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Improved testing method of dynamic cone penetrometer in laboratory for

evaluating compaction properties of soil subgrade

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DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2015.1091375

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 Road Materials and Pavement Design

ISSN: 1468-0629 (Print) 2164-7402 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/trmp20

Improved testing method of dynamic cone

penetrometer in laboratory for evaluating
compaction properties of soil subgrade

Bo Yang, Rui Zhang, Xudong Zha, Chuang Liu & Qinxue Pan

To cite this article: Bo Yang, Rui Zhang, Xudong Zha, Chuang Liu & Qinxue Pan (2015):
Improved testing method of dynamic cone penetrometer in laboratory for evaluating
compaction properties of soil subgrade, Road Materials and Pavement Design, DOI:
10.1080/14680629.2015.1091375

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 Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1091375

Improved testing method of dynamic cone penetrometer in laboratory for

evaluating compaction properties of soil subgrade
Downloaded by [Changsha University of Science & Technology], [Bo YANG] at 16:56 22 November 2015

Bo Yanga∗ , Rui Zhanga,b , Xudong Zhaa,b , Chuang Liuc and Qinxue Pana
a National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology, Changsha University of Science
and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, People’s Republic of China; b Hunan Co-innovation Center
for Advanced Construction and Maintenance Technology of Modern Highway Infrastructure, Changsha
University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, People’s Republic of China; c Department
of Transport of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570204, People’s Republic of China

(Received 23 April 2014; accepted 2 September 2015 )

Based on the wide application of dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) in detecting engineering
for subgrade, this paper analyses the influence of moisture content on penetration ratios (PRs)
when DCP penetrates the compaction specimens of soil and proposes a laboratory testing
method of DCP. Through contrasting experiments in the laboratory, degree of compaction,
initial moisture content and PRs are regressed with multivariate linear correlation equations
of which the correlation coefficients are all greater than 0.9. The corresponding tests including
the DCP test, portable falling weight deflectometer test, CBR test and sand cone test are also
carried out in the field, the field test results were regressed according to the corresponding
regression equations proposed in the laboratory. Parameters of the regression equations for
laboratory and field test results are compared and deviations are analysed, the results show
that the relative deviations are less than 0.1, which indicates that there are good consistencies
between laboratory and field regression equations. Therefore, as long as the moisture content
and PR of the soil are measured, compaction qualities and mechanical indexes of subgrade
in the field can be accurately predicted according to multivariate regression proposed in the
laboratory.
Keywords: subgrade engineering; DCP; multivariate regression; penetration ratio; com-
paction properties; dynamic moduli; CBR

1. Introduction
Degree of compaction, water content and resilient moduli (M R ) are the major technical indexes
for subgrade, which significantly affect the ability of resistance to deformation and bearing
capacity of subgrade (Cary & Zapata, 2011; Ng, Zhou, Yuan, & Xu, 2013). Therefore, it is par-
ticularly important to test these indexes to evaluate the compaction qualities of subgrade (Salour,
Erlingsson, & Zapata, 2014).
The sand cone method, cutting ring method, water-filling method, and electric soil samples
method are conventional methods for testing the degree of compaction (Patel, 2013; Zhu, Wang,
& Zhang, 2013). However, these methods have disadvantages due to long time and complex
operation in testing and damage of subgrade. The nuclear densimeter method is an optional
method with convenient operation and non-damage to subgrade (Taylor & Kansara, 1967), but it
is harmful to human health due to its radioactivity and its testing error being high. Portable falling

*Corresponding author. Email: ybengineer@tom.com

© 2015 Taylor & Francis

 2 B. Yang et al.

weight deflectometer (PFWD) is a rapid method for testing M R of subgrade. It can be also used to
test the degree of compaction of clay subgrade (Chai et al., 2013; Hoffmann, Guzina, & Drescher,
2004). However, the testing range of PFWD with 30 cm in depth is limited. It is necessary to
develop a quick, simple, safe and accurate testing method for compaction of degree and M R of
subgrade.
The dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), which is shown in Figure 1, is an instrument for
probing soil strength through developing a shear failure zone and measuring corresponding pene-
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tration resistance of soil at different depths in the field (Herath, Mohammad, Gaspard, Gudishala,
& Abu-Farsakh, 2005). It can continuously test strength in depth with a range from 0 to 85 cm
in standard, and maximum testing depth is 2 m with an extension bar, The interface in the soil
can be identified and thickness of each layer can be easily determined through the DCP test due
to different strengths of each layer. A testing result of DCP in the field is shown in Figure 2.
The penetration ratio (PR) in a layer can be calculated according to Equation (1) because vari-
ation in the number of drops with depth is linear, the bigger the strength of material is, the
smaller the PR is. DCP also has many advantages in fast testing, easy operation, low cost,

Figure 1. Structure of DCP (unit: mm).

