Biology II

BIOL 1082
Dr. Stoffer
Adam Elzarka
10/21/2021
Worksheet #13: Osmotic Regulation/Defense Against Pathogens
Part 1: Matching

Match each organism to its osmoregulatory organ.

Flatworms _A___ A. Protonephridia

Earthworms _D___ B. Kidney

Insects _C___ C. Malpighian Tubes

Mammals _B___ D. Metanephridia

Part 2: Conceptual Review

1. Given the following groups, identify whether the body compared to environment and urine is
hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic.

Freshwater Fish: Reptiles (fresh water):

Body/Environment: Hypertonic Body/Environment: Hypertonic
Urine: Hypotonic Urine: Hypotonic
(eliminate water, keep ions) (eliminate water)

Bony Saltwater Fish: Reptiles (land)

Body/Environment: Hypotonic Body/Environment: Hypertonic
Urine: Isotonic Urine: Isotonic
(drink sea water, lose ions) (reabsorb water/salt)

Sharks: Birds:
Body/Environment: Isotonic Body/Environment: Hypertonic
Urine: Isotonic Urine: Hypertonic 2x
(reabsorb urea) (reabsorb water/salt)

Amphibians: Mammals:
Body/Environment: Hypertonic Body/Environment: Hypertonic
Urine: Hypotonic Urine: Hypertonic 22x
 (eliminate water; active transport of sodium into (reabsorb water/salt)
skin)

Reptiles (salt water): Marine Birds:

Body/Environment: Hypotonic Body/Environment: Hypertonic
Urine: Isotonic Urine: Hypertonic
(drink salt water; ions out of salt glands (drink salt water; salt glands)

2. List the differences between ammonia, urea, and uric acid by making sure to list the water solubility,
water loss that occur, and types of animals for each.

Ammonia: Soluble; Lot of water loss; Highly toxic; Bony fish and aquatic invertebrates

Urea: Soluble; a little water loss; intermediate toxicity; mammals and amphibians

Uric Acid: Not soluble, very little toxicity, minimal water loss, insects and birds

3. Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity.

Innate Immunity: Immune system’s initial response which includes barrier response such as skin,
mucosal/epithelial, saliva or natal acquired immunity. It is broad.

Adaptive Immunity: Immune system’s secondary response and is specific, acquired and happens when
there is an influx of antigens.

Both involve inflammation and natural killer cells

4. Describe the function of each of the following immune cells.

Helper T-Cells: Activates B-Cells and Cytotoxic T-cells

Cytotoxic T-Cells: Recognizes and kills non-self cells

Pathogen: Bacteria/virus invading the body

Antigen: Toxin in body that produces an immune response

Antibody: Protein produced in response to an antigen

Macrophage: Kills micro-organism by ingesting them through phagocytosis

Cytokines: Signaling cells secreted by immune cells that helps B cells differentiate into plasma cells

B-Cells: Bind to antigens

Memory Cells: Cells that remember specific antigens

Plasma Cells: Derived from B-cells and secrete antibodies

Natural KIller Cells: Kill self cells without activation

5. What role does ADH have in the kidneys?

ADH causes kidneys to release less water through negative feedback which decreases the amount of
urine more reabsorption. The hormone regulates in the collecting duct of the nephron.

***Aldosterone regulates in the distal convoluted tubule and reabsorbs NaCl

Part 3: Labeling

Mention the function of each part of the nephron and whether the processes of filtration, reabsorption,
secretion, and excretion occur.

1. Bowman’s Capsule 2. Proximal Convoluted

(filters in water, ions, and amino acids) Tubule (reabsorbs amino acids, glucose, and
vitamins; secretes ammonia and urea)

3. Descending loop of Henle (reabsorbs water; 4. Distal Convoluted Tubule (same as proximal
only permeable to water). In contrast, the convoluted tubule)
ascending loop of Henle reabsorbs salt and is only
permeable to salts.

5. Glomerulus (also involved in filtration)

If you’re still confused about the kidney, check out the resource linked below:
http://blog.cambridgecoaching.com/a-comprehensive-break-down-of-nephron-functioning-into-six-ea
sy-steps