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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore

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 The British in India
• The Portuguese and the Dutch
dominated the spice trade with Asia in
the 16th Century.

• Britain was a relatively poor European

nation back then.
1553 – The Muscovy Company (a.k.a. the company of
Merchant Adventurers to New Lands) is established.
– Aimed to find a sea route to India via the Arctic and
Russia, in order to be free from Portuguese rivalry.
– Became world’s first joint stock company.
– Idea derived from medieval merchant guilds that
pooled resources together, instead of a single owner.
– Soon realized that no northern sea route existed.
1560s onwards – British pirates (buccaneers) like Sir Francis
Drake make huge profits by raiding Spanish and Portuguese
trade ships.

1577 to 1580 – Drake circumnavigates the globe.

– Sets the tone for British exploration.

1591 – Sir James Lancaster undertakes first British sea voyage

to the Indian Ocean, by sailing round the African coast.

1593 – Crossed Kanyakumari in India, and finally reached

Malaysia.
1600 – Royal Charter granted to the ‘Governor and Company
of Merchants of London trading to the East Indies’.

Later known as East India Company (EIC).

Freedom from all customs duties for their first six voyages,

The Company also had a British monopoly for 15 years over

‘trade to the East Indies’.

This vaguely defined term (area) was soon taken to include

all trade and traffic between the Cape of Good Hope and
the Strait of Magellan (southern tip of South America).
East India House, London
• The ambiguous wording gave the EIC semi-sovereign privileges to
rule territories and raise armies.

This also allowed future generations of EIC officials to:

claim jurisdiction over all English subjects in Asia,
mint money,
raise fortifications,
make laws,
wage war,
conduct an independent foreign policy,
hold courts,
issue punishment,
imprison English subjects and
plant English settlements.
• In the initial years, owing to the competition, the British
company did not have much success, compared to the
Dutch.

1609 – British monopoly for the EIC extended indefinitely.

– Dutch start focusing on spice trade in Indonesia.
– The EIC now looks to establish textiles trade with
India.

1609 – Sir William Hawkins at the court of Jahangir.

– Fails to get permit for a factory at Surat, owing to
Portuguese influence in the Mughal court.
1611 – Trading post at Masulipatnam (Andhra Pradesh).

1612 – Battle of SUVALI/SWALLY

The EIC’s fleet led by Captain Thomas Best

defeats the Portuguese,
off the coast of Surat.
1613 – Jahangir grants permit for a factory at Surat.

1615 to 1619 – Sir Thomas Roe ambassador for Britain at

Jahangir’s court.

– Gained permission for factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and

Broach (Bharuch).

1616 – Factory at Masulipatnam.

• The EIC directors realized that they could not fight the natives,
like the Spanish had done with the Aztecs, or the Dutch in
Malaysia.

1632 – Mughal armies routed the Portuguese at Port Hooghly, on

accusations of building unauthorized forts, religious conversions
and slave trading.

The British thereafter decided to pursue a policy of acquiring

trade permits from the Mughals and other Indian kingdoms.

1632 – ‘Golden Farman’ from the Sultan of Golconda.

– Free trade in the ports of the Golconda Sultanate, for an
annual fee of 500 pagodas (gold coins).
1633 – Factories at Balasore and the Mahanadi Delta.

1638 – Factory at Hooghly, Bengal.

1639 – Ruler of Chandragiri grants permission to build a

fortified factory at Madras.
– Later known as Fort St. George.
– It replaced Masulipatnam as the headquarters
of the British settlements in south India.

1651 – Permit for free trade in Bengal, on an annual fee

of ₹3,000.
Fort St. George
• More factories slowly came up at Hooghly, Kasimbazar,
Patna and Rajmahal.

However, despite the free trade permit, Mughal customs

officers extracted tolls and bribes from the Company’s
trade.

To ensure ease of business, the EIC now developed a policy

of building forts in Hooghly, in order to raise forces.
1662 – Portugal hands over Bombay as
dowry for Princess Catherine, to King
Charles II of Britain.
– Mutual non-aggression between
Portuguese and British.
1668 – Bombay leased to the
EIC, for an annual rent of £10.

1687 – Bombay replaces Surat as

the as the headquarters of the
Western presidency.
1682 – William Hedges, first governor of the EIC in Bengal.
– Obtained ‘farman’ from Aurangzeb, to do business
forever in Bengal.
– Massive British investment in Bengal.
– Bengal separated from the Madras Residency.
– Fortifications in Bengal, and first British soldiers on
the soil of Bengal.