 Road Materials and Pavement Design 3
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Figure 2. Example DCP test result.

reliable results, etc. Previous studies have mainly focused on applying PR in evaluating com-
paction qualities of subgrade. Correlation between CBR and PR of clay, shown in Equation (2),
is given in AASHTO (George & Uddin, 2000; Roy, 2007). Two statistical models were devel-
oped to predict the resilient moduli of cohesive soils subgrade from DCP (Mohammad, Herath,
Abu-Farsakh, Gaspard, & Gudishala, 2007). PR was used to evaluate the CBR of Class C fly ash-
stabilised soils through laboratory tests (Misra, Upadhyaya, Horn, Kondagari, & Gustin, 2006).
DCP can evaluate the modulus of subgrade reaction, shear modulus and the friction angle of
the sandy soils in the laboratory (Mohammadi, Nikoudel, Rahimi, & Khamehchiyan, 2008). The
stiffness of subgrades chemically treated with lime kiln dust can also evaluated by DCP (Jung,
Jung, Siddiki, & Bobet, 2013). The correlations between PR, Liquidity Index and degree of sat-
uration were also established in the laboratory, shown in Equations (3) and (4) (Gabr, Coonse,
& Lambe, 2001; Patel, Patel, & Dadhich, 2013). In the previous proposed correlation equations,
PR was usually considered as the only independent variable, so that the calculation accuracy of
the empirical equations was generally not good. The correlation coefficients in previous studies
mostly were not greater than 0.8 because the degree of compaction and moisture content of soil
were not considered at the same time in previous equations. Mechanical property of soils is sen-
sitive to variation of moisture content which cannot be ignored when correlation equations of PR
are established.

y
PR = , (1)
n
CBR = 405.3PR−1.259 , (2)
LI = 0 .65 Log PR − 1.2, (3)
−0.065×PR
S =1−e , (4)

where PR is the penetration ratio (mm/drop), y the total penetration depth in one layer (mm),
LI the Liquidity Index, and S the degree of saturation in per cent (%).
 4 B. Yang et al.

Considering the limitation of the previous study on testing methods and correlation equations
for PR, the authors of this paper measure PR, M R and CBR of different states of moisture content
and degree of compaction in the laboratory and field, compare the testing results of the laboratory
and field, analyse the influence of moisture content on PR in the process of penetration, propose
a laboratory testing method of DCP, put forward a new multivariate regression equation of PR
with moisture content and degree of compaction as variables.
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2. Laboratory tests on compaction properties of clay

The soil sample used in the laboratory tests of this paper is obtained from Yi-ning expressway in
central south of China. The physical properties of this soil sample are given in Table 1, the soil
is classified as high liquid limit clay (CH) with good gradation.
In order to study the influence of moisture content on PR measured by DCP, different soil
specimens of different initial moisture contents and dry density of statically compacted layer by
layer in moulds with 220 mm in height and 152 mm in diameter, and two cushion blocks of 50
mm thickness at top and bottom, respectively, are shown in Figure 3. According to designed
initial dry density and moisture content, the corresponding mass of the specimen put into the
mould can be calculated per Equation (5). Then, the specimen with designed initial moisture
content and dry density can be prepared in the mould by static compaction. The initial dry density
is designed according to different degrees of compaction, 90%, 93%, and 96%, respectively,
which is common degree of compaction in subgrade engineering

m = (γd max × K) × (1 + w) × V, (5)

where m is the mass of clay soil in the mould (g); γ dmax the maximum dry density of the clay
soil (g/cm3 ); K the degree of compaction, the initial ratio of dry density over the maximum dry
density (%); w the initial moisture content (%) and V the capacity volume of the mould (cm3 ).
The initial moisture content is designed according to the degree of saturation from 0.19 to 1,
the moisture content of specimen with degree of compaction 96% and degree of saturation 1 is
22% which is the maximum designed initial moisture content. Considering particularly dry state
in theory, the minimum moisture content is designed as 5%. In order to obtain the variation of
compaction properties with initial moisture content, other four initial moisture contents, 10%,
15%, 16.8%, and 20%, are designed between the maximum and the minimum moisture content,
the initial moisture content of 16.8% is the optimum moisture content of this clay. Then 18 groups
of specimens with 3 dry density and 6 initial moisture content specimens are prepared, there are
12 parallel specimens in each groups, every three parallel specimens are used in the DCP test,
PFWD M R test, soaking 4 days California bearing ratio (CBRw ) test and dry California bearing
ratio (CBRd ) test, respectively. Due to the height of the mould, the maximum penetration depth
using DCP is 12 cm. The experimental process is shown in Figure 4.

