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4 (a) Define the specific latent heat of fusion of a substance.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added to 0.35 kg of water. The initial temperature of the water is
24.5 °C. The temperature of the water decreases to 0 °C. The water loses 35 000 J of thermal
energy as it cools. All of the ice added to the water melts.

The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.

Calculate:

(i) the specific heat capacity of water

specific heat capacity = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) the mass of ice added to the water.

mass = ........................................................ [3]

[Total: 7]

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10 Fig. 10.1 is a diagram of a soldering iron. Solder is a mixture of metals used to make a permanent
contact between electrical wires.

metal tip

heating element

Fig. 10.1

The heating element raises the temperature of the metal tip. When solder is placed against the tip,
the solder melts over the wires to be joined. When the solder cools, it solidifies and the permanent
connection is made.

The working temperature of the metal tip is 380 °C.

(a) The boxes in Fig. 10.2 show two materials and some different melting points.

material melting point

1000 °C

metal of the
metal tip
380 °C

200 °C

20 °C

solder

0 °C

Fig. 10.2

On Fig. 10.2, draw a line from the metal of the metal tip and a line from the solder to a suitable
melting point for each. [2]

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(b) The heating element is rated at 24 V, 3.3 A.

The heating element is switched on.

The temperature of the metal tip rises from 20 °C to 320 °C in the first 10 s.

(i) Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the heating element in the first 10 s.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The metal tip is made of copper and has a mass of 2.3 g. The specific heat capacity of
copper is 0.39 J / (g °C).

Calculate the thermal energy (heat) gained by the metal tip in the first 10 s.

thermal energy = ......................................................... [3]

(c) (i) Describe, in terms of free electrons, the process by which heat transfers through the
metal tip.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Heat is lost from the metal tip by convection in the air.

Explain how convection occurs in the air.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) The temperature of the metal tip is measured with a thermocouple.

(i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple. Mark with a letter H the
part of the thermocouple that is placed on the metal tip.

[2]

(ii) State two reasons why a thermocouple thermometer is suitable for measuring how the
temperature of the metal tip varies during the first 10 s.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 15]

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5 (a) Complete the sentences with words that describe the main process of thermal energy transfer
in each case.

A man goes for a walk on a cold day. He touches a metal gate, which removes thermal

energy from his hands by ................................. . He holds the sides of a cup containing a

hot drink. His hands gain thermal energy by ................................. . Some farm workers have

lit a fire. The man warms his hands by the side of the fire. His hands gain thermal energy by

................................. . [3]

(b) Describe in terms of particles the transfer of thermal energy through the metal of the gate
after transfer from the man’s hands.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Fig. 5.1 shows a car on a sunny day in a hot country.

windscreen
object A

Fig. 5.1

The object labelled A is placed inside the windscreen. It is used by the owner of the car to
reduce the temperature rise of the air in the car.

Ring the most suitable material for the outer surface of object A. Explain your choice.

dull black dull white shiny black shiny white

explanation ................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

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4 (a) State and explain, in terms of molecules, any change in the pressure of a gas when the
volume is reduced at a constant temperature.

Statement .................................................................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) Complete Table 4.1 to give the relative order of magnitude of the expansion of gases, liquids
and solids for the same increase of temperature.

Write one of these words in each blank space:

gas liquid solid

Table 4.1

expands most
expands least
[2]

[Total: 5]

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5 (a) (i) A liquid is heated so that bubbles of its vapour rise to the surface and molecules escape
to the atmosphere.

State the name of this process .................................................................................... [1]

(ii) At a lower temperature than in (a)(i), molecules escape from the surface to the
atmosphere.

State the name of this process .................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Fig. 5.1 shows apparatus used to determine the power output of a heater.

thermometer
electric heater

metal block

Fig. 5.1

The metal block has a mass of 2.7 kg. The metal of the block has a specific heat capacity
of 900 J / (kg °C).

In 2 min 30 s, the temperature of the block increases from 21 °C to 39 °C.

Calculate the power of the heater.

power = ........................................................ [4]

(ii) State and explain a precaution that can be taken to improve the accuracy of the
experiment.

Statement ..........................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]

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3 (a) A solar panel receives energy from the Sun at a rate of 5.0 kW.

Thermal energy is transferred from the solar panel to water with an efficiency of 20%.

Cold water of mass 15 kg enters the solar panel every hour.

The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the temperature increase of the water.

temperature increase = .....................................................°C [4]

(b) State and explain one advantage and one disadvantage of heating the water in a solar panel
compared with heating the water in a coal-burning boiler.

advantage .................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantage ............................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 8]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer without a temperature scale.

The liquid inside the thermometer has a melting point of –39 °C.

Fig. 4.1

(a) Describe simple experiments to mark the positions of the fixed points on this liquid-in-glass
thermometer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) A scientist is measuring temperatures at the South Pole. These temperatures have a minimum
value of –90 °C.

State why the liquid used in the thermometer in Fig. 4.1 would not be suitable for this scientist.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) State a design change that:

(i) increases the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) increases the range of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State the property of the liquid which ensures that the scale on a liquid-in-glass thermometer
is linear.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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Section B

Answer two questions from this section. Answer in the spaces provided.

8 Fig. 8.1 shows the circuit diagram of a temperature gauge. It contains an ammeter, a thermistor, a
fixed resistor R and a battery.

thermistor R

Fig. 8.1

The current is measured at different temperatures and a graph of the results is shown in Fig. 8.2.

0.025

0.020
current / A
0.015

0.010

0.005

0
20 40 60 80 100
temperature / °C

Fig. 8.2

(a) (i) State how the resistance of the thermistor changes with temperature and explain how
Fig. 8.2 shows this change.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) Resistance and current are used for the measurement of temperature.

State one other physical property that is used for the measurement of temperature.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A temperature scale involves the use of fixed points.

State what is meant by:

(i) the ice point

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the steam point.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) At 80 °C, the potential difference (p.d.) across the thermistor is 3.6 V.

(i) State what is meant by potential difference.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the resistance of the thermistor when the temperature is 80 °C.

resistance = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is 25 V.

Calculate the resistance of the resistor R.

resistance = ......................................................... [2]

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(d) The current scale on the ammeter is linear.

Using values from Fig. 8.2, a student marks the scale on the ammeter with temperature
values that correspond to the values of the current.

The temperature is then read directly from the temperature scale on the ammeter.

(i) State what is meant by a sensitive thermometer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State and explain at which temperatures this thermometer is most sensitive.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) The temperature gauge is used to measure the temperature of a room.

Suggest why the temperature obtained using the gauge is slightly higher than the actual
temperature of the room.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 15]

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