Led to conflict with the local zamindars and chiefs.

1686 – Hooghly sacked by the Mughals.

1686 to 1689 – Series of battles between the EIC and
Mughals.

EIC wanted to build fortifications, to “protect” their

factories in Bengal.

Wanted to maintain their own force, in order to ensure

ease of doing business, and enforce monopolies.

Mughals saw the forces and fortifications as threat, and

attacked and destroyed the Company’s forts and factories
in this period.
 The Siddis were
based at Janjira
fort

1689 – Mughal Navy under Admiral Sidi Yukub attacked Bombay.

1690 – EIC forced to surrender and beg for pardon from Aurangzeb.
EIC’s bargaining chips:
Mughals were losing revenue from lack of British trade.
With control of the seas, the British were disrupting the Haj
pilgrimage to Mecca.

1690 – Treaty with the Mughals.

– EIC allowed to regain Bombay, after paying a huge fine.
– EIC agent Job Charnock gains permission for the EIC to
set up factory at Sutanuti in Bengal.

1691 – Permit for free trade in Bengal, in return for ₹3000

annual fees.
EIC soldiers apologizing to Aurangzeb
“In 1693, less than a century after its foundation, the
Company was discovered to be using its own shares
for buying the favours of parliamentarians, as it
annually shelled out £1,200 a year to prominent MPs
and ministers.

The bribery, it turned out, went as high as the

Solicitor General, who received £218, and the
Attorney General, who received £545.

The parliamentary investigation into this, the world’s

first corporate lobbying scandal, found the EIC guilty
of bribery and insider trading and led to the
impeachment of the Lord President of the Council
and the imprisonment of the Company’s Governor.”
1696 – Sutanati fortified, after conflict with the local
zamindar.

1698 – EIC buys zamindari of the 3 villages of Sutanuti,

Gobindpur, and Kalikata (Kalighat), for ₹1200.
– These three villages later became modern Calcutta.

1700 to 1701 – Fort William built at Sutanuti.

– Named after King William III of England.
1701 to 1708 – The British Parliament allows another
company to trade in India, in order to curb the EIC’s
monopoly.

However, the other company could not compete, and

failed soon.

It was then amalgamated with the EIC, to form the ‘United
Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East
Indies.’
1717 – Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar gives farmans to the British
mission led by John Surman.
Called Magna Carta of the East India Company.

IMPACT:
In Bengal – exemption of customs duties for the East India
Company’s imports and exports.
– Only an annual payment of ₹3000 to the Mughal Emperor.
– EIC permitted to issue dastaks (passes) for the transport of
goods.
– EIC allowed to rent more lands around Calcutta.
In Hyderabad – EIC already had rights of free trade and that
was continued under the new farmans.
– EIC would pay the prevailing rent for
Madras only.

In Surat – EIC to pay ₹10,000 annually.

– All other duties exempted.

Coins of the EIC were to be valid throughout Mughal

territories.
In 1750, the EIC only had 3000 troops in India.

1763 = 26,000 troops.

1778 = 67,000 troops.
The EIC’s Navy at Bombay was called Bombay Marines.
 The French
1664 – A French company for trading in India – Compagnie
des Indes Orientales – is established.
– Last among all Europeans to arrive in India.

1667 – 1st factory at Surat.

1669 – Factory at Masulipatnam.

1673 – Francis Martin founded Pondicherry.

– Pondicherry became headquarters of French
possessions in India.
1673 – Permission from the Mughals to set up a township in
Bengal – Chandernagore.

1693 to 1697 – Brief Dutch occupation of Pondicherry.

The French Company was government run.

Wars in Europe weakened the Company.

1720 – Revived as the ‘Perpetual Company of the Indies.’

1740s – Joseph Francis Dupleix becomes Governor General of

Pondicherry.
Why did the French fail to compete with the EIC?
• EIC enjoyed support from the British Parliament.

• The relationship between EIC and Westminster grew throughout the

18th century and became symbiotic.

• Returned EIC officers like Clive used their wealth to buy both MPs
and parliamentary seats – the famous Rotten Boroughs.

• In turn, Parliament backed the Company with state power: the ships
and soldiers that were needed when the French and British East
India Companies trained their guns on each other.
 The Danes
1620 – Established trade settlement in India.

Important Danish settlement in India was Serampore in

Bengal – headquarters in India.

They failed to strengthen themselves in India.

1845 – Left after selling all their settlements to the British.

Serampore, erstwhile
Danish colony
Danish Tavern, at Srirampur today
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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore