‫مصطلحات الثقافة واللغة‬

Culture Terms
‫مصطلحات الثقافة‬
ancient
primitive
dominant
modern , traditional
patriarchal
human
alien / foreign
indigenous /native
local /
national
global / world
Islamic
Western
rural
urban
mainstream
underground
diverse
vibrant
bourgeois
working-class
street
youth
hip-hop , rock , etc.
computer
drug
religious
secular
capitalist
commercial
consumer
materialistic

1
 VERB + CULTURE
assimilate
The Romans gradually assimilated the
~ of the people they had conquered.
Newcomers to the company are soon
assimilated into the ~.
embrace:
immigrants who embrace American ~
build , create , develop , foster ,
produce , shape
The new director is trying to foster a ~
of open communication within the
company.
change , transform
The computer has changed the ~ of the
design profession
maintain , preserve
reflect : The paintings reflect African
American ~.

CULTURE + VERB
develop
CULTURE + NOUN
Group: a country containing many language and ~ groups
shock : She experienced great ~ shock when she first came to Europe.
clash , wars
change

PREPOSITION
In----
In some ~s children have an important place.
PHRASES
a clash of ~s
a ~ of fear , a ~ of secrecy , a ~ of violence
high
PHRASES

a man of ~ , a woman of ~

2
 Language terms
‫مصطلحات اللغة‬
first ,
native :
She grew up in Mexico, so her first ~ is
Spanish.

foreign ,
How many foreign ~s does she speak?
Second
the teaching of English as a second ~
original Most local cinemas show films in
the original ~, with German subtitles.
, target ( both technical )
source
ancient
, classical ,
dead
Latin is a dead ~.
common , shared
indigenous , local
official
Belgium has two official ~s.
national
Portuguese is the national ~ of Brazil.
dominant
international , universal
minority Some minority ~s are dying
out.
VERB + LANGUAGE
speak know , understand
master
LANGUAGE + NOUN
acquisition , development , learning
new methods of ~ learning
barrier

3
 PHRASES
command of (a) ~ , ,
knowledge of (a) ~
mastery of (a) ~
Her command of ~ is very advanced
for a six-year-old.
spoken
, written
She could speak some Chinese, but
never studied the written ~.
colloquial , everyday , informal
formal
expressive , flowery , literary ,
poetic:
figurative , symbolic
everyday, plain , simple

His strength is that he addresses his

readers in plain ~.
vague
sign Not all deaf people use sign ~.
body
You could tell from his body ~ that he
was very embarrassed.
legal , technical
harsh
She reserved her harshest ~ for those
she believed had betrayed her.
bad , crude , foul , obscene ,
offensive , strong , vulgar
people using foul ~

VERB + LANGUAGE
use
mind , watch
The referee told the players to mind their
~.
PREPOSITION
in … ~
His letter was couched in very formal ~.

4
 PHRASES
use of ~
The writer's use of ~ reflects the personality
of each character.
excellent …  , fluent …  , good …  ,
perfect …
He speaks fluent Japanese.  
bad …  , broken …  , poor … 
I got by with broken Chinese and sign
language
colloquial …  , idiomatic …  , non -
standard …  , pidgin …  , standard … 
The inhabitants speak a kind of pidgin
Spanish.
spoken …  , written …
  My spoken Polish is better than my written
Polish.
be fluent in … 
She was fluent in German, Urdu and
Swahili.
improve …  , practise/practice … 
I spent a month in Rome to improve my
Italian.
 … class ,  … course ,  … lesson
I'm late for my Russian class.
 … interpreter
the need for Gujarati interpreters
a command of …  , a knowledge of … 
He has a poor command of English.
in … 
What is ‘apple’ in French?
He addressed me in his best Portuguese.