EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)

Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

1  gT 2  cosh [2 ( z  d ) / L]  2   2 t   2 t 
fD  CD  g D H 
2
2    cos   cos   (VI-5-293)
2  4 L  cosh [2 pid / L]    T   T 

 Equations VI-5-292 and VI-5-293 show that the two force components vary with
elevation z on the pile and with time t. The inertia force fi is maximum for sin (-2πt/T) = 1, which
corresponds to t = -T/4 for linear wave theory. Thus, the maximum inertia force on the pile
occurs T/4 seconds before the passage of the wave crest that occurs at t = 0 (see Equation
VI-5-289). The maximum value of the drag force component fD coincides with passage of the
wave crest at t = 0.

 The magnitude of the maximum inertia force per unit length of pile varies with depth
the same as the horizontal acceleration component (Equation VI-5-291). The maximum value
occurs at the swl (z = 0) and decreases with depth. The same trend is true for the maximum drag
force per unit length of pile except the decrease with depth is more rapid because the depth
attenuation factor (cosh [2π(z+d)/L}/cosh[2πd/L]) is squared in Equation VI-5-293.

 The total time-varying force and the time-varying moment acting about the mudline
is found for linear wave theory by integrating Equations VI-5-283 and VI-5-284 between the
bottom and the swl (z = 0) using the expressions for fi and fD given by Equations VI-5-292 and
VI-5-293, respectively. The integration results in total force and moment components given by
Equations VI-5-285 through VI-5-288 with values of the dimensionless parameters Ki , KD , Si ,
and SD given by

1  2 d   2 t 
Ki  tanh   sin  -  (VI-5-294)
2  L   T 

1 4 d / L   2 t   2 t 
KD   1  cos   cos  
8 sinh [4 d / L]   T   T 
(VI-5-295)
1  2 t   2 t 
 n cos   cos  
4  T   T 

1- cosh [2 d / L]
Si  1  (VI-5-296)
(2 d / L) sinh [2 d / L]

1 1  1 1- cosh [4 d / L] 
SD      (VI-5-297)
2 2 n  2 (4 d / L) sinh [4 d / L] 

where

Cg 1 4 d / L 
n  1  (VI-5-298)
C 2 sinh [4 d / L] 

VI-5-283
EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)
 The maximum values for total inertia force and moment are found by taking t = -T/4
in Equations VI-5-294 and VI-5-296, respectively. Likewise, the maximum values for total drag
force and moment are found by taking t = 0 in Equations VI-5-295 and VI-5-297, respectively. A
conservative design approach would be to sum the individual maximum inertia and drag
components that occur during a wave cycle to get total maximum force and moments. However,
the individual maximums do not occur simultaneously, so the real maximum total force and
moment wil be somewhat less. The correct method is to calculate the time-varying sum of inertia
and drag components, and then use the maximum sum that occurs over the wave cycle. The time
at which the maximum occurs may vary depending on the selected values for CM and CD.

 Although linear wave theory provides a nice closed-form solution for forces and
moments on slender cylindrical piles, in practice the hydrodynamics associated with the steeper
design wave conditions will not be well predicted by linear wave theory. Even more critical is
the fact that linear theory provides no estimate of the force caused by that portion of the wave
above the swl, an area where the horizontal velocities and accelerations are the greatest. An ad
hoc adjustment is to assume a linear force distribution having a maximum value of force
estimated at the still-water line and a value of zero at the crest location of the linear wave (H/2
above the swl). Most likely, the design wave will be nonlinear with steep wave crests and with
much of the wave height above the swl, and it would be well advised to use an appropriate
nonlinear wave theory in the force and moment calculation.

(b) Nonlinear wave theory.

 Design conditions for vertical cylindrical piles in coastal waters will most likely
consist of nonlinear waves characterized by steep crests and shallow troughs. For accurate force
and moment estimates, an appropriate nonlinear wave theory should be used to calculate values
of u and du/dt corresponding to the design wave height, wave period, and water depth.

 The variation of fi and fD with time at any vertical location on the pile can be
estimated using values of u and du/dt from tables such as Stoke's fifth-order wave theory
(Skjelbriea et al. 1960) or stream-function theory (Dean 1974). Computer programs based on
higher order monochromatic wave theories may be available to ease the task associated with
using tabulated wave kinematics.

 The separate total maximum inertia force and moment and total drag force and
moment on a vertical cylindrical pile subjected to nonlinear waves can be estimated using
Equations VI-5-285 through VI-5-288. Values for Ki , KD , Si , and SD in Equations VI-5-285 -
VI-5-288 are given by Kim , KDm , Sim, and SDm , respectively, in the nomograms shown in Figures
VI-5-126 through VI-5-129. (Note: In the nomograms the subscript m is used to denote
maximum.) These nomograms were constructed using stream-function theory (Dean 1974), and
they provide the maximum total force and total moment for the inertia and drag components
considered separately rather than the combined total force and moment. The curves in Figures
VI-5-126 to VI-5-129 represent wave height as a fraction of the breaking wave height. For
example, curves labeled 1/2 Hb represent H/Hb = 1/2. Breaking wave height is obtained from
Figure VI-5-130 for values of d /gT 2 using the curve labeled Breaking Limit.

VI-5-284
 EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)
 For linear waves, the maximum inertia force occurs at t = -T/4 and the maximum drag
force occurs at t = 0. However, for nonlinear waves the times corresponding to maximum inertia
and drag forces are phase dependent and not separated by a constant quarter wavelength as in
linear wave theory.

 The total maximum force Fm , where the sum of the inertia and drag components is
maximum, can be estimated using Figures VI-5-131 to VI-5-134. These figures were also
constructed using stream-function theory. Figure selection is based on the nondimensional
parameter

CM D
W  (VI-5-299)
CD H

and the drawn curves give values of φm corresponding to the known parameters H/gT 2 and d/gT2.

VI-5-285
 Change 3 (28 Sep 11)
EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
0 .6

0.5

0.4

Kim 