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Abstract—Future wireless standards such as 5G envision dense overlap of transmissions from different users in time or fre-
wireless networks with large number of simultaneously connected 1
quency. In such schemes, each user is allocated K of the total
devices. In this context, interference management becomes critical resource. With average-power constraints at the transmitters,
in achieving high spectral efficiency. Orthogonal signaling, which a scaling of Θ(ln K) can be achieved through bursty power
limits the number of users utilizing the resource simultaneously, transmission. But such bursty transmission, which requires
gives a sum-rate that remains constant with increasing number
of users. An alternative approach called interference alignment
high peak-power, might not be feasible due to hardware con-
promises a throughput that scales linearly with the number of straints and one is compelled to limit the peak transmit power.
users. However, this approach requires very high SNR or long With peak-power constraint, the sum-rate achieved by these
time duration for sufficient channel variation, and therefore may orthogonal access schemes remains constant with increasing
not be feasible in real wireless systems. We explore ways to number of users. Another approach to managing interference is
manage interference in large networks with delay and power to ignore it by treating interference as noise. When interference
constraints. Specifically, we devise an interference phase align- is treated as noise, as in the previous case, the sum-rate again
ment strategy that combines precoding and scheduling without scales as a constant with increasing number of users.
using power control to exploit the diversity inherent in a system
with large number of users. We show that this scheme achieves
a sum-rate that scales almost logarithmically with the number In contrast, various interference alignment schemes pro-
of users. We also show upper bounds on the sum-rate within posed in recent years promise sum-rates that scale linearly with
the restricted class of single-symbol phase alignment schemes. the number of users. These schemes are based on the idea of
Specifically, we prove that no scheme in this class can achieve aligning the interference from unintended transmitters at the
better than logarithmic scaling of the sum-rate. receivers. They rely on the system resources to furnish the
Keywords—Interference alignment, delay, power constraints,
diversity required to achieve this alignment. For example, the
large networks, diversity. vector interference alignment scheme proposed by Cadambe
and Jafar [3] is shown to achieve K/2 degrees of freedom
in a time-varying K-user Gaussian interference channel with
I. I NTRODUCTION 2
the use of K Ω(K ) independent channel realizations. Ozgur
With the rise in popularity of wireless applications, cellular and Tse present in [4] an alternate version of this scheme
networks are quickly progressing toward ultra-dense deploy- for phase-fading channels that achieves a linear scaling of
ment of cells. This is one of the central ideas proposed in the sum-rate at finite SNR. Their scheme requires the number
the development of future wireless standards like 5G [1], [2]. of channel realizations to grow exponentially in K 2 , i.e., as
2
Moreover, with efforts to introduce machine-type devices and 2Ω(K ) . Similarly, ergodic interference alignment [5] proposed
2
device-to-device communication, the number of users in the by Nazer et al. requires an average of K Ω(K ) independent
network communicating simultaneously is expected to grow channel realizations to achieve a linear scaling of the sum-rate
significantly [1], [2]. With spectrum being a limited resource, at finite SNR. All these schemes therefore incur an extremely
managing interference becomes critical for good performance large latency, or necessitate extremely large bandwidth if the
in such networks. In addition to high data rates, these next independent channel realizations are obtained from different
generation applications demand low latency and low power frequency sub-bands. For instance, in a 7-user network with
2
consumption [1]. These conflicting requirements make the task channel coherence time of 1 ms, a requirement of 2K = 249
of interference management in large networks challenging. independent channel realizations roughly translates to a latency
In this context, our work focuses on interference man- of 18000 years! Alignment strategies that use lattice codes are
agement strategies that seek to optimize the total throughput based on interference alignment at the signal level and work
subject to delay, power, spectrum, and device constraints. for time-invariant channels [6]. For these lattice schemes, the
Specifically, we consider the K-user time-invariant Gaussian transmit power (SNR) required to achieve a linear scaling of
interference channel in which users have limited power and the sum-rate grows exponentially in K 2 . Once again consid-
only single transmit-receive antennas, and we study the scaling ering the example of a 7-user network, to achieve a rate of
K
behavior of the achievable sum-rate across all users. 2 ln(10dB), each user requires a transmit SNR of more than
250dB! The required diversity can also be obtained by using
A traditional way of dealing with interference is to avoid multiple transmit and receive antennas, and it has been shown
it through the use of orthogonal access schemes that prevent in [7] that the number of antennas is required to scale linearly
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The transmit signals are subject to unit per-symbol peak- Therefore, for any scheduled user k ∈ S[t], the
power constraint, i.e., |Xk [t]|2 ≤ 1, ∀k ∈ [K], ∀t ∈ N. transmit signal is given by
The decoding function at Receiver k, φk (n) : Ykn 7→ Ŵk
Xk [t] = Uk [t]e−iΘkk .
maps the received signal Ykn = (Yk [1], Yk [2], . . . , Yk [n])
to an estimate of the transmitted message, Ŵk ∈ • Decoder: The receivers corresponding to the scheduled
{1, 2, . . . , 2nRk }. We use the standard definition for achiev- users project their received signal along direction eiγk
able rates – a rate vector (R1 , R2 , . . . RK ) is achievable to decode their respective symbols. We choose γk = 0
if there is a sequence of encoding and decoding func- for all k. Therefore, for any k ∈ S[t], the received
tions (f1 (n), f2 (n), . . . fK (n); φ1 (n), φ2 (n), . . . φK (n)) such signal and the noise after projection are respectively
that the average probabilities of error, P[Ŵk 6= Wk ], k ∈ [K] given by
all go to zero as n goes to infinity. A sum-rate, Rsum is achiev-
Ỹk [t] = Re(Yk [t]), Z̃k [t] = Re(Zk [t]).
able if there exists P an achievable rate vector (R1 , R2 , . . . RK )
K
such that Rsum = k=1 Rk . We are interested in the asymp- Thus, the encoder and decoder generate a channel in the real
totics of the sum-rate with increasing number of users. domain with effective input-output relationship,
Notation: Throughout the paper, we use the term
X
Ỹk [t] = Uk [t] + cos (Θkj − Θjj ) Uj [t] + Z̃k [t].
users/nodes to refer to transmitter-receiver pairs. We say that
j∈S[t]
an event occurs with high probability (w.h.p.) if its probability j6=k
goes to 1 as the number of users, K goes to infinity. The
probability is with respect to the randomness in the channel Since Zk [t] ∼ CN (0, 1), we have Z̃k [t] ∼ N (0, 12 ).
coefficients, i.e., {Θkj }. 2) Phase Alignment through Scheduling: We now de-
scribe the scheduling strategy that determines the subset of
III. M AIN R ESULTS users transmitting in each time slot. While choosing small
In this section, we present our main results, which provide subsets imposes a fundamental limit on the sum-rate, choosing
an asymptotic lower bound (Theorem 1) and upper bound large subsets could result in high interference which again
(Theorem 2) for the achievable sum-rate as the number of adversely impacts the achievable sum-rate. Ideally, we would
users in the network K increases. like to schedule large subsets of users such that within each
subset, the effective interference is low. In other words, at each
Theorem 1. There exists a scheme that achieves a sum-rate receiver in the scheduled subset, the interference from other
of Ω lnlnlnKK w.h.p. as K → ∞. users in the subset are phase aligned.
The upper bound is for the class of schemes called single- Interference Graph. To this end, we construct an Inter-
symbol phase alignment described in detail in Section III-B. ference Graph G(V, E) with the users comprising the node set
V . An edge exists between two nodes k and j if one of the
Theorem 2. No single-symbol phase alignment scheme can effective cross gains, |cos (Θkj − Θjj )| or |cos (Θjk − Θkk )|
achieve a sum-rate better than O(ln K) w.h.p. as K → ∞. is more than √lnπ K . Users k and j are said to interfere with
each other if there is an edge between them.
