needed tyre pressure.
 The current pressure is sensed by this pressure switch, and the output signal is sent to the
solenoid valve. The pressure switch activates the solenoid valve if the tyre pressure
falls below the previously set valve.
 The pressurized air is now delivered to the tyre via a rapid release link, which allows the
wheel to freely rotate.
 When the required pressure is reached, the pressure switch deactivates the solenoid
valve, allowing the tyre pressure to remain constant. The human component in this
automated system is minimal.
4.7 DESIGN CALCULATION
4.7.1 Design of belt
L=Π ( r₁ + r₂ ) 2 l + ( r₁ - r₂ )²
l
Where,
r₁=Radius of driving pulley
=63 / 2
r₂=Radius of followers
=200 / 2
l=Distance between two pulley
=135 mm
∴L=Π(31.5 + 100) + 2 x (135) + (31.5 – 100)²
=413.12 + (135 x 2) + 4692

INFLATION SYSTEM
L=5375 mm
4.7.2 Power transmitted by belt drive
d=Diameter of the drive pulley in mm
n=Speed of the drive pulley in rpm.
r=Velocity of the belt in m/sec
V=Π d n
60
=Π x 63 x 1440
1000
V=4.75 m/sec.
4.7.3 Maximum tension in the belt

T=Maximum stress X Cross section Area of the belt
=f x b x t
[f=2 N/mm²]
=2 x 10 x 12
T =240 N
4.7.4 Design of ball bearing
Bearing No. 6404
Outer Diameter of Bearing (D) = 47 mm
Thickness of Bearing (B) = 14 mm
Inner Diameter of the Bearing (d) =20 mm
r₁=Corner radii on shaft and housing
r₁=1 (From design data book)
Maximum Speed=14,000 rpm (From design data book)
Mean Diameter (dm) = (D + d) / 2
= (47 + 20) / 2
dm=33.5 mm
4.7.5 Speeds in pulleys

Measured Specifications:
N1/N2 =D2/D1
Where,

INFLATION SYSTEM
N1 =Input speed to the Motor = 1440 rpm

N2 =Output speed from the pulley-2
D2 =Diameter of the pulley-2 = 200mm
D1 =Diameter of the Motor pulley=63mm
∴ N2 =(D1/D2) x N1
=( 63 / 200) x 1440= 453.6 rpm
This speed is equal to the small Sprocket speed = 453.6 Rpm
The speed of the huller shaft (N4) = (D3/D4) x N3
Where,
N4 ---- Speed of the rolling huller Shaft
N3 ---- Speed of the Small sprocket = Speed of Pulley – 2 = 453.6 rpm
D3 ---- Diameter of Small sprocket = 61 mm
D4 ---- Diameter of Big sprocket = 183 mm
So the speed of the rolling huller shaft = (61/183) * 453.6
= 151.2 Rpm
CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 FABRICATED SYSTEM RESULT

INFLATION SYSTEM
Proper tire pressure thus always helps to improve the tire life, attains greater braking
efficiency, improved ride quality and cargo safety due to reductions in the vehicle vibrations,
improved vehicle mobility due to the increase in traction when the tire pressures are lowered.
When the required pressure in the tire is reached, the buzzer will indicate it to the driver and
the solenoid valve will shut off the air supply to the tire Thus on implementing the tire
pressure inflation system to the vehicle, the system will help the driver to regulate and
maintain proper pressure inside the tires. the development of tire pressure inflation system
has proven that the users inflate their tires more frequently at home over the weekends and
found to be as an easier application towards sustaining correct tire pressure at all times. Its
ability to relief excessive air from over inflated tire is also fully utilized as hooking up
automatic tire pressure inflation system to the value without any other devices are taken as an
advantage. The tire pressure inflation system is working with satisfactory condition.
5.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC TIRE
PRESSURE INFLATION SYSTEM
Table 5.2.1 comparison between manual and automatic tire pressure inflation system
parameter Manual system Automatic system

Man power more less
Chance of tire wear more less
Time consumption more less
Maintenance of tire Comparatively Need
inflation more less
Effectiveness less more
5.3 ADVANTAGES
Because they are designed to be used at their prescribed pressure, having under-inflated tyres
poses numerous risks. Underinflation can cause higher tyre wall deformation by concentrating
the weight on the tread shoulders, reducing the amount of surface contact the tyre has with
the road. This has a lot of ramifications.
• Increased tread wear, which increases the risk of aquaplaning in the wet; poorer handling
characteristics and vehicle control.
• Increased stopping distances
• Increased risk of tyre delamination, which could result in a rapid tyre failure.