Table 1. Physical properties of the soil sample.

Optimum
Liquid Plastic Plasticity Nonuniform Curvature moisture Maximum dry
Specific limit limit Index ≤ 0.074 coefficient coefficient content density
gravity wL /% wP /% I P /% mm/ % Cu Cc wopt /% ρ dmax /(g/cm3 )

2.69 52.9 28.4 24.5 91.76 5.59 1.12 16.8 1.76

 Road Materials and Pavement Design 5

2.1. Variation PR of compaction properties

According to testing results, variation of PR with initial moisture content and degree of
compaction is shown in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.
Figures 5 and 6 show that PR of the specimen in the state of the optimum moisture con-
tent is the minimum in each degree of compaction. When the initial moisture content is less
than the optimum moisture content, PR linearly decreases with an increase in the initial mois-
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ture content. When the initial moisture content is more than the optimum moisture content, PR
linearly increases with an increase in the initial moisture content. With certain initial moisture
contents, PR linearly decreases with an increase in degree of compaction. At a certain degree of
compaction, the mass of dry soil particles in mould remains consistent with change of initial of
moisture content. When the initial moisture content is particularly low, soil particles are indepen-
dent due to large air void; with the increase in the moisture content, soil particles are gradually
surrounded by water and linked by the water membrane; the capillary effect formed by the water

Figure 3. Structure of the compaction mould.

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4. Comparing tests in laboratory. (a) DCP tests in mould. (b) Specimen after DCP. (c) PFWD tests.
(d) CBR tests.
 6 B. Yang et al.

membrane pulls soil particles together and increases the effective stress of soil, thus stress and
stiffness of soil increase, therefore PR decreases with the increase in the initial moisture con-
tent, when the moisture content increases to the optimum, the capillary effect is the strongest and
PR decreases to the minimum. Compared with the PR in moisture content of 5%, the average
PR in the optimum moisture content decreases 36.7% from 6.6 to 4.1 mm/drop. With the initial
moisture content increases and exceeds the optimum moisture content, water is dominant in the
void of soil particles, water membrane decreases and gradually disappears, the capillary effect
Downloaded by [Changsha University of Science & Technology], [Bo YANG] at 16:56 22 November 2015

decreases. Thus, the strength and stiffness of soil decrease with the initial moisture content. Com-
pared with the PR in optimum moisture content, the average PR in the optimum moisture content
increases 226.8% from 4.1 to 13.4 mm/drop. According to Figures 5 and 6, the PR, initial mois-
ture content and degree of compaction are regressed and the multivariate regression equation,
Equation (6), is obtained


21.87 − 0.21w − 0.15K; w ≤ wopt , R = 0.9803,
PR = (6)
8.87 + 1.78w − 0.37K; w ≥ wopt , R = 0.9870,

where w is the initial moisture content (%), K is the degree of compaction (%), wopt is the
optimum moisture content, and R is the absolute value of correlation coefficient.
The correlation coefficients in Equation (6) are both greater than 0.95, which indicates that
multivariate linear correlation exists between PR, initial moisture content and degree of com-
paction. However, degree of compaction has been brought into standard and appears more
frequently than PR in the construction detection. In order to facilitate the construction detection,

Figure 5. PR ∼ w.

Figure 6. PR ∼ K.
 Road Materials and Pavement Design 7

(a) (b) (c)

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Figure 7. Correlations between PR and other indexes in laboratory. (a) Relation curves of M R ∼ PR. (b)
Relation curves of CBRd ∼ PR. (c) Relation curves of CBRw ∼ PR.

the degree of compaction is expressed as a dependent variable and the multivariate correlation
between degree of compaction, initial moisture content and PR, Equation (7), is obtained

131.57 − 1.05w − 5.00PR; w ≤ wopt , R = 0.8714,
K= (7)
46.76 + 3.18w − 1.79PR; w ≥ wopt , R = 0.8176.