A. Achievability of Ω lnlnlnKK
Graph Coloring. As a part of the scheduling strategy, the
The signaling scheme achieving the sum-rate scaling in
set of users is first partitioned into subsets of nodes that do
Theorem 1 is a phase alignment strategy that combines precod-
not interfere with each other, i.e., into independent subsets. A
ing and scheduling to utilize the diversity in the channel gains
greedy graph coloring algorithm is used to find such a partition.
across users. In each time slot t, a subset of users, S[t] ⊂ [K]
The greedy algorithm can be described as follows – color each
is scheduled for transmission. Users not in this subset do not
node sequentially (from 1 to K) with the first color not used
transmit. Before we describe the scheduling strategy, we first
by any of its already colored neighbors.
describe the precoding scheme for the scheduled users. The
precoding scheme is used to transform the complex-valued Given the partition obtained from the coloring algorithm,
phase-fading Gaussian channel into a real-valued Gaussian each independent subset, corresponding to the set of nodes
channel. This precoding scheme is an instance of asymmet- with the same color, is scheduled in a round-robin fashion.
ric complex signaling introduced in [14]. The main idea in
asymmetric complex signaling is to treat the complex channel We now give a sketch of the proof of Theorem 1
input as having two real dimensions which are used for the which shows that the proposed precoding-scheduling scheme
achieves a sum-rate of Ω lnlnlnKK w.h.p. Full details of the
design of transmit directions for interference alignment. The
transmit direction along which the data stream is transmitted proof can be found in [16]. We first show ([16, Lemma 1])
can be extended to a multi-dimensional real vector through the that the greedy graph coloring algorithm partitions the nodes
use of symbol extensions. into O( K ln
ln ln K
K ) independent subsets w.h.p. We then show
that scheduling independent subsets limits the strength of the
1) Precoding: In our achievable scheme, we use the two- interference signal, thereby giving each user a strictly positive
dimensional real vector space without symbol extensions for rate across the scheduled time slots. This result in combination
designing the transmit directions. with the above lemma proves Theorem 1.
• Encoder: The data stream of a scheduled user k, From Theorem 1, we see that phase alignment through a
{Uk (t)} (Uk (t) ∈ R), is transmitted along the direc- combination of precoding and scheduling provides the benefit
tion eiαk at maximum power, where αk = −Θkk . of diversity in a large network. The precoding part of the
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scheme is used to transform the complex-valued phase-fading Single-Symbol Phase Alignment. A signaling scheme is
channel gains into real-valued channel gains such that the a single-symbol phase alignment scheme if
magnitudes of the effective cross gains in the real channel
exhibit sufficient diversity across users. The scheduling part 1) the encoders use real Gaussian codebooks with unit
of the scheme exploits this diversity by partitioning the users average-power constraint and linear precoding (de-
into subsets such that the interference is aligned at all users sign of transmit directions) limited to a single time
within each subset. slot,
2) the decoders treat interference as noise.
This method of utilization of network diversity to achieve
high rates parallels other interference alignment schemes that The single-symbol phase alignment class consists of all possi-
attempt to align the interference at the receivers. Vector inter- ble asymmetric complex signaling schemes [14] with Gaussian
ference alignment [3], [4] and ergodic interference alignment codebooks and transmit directions restricted to single complex
[5] achieve a linear scaling of the sum-rate by using the symbol in combination with power control. Note that the
diversity of the channel gains across time provided by the the peak-power constraint in Section II has been relaxed to
time varying channel. Analogously, lattice coding schemes [6], an average-power constraint. The phase alignment through
which achieve alignment at the signal level, rely on the distinct scheduling scheme described in Section III-A falls under this
scaling of transmit signals possible at high transmit power. But class if the same subset of users are scheduled in all time
these alignment schemes are practical only in small networks slots and the data stream for all these scheduled users are
since the diversity required to align the interfering signals at chosen to be Gaussian with unit average-power. Thus, an
all the receivers increases very quickly with the number of argument similar to that in Theorem 1 shows that a sum-rate of
users. For instance, to achieve a linear scaling of the sum- Ω lnlnlnKK is achievable with single-symbol phase alignment
rate, vector and ergodic interference alignment schemes require schemes. Theorem 2 conveys that the maximum achievable
2
2Ω(K ) independent channel realizations. Similarly, the SNR sum-rate in this class is O(ln K) for most channel realizations.