INFLATION SYSTEM
• Less tyre blowouts since tyres are always at the optimum inflation level.
• Lower maintenance costs and increase productivity.
• Lessen human effort, Increase the efficiency of the vehicle.
• Increase the tyre's lifespan
• Prevents fatalities and accidents.
5.3 DISADVANTAGES
• The project is expensive.
• Regular maintenance is required.
• There must be a separate gas tank fitted.
5.4 APPLICATIONS
These types of automatic tyre pressure inflation systems can be used in a variety of fields,
including
• Application for automobiles.
• Automobile Manufacturing Industry
• This is a two-wheeler application.
• Applications for all four-wheelers.
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 CONCLUSION

INFLATION SYSTEM
This project work has given us a fantastic opportunity to put our limited knowledge to good
use. While working on this project, we received a lot of practical experience with planning,
purchasing, assembling, and machining. We believe that project work is an effective means
of bridging the gap between institutions and industries. We are pleased that we were able to
effectively finish the work within the time constraints. The design and fabrication of an
automatic tire pressure inflation system is performing admirably. We can appreciate the
challenges of maintaining tolerances and quality. We have performed to the best of our
ability and skill, making the most of the available resources. Let us add a couple more
sentences to our project conclusion statements. about our work on the impression project as a
result, we invented an "automatic tire pressure inflation in automobile," which helps to
automatically inflate the tyre whenever necessary, reducing human work. They can be
customised and developed according to the applications by employing various techniques.
6.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

Michelin is working with several other companies to develop an active pressure Management
system called TIPM (Tyre Intelligent Pressure Management), due to be Available sometime
in 2005. This system has a compressor that automatically adjusts the Pressure in each tyre
while the vehicle is in operation to compensate for leaks and slow Leak punctures. The driver
will be able to adjust the pressure depending on the desired Driving mode: comfort, sporty,
all-terrain or over-obstacle. There are at least two other Systems in the early development
stages that are oriented toward the consumer market the Entire system and the Cycloid Air
Pump system. The entire self-inflating system uses at Valve that pulls in air from the
atmosphere. It then pumps the air into the under-inflated Tyre using a peristaltic-pump action.
The goal is to constantly maintain a specific Pressure
COST ESTIMATION
Various cost involved in design and fabrication of the modified bumper system are shown in
the figure below. Most if not all the material used for the project work are obtained from

INFLATION SYSTEM
scrab. Also, much altercation is taking during fabrication to arrive at the final design. Cost
will be optimized during production since the rework and iteration are eliminated.
Table showing Expenditure detail
Sl. No. PARTS Qty. Amount (Rs)
1 Motor 1 1800
2 Pulley 2 500
3 Belt 1 450
4 Wheel 1 950
5 Frame 1 2300
6 Bearing with bearing cap 2 450
7 Pressure gauge 1 300
8 Solenoid valve 1 850
9 Hose Req. amount 750
10 Pressure switch 1 1200
11 D.C Compressor 1 1800
12 Battery 1 1150
Total cost 12850/-
REFERENCES

INFLATION SYSTEM
[01]. Ram Bansal, Shubham Swami, Aliasgerkanchwala and Mazharhussain, “automatic

tire inflation system in dynamic condition” international journal of automobile
engineering, research and development, Vol 8, issue 1, jun 2018 ISSN (P):2277-4785
[02]. Indrajeet singh, department of mech engineering, R. S. R. Rungta college of
engineering & technology bhilai “to study on implementation of tire inflation system
for automotive vehicles.” International journal of innovative research in science,
engineering and technology, Vol 5, issue 4 (An ISO 3297:2007 certified organization),
April 2016
[03]. Lukman Medriavin Silalahi, Mudrik Alaydrus, Agus Dendi Rochendi, Muhthar
Muhtar, “design of tire pressure monitoring system using a pressure sensor base”
Department of electrical engineering, universitas mercu buana, vol 23, No 1 february
2019
[04]. Alexander Varghese, “Influence of Tire Inflation Pressure on Fuel Consumption,
Vehicle Handling and Ride Quality Modelling and Simulation”. Vol.1 page 250-283 .
ISSN:1987-3453, march 2013
[05]. A.V. WADMANE, P.S. PADURE, “Automatic tire pressure controlling and self-
inflating system: A review” ISOR journal of mechanical and civil engineering, vol 1
ISSN:2320-334, January 2005
[06]. Bhupendra Pratap singh, Hari Shankar Sahu, Raunak Chauhan, Novel Kumar sahu,
To study on Implementation of Tire inflation system for automative vehicles. Volume
5, page 212-236 Number April 2016
[07]. Alfonso Silva, Jesús R. Sánchez, Gerardo E. Granados, Juan C. Tudon-Martinez,
Jorge De J. Lozoya-Santos, “Comparative Analysis in Indirect Tire Pressure
Monitoring Systems in Vehicle” IFAC Paper online 52 may 2019
[08]. Fogel Strom, K.A “Tire pressure monitoring system with permanent tire
identification” US Patent 7348,878. June 2008
[09]. Marius Toma, Cristian, Andreescu, Cornelia Stan, “Influence of tire inflation pressure
on the results of diagnosing brakes and suspension” international conference
interdisciplinarity in engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, October 2017
[10]. P. Buekenhoudt, study on “new suspension test method” implemented in Belgium,
GOCA from Belgium, April 2012,
[11]. B. P. Omprakash, T. Senthil Kumar, “M.A.R.S - Mechanized Air Refilling System”
Vol.2 page 323-350.ISSN:1737-2231 July 2014

INFLATION SYSTEM
[12]. H. soni, P. Golar and A. Kherde, “Design of automatic tire inflation system”.
industrial science, Vol 1(4), ISSN: 2347-5420 march 2014
[13]. B. Szczucka-Lasota, T. Wegrzyn, B. Lazarz, Ja Kaminska, “Tire pressure remote
monitoring system reducing the rubber waste” international conference
interdisciplinarity in engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, October 2017
[14]. Andreescu MC, Stan C “influence of tire inflation pressure on the results of
diagnosing brakes and suspension.” international conference interdisciplinarity in
engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, October 2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRAKASH S T, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of

INFLATION SYSTEM
Automobile Engineering, Srinivas Institute of Technology,

Mangaluru. He has published an overall of three papers namely,
“Power Generation by Utilizing Repulsions of Permanent
Magnet for Small Scale Applications”, “Effect of Graphite on
Tribological behaviour of PTFE Composites” and “Development
in Research work of Compressed air powered Engine by
increasing it efficiency”.
MOHAMMED FARIS M, currently pursuing his Bachelor’s
Degree in Automobile Engineering (VIII semester) in Srinivas
Institute of Technology, Mangalore. He was represented the
collage in various activities in and around the region. He is the
part of EV camp conducted in the collage. He is a studious student
in academics
JOVIN MANOJ, currently pursuing his Bachelor’s Degree in

Automobile Engineering (VIII semester) in Srinivas Institute of
Technology, Mangalore. He is the part of EV camp conducted in
the collage. He is a studious student in academics
JINCE JAMES, currently pursuing his Bachelor’s Degree in

Automobile Engineering (VIII semester) in Srinivas Institute of
Technology, Mangalore. He is an active sportsman. . He is the
part of EV camp conducted in the collage
VIBHU SREEDEEP, currently pursuing his Bachelor’s Degree

in Automobile Engineering (VIII semester) in Srinivas Institute of
Technology, Mangalore. . He is the part of EV camp conducted in
the collage
PAPER PRESENTED AND PUBLISHED

INFLATION SYSTEM
Presented and published a paper at an International Conference (RTIMES-2022) on “Design

and Fabrication of automatic tire pressure inflation system” hosted by Srinivas institute of
technology, mangaluru, Karnataka in association

INFLATION SYSTEM

1.1 The Benefits of Proper Air Pressure: Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, Valachil

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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC TIRE PRESSURE 2021-2022

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Fig 1.1 Different tire inflated conditions

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

1.4 Design Objectives

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Chapter 3 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY illustrates the objectives and

Chapter 4 DESIGN AND FABRICATION contains steps involved in the design of

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

. ALFONSO SILVA, JESÚS R. SÁNCHEZ, GERARDO E. GRANADOS, JUAN C.

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

without dismantling the respective system. A detailed diagnosis of a system of such

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Fig 4.2 front view of fabricated system

Fig 4.3 right view of fabricated system

Fig 4.4 Rear view of fabricated system

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Fig 4.5 close angle view of fabricated system

4.5 FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPONENTS

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4.5.2 PRESSURE GAUGE

4.5.3 BEARING WITH BEARING CAP

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Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Fig4.7 Quick joint coupling

4.5.7 SOLENOID VALVE

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Fig4.3 Solenoid valve

Fig 4.4 5/2 Solenoid

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Fig 4.5 single-phase AC motor curves

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

4.5.8.1 Split-Phase Motor

Fig 4.6 Split-phase motor

4.5.8.2 Capacitor-Start Motors

Fig 4.7 Capacitor-start motor

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

Fig 4.8 Pulley

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4.5.10 BELT DRIVE

Fig4.9 Belt drive

Department of Automobile Engineering, SIT, Mangaluru, valachil Page 1

4.5.11 COMPRESSOR (DC):

A compressor delivers high-pressure compressed air. It moves ahead thanks to an electric

4.5.12 LEAD-ACID WET CELL

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Fig 4.10 Lead acid battery

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Fig 4.11 Chemical reaction in batteries

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4.6 WORKING PRINCIPLE

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4.7.3 Maximum tension in the belt

4.7.5 Speeds in pulleys

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N1 =Input speed to the Motor = 1440 rpm

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