The correlation coefficients in Equation (7) are both greater than 0.8, which indicates that the
degree of compaction of soil in mould can be quickly calculated by initial moisture content and
PR according to Equation (7).

2.2. Analysis correlation between PR, MR , and CBR

The variation of M R , CBRd , CBRw , with PR is shown in Figure 7, the three indexes all decrease
with an increase in PR irespective of the initial moisture content being greater or lesser than the
optimum moisture content. Theoretically, when PR is infinity that is, the strength and stiffness
of soil are zero; when PR is zero that is, the strength and stiffness of soil are infinity, so do M R ,
CBRd and CBRw . Therefore, the power function model is used to obtain the regression between
PR with M R , CBRd and CBRw , respectively, which are shown in Equations (8)–(10)

1573.60PR−1.2559 ; w ≤ wopt , R = 0.9997,
MR = (8)
573.78PR−0.4620 ; w ≥ wopt , R = 0.8786,

206.71PR−0.8280 ; w ≤ wopt , R = 0.9280,
CBRd = (9)
−0.6581
168.01PR ; w ≥ wopt , R = 0.9573,

8745.70PR−4.4982 ; w ≤ wopt , R = 0.9736,
CBRw = (10)
53.26PR−0.9615 ; w ≥ wopt , R = 0.9756,

where M R is the dynamic moduli tested by PFWD, MPa; CBRd is the California bearing ratio
tested at the initial moisture content, %; CBRw is the California bearing ratio tested after soaking
for 4 days, %.
 8 B. Yang et al.
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Figure 8. Comparing tests in field.

The correlation coefficients of Equations (8)–(10) which are expressed as the power function
are greater than 0.87, which indicate that there is good power correlation between PR and the
other three indexes, as long as PR of soil sample is measured, M R , CBRd and CBRW can be
estimated by Equations (8)–(10).
Usually CBRw is mainly the standard index for evaluation strength of soil in the laboratory, it
is closely related to the initial moisture content (Zheng, Zhang, & Yang, 2009), but the time
to prepare CBRw test for soil, soaking for 4 days, is relatively long, in order to test CBRw
conveniently, the correlations among CBRw , PR and initial moisture contents were regressed
and the multivariate power function regression equation, Equation (11), is obtained.

CBRw = 2.0034 × PR−1.2828 × w1.3228 (R = 0.9574). (11)

The correlation coefficient of Equation (11) is greater than 0.95, as long as PR and initial mois-
ture content are measured, the CBRw of soil specimens can be accurately predicted immediately
without soaking 4 days by Equation (11).
The above analyses all consider the influence of the initial moisture content, so the improved
testing method of DCP proposed in this paper can estimate the compaction qualities and stiffness
of soil in different humidity states as well.

3. Field tests on compaction properties of subgrade

In order to verify the above regression equations which were proposed according to the laboratory
testing results, similar tests including the DCP test, PFWD test, CBR test and sand cone test were
carried out on a trail embankment with 600 m in length and 6 m in height in the central south of
China. The sand cone test is for measuring dry density of soil in the field. The soil sample used
in laboratory tests was obtained from this section.
Two lines of measuring points in the field are selected in a lane, one line is located along
the mid-lane, another is located along the right wheel path of the lane, the interval of every
two measuring points in a line is 20 m. Therefore, measuring points are 62 in total. At each
measuring point, the PFWD test, CBRd test, DCP test and sand cone test are conducted in order,
which are shown in Figure 8. The depth of penetration of the DCP test is 30 cm from the top of
subgrade which is the range of upper roadbed. At each measuring point, the former three tests
were conducted in a same position, the last test, sand cone test, is conducted besides the position
with 5 cm in horizontal distance.
The corresponding testing results are shown in Figure 9.
 Road Materials and Pavement Design 9

(a) (b)
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(c) (d)

(e)

Figure 9. Field testing results. (a) DCP PR field testing results. (b) Compactness by sand cone field testing
results. (c) Moisture content field testing results. (d) PFWD dynamic moduli field testing results. (e) CBR
field testing results.

According to the field testing results, the correlations between the degree of compaction, initial
moisture content and PR are regressed and given in Equation (12)

134.94 − 1.08w − 5.39PR; w ≤ wopt , n = 18, R = 0.9001,
K= (12)
49.36 + 3.47w − 1.92PR; w ≥ wopt , n = 44, R = 0.8923.
 10 B. Yang et al.