required to achieve signal level alignment for linear scaling of The result can be mathematically described as follows:
2
sum-rate in lattice codes scales as 2Ω(K ) . Assume wlog that transmitter k uses transmit direction
When the number of independent channel realizations and ei(αk −Θkk ) and average-power Pk (∈ [0, 1]) to transmit its
the transmit power are limited (fixed with respect to the data stream {Uk } from a real Gaussian codebook. Thus the
number of users), the above schemes can only provide a sum- received signal at Receiver k can be written as
rate that scales as o(1) with increasing number of users. In the p
Yk [t] = Pk eiαk Uk [t] +
Xp
Pj ei(αj +Θkj −Θjj ) Uj [t] + Zk [t].
absence of diversity from signal level and time variations, the
j6=k
proposed phase alignment strategy utilizes the diversity due to
independent channel realizations across large number of users. Since the decoders treat interference as noise, a linear filter is
The key idea here is that, although it is difficult to align the optimal for Gaussian input. Let Receiver k project its received
interference at all the K receivers simultaneously, it is possible signal along the direction eiγk . The output of this filter is given
to schedule users such that the effective interference is aligned by
in phase for all the scheduled users in every time slot. As p
Ỹk [t] = Pk cos(αk − γk )Uk [t]
Theorem 1 shows, unlike the orthogonal signaling schemes Xp
which give only O(1) sum-rate with peak-power constraint, + Pj cos(αj + Θkj − Θjj − γk )Uj [t] + Z̃k [t],
the phase alignment strategy achieves almost O(ln K) sum- j6=k
rate for most channel realizations. A notable aspect of this
scheme is that it does not require power control. Moreover, where Z̃k [t] ∼ N (0, 21 ). Define
the scheme ensures fairness among users by scheduling all βkj := cos2 (αj + Θkj − Θjj − γk ) ∀j, k.
users as opposed to scheduling only a partial subset of users.
This facilitates the extension of the above result to the scaling Then user k obtains a rate of
of achievable symmetric rate.
!
Pk βkk
Remark 3. Similar achievability results can be obtained for Rk (P, α, γ) = ln 1 + P 1 .
j6=k Pj βkj + 2
channel models other than those considered in this paper.
For example, a sum-rate of Θ(ln K) can be achieved through Therefore, the sum-rate achieved by a scheme with power
bursty power transmission if the peak-power constraints are allocation P, transmitter precoding α, and receiver precoding
relaxed to average-power constraints. Similarly, for a Rayleigh γ is given by
fading channel, Θ(ln K) scaling can be achieved by allowing K
only the user with the largest magnitude of channel gain
X
Rsum (P, α, γ) = Rk (P, α, γ),
to transmit. But these schemes cannot be applied under the k=1
model considered in this paper with peak-power constraints
and phase fading channel. Therefore, this model is effective in and the best sum-rate achievable in this class of schemes is
K
!
bringing into sharp focus the gains in sum-rate that can be X Pk βkk
achieved through opportunistic alignment strategies. max ln 1 + P 1 .
P∈[0,1]K
k=1 j6=k Pj βkj + 2
(α,γ)∈[−π,π)2K
B. Upper Bound of O(ln K)
For the upper bound, we restrict our attention to the class Theorem 2 shows that the above quantity is
of signaling schemes described below. O(ln K) w.h.p. Again, we give here a sketch of the
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proof of Theorem 2. The complete proof is provided in [16]. number of users in the system. The main idea underlying
We first show that, for asymptotic analysis, it is sufficient to this interference management strategy is the utilization of
consider a restricted class of scheduling strategies that do not the diversity natural in large networks. The proposed phase
use power control but schedule a subset of users who transmit alignment scheme when modified to schedule a single subset
at maximum power ([16, Lemma 4]). Note that this restricted of users across all time slots falls under the class of complex
class of scheduling strategies is a subset of the original class asymmetric signaling schemes. We show that this class of
of transmission schemes with powers Pk restricted to either asymmetric complex signaling schemes restricted to a single
0 or 1. We then derive a probabilistic upper bound on the complex symbol cannot achieve a much better scaling of sum-
sum-rate for any fixed scheduling strategy by fixing the set rate as compared to the proposed phase alignment scheme.
of users who transmit as well as their transmit and receive
directions ([16, Lemma 5]). We then show that, for any fixed R EFERENCES
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