Table 2. Multivariate regression parameters both in the laboratory and field.

Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Constant Constant
of w of w of PR of K coefficient coefficient
Type (w ≤ w0 ) (w ≥ w0 ) (w ≤ w0 ) (w ≥ w0 ) (w ≤ w0 ) (w ≥ w0 )

Laboratory − 1.05 3.18 − 5.00 − 1.79 131.57 46.76

Field − 1.08 3.47 − 5.39 − 1.92 134.94 49.36
Downloaded by [Changsha University of Science & Technology], [Bo YANG] at 16:56 22 November 2015

Absolute 0.03 0.29 0.39 0.13 3.37 2.60

deviations
Relative 0.03 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.03 0.06
deviations

Figure 10. EP ∼ EPC.

Figure 11. CBRd ∼ CBRdC .

Compared with the correlations, shown in Equation (7), Equation (12) is different in regres-
sion parameters. The regression parameters of the two equations are listed in Table 2, meanwhile
absolute and relative deviations of each parameter are also listed in Table 2. All the relative
deviations are less than 0.1, which shows that there are good consistencies between labora-
tory and field testing results and verifies the improved testing method based on DCP in the
laboratory.
M RC and CBRdC are calculated according to Equations (8) and (9), respectively, and compared
with the testing results in the field, shown in Figures 10 and 11, respectively. From the figures,
 Road Materials and Pavement Design 11

it can be seen that the differences between the two M R and two CBRd are generally less than
20%, which suggests that the robustness of DCP regression considering the variation of moisture
content in the laboratory is very good.
Therefore, the index PR which can be easily and rapidly measured by the DCP test can quanti-
tatively reflect the degree of compaction, stiffness indexed by M R and strength indexed by CBR
accurately in certain moisture contents, when the correlations between the indexes are obtained
by laboratory tests.
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4. Conclusions
This paper considers the initial moisture content as a very sensitive factor for PR to propose an
improved testing method of DCP for rapid testing the compaction and mechanical properties of
soil subgrade. According to the contrast tests both in the laboratory and in field, conclusions are
summarised as follows:

(1) Laboratory test results show that PR of soil specimen at the optimum moisture content
is the minimum for each degree of compaction. When initial moisture content is less
than the optimum moisture content, PR linearly decreases with an increase in the initial
moisture content. When the initial moisture content is greater than the optimum moisture
content, PR linearly increases with an increase in the initial moisture content. For certain
initial moisture contents, PR linearly decreases with the degree of compaction. According
to the test results, degree of compaction, initial moisture content and PR are regressed
with the proposed multivariate correlation equations whose correlation coefficients are
all greater than 0.8.
(2) M R , CBRd and CBRw measured in the laboratory all decrease with an increase in PR.
Correlations between PR and M R , CBRd and CBRw are regressed with power func-
tion, respectively, whose correlation coefficients are greater than 0.85 in order to predict
CBRw with 4 days soaking. Correlations between CBRw , initial moisture and PR are
regressed with the multivariate power function, whose correlation coefficient is greater
than 0.95.
(3) The field test results are regressed according to the corresponding regression equations
proposed in the laboratory. Regression parameters of the regression equations for the
laboratory and field test results are compared and deviations are analysed, the relative
deviations of regression parameters are less than 0.1, which shows that there are good
consistencies between laboratory and field testing results. As long as to the moisture
contents and PR of subgrade are measured, degree of compaction of subgrade can be
calculated according to multivariate regression in the laboratory.
(4) According to PR and initial moisture content measured in the field, M RC and CBRdC
are predicted according to the proposed regression equations and compared with the
M R and CBRd measured in the field. The differences are less than 20%, which indi-
cate that the robustness of the regression considering the variation in moisture content
in the laboratory is very good. Therefore, the index PR which can be easily and
rapidly measured by the DCP test in the field can quantitatively reflect degree of
compaction, stiffness indexed by M R and strength indexed by CBR accurately for
certain moisture contents, when the correlations between the indexes are obtained by
laboratory tests.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
 12 B. Yang et al.

Funding
The work described in this paper was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 51108049; No. 51078045), Hainan Transportation Research Project (JT20140898006), Guangdong
Transportation Research Project (2013-00-002), Projects of Graduate Student Research Innovation Fund in
Hunan Province (No. CX2013B364; No. CX2013B365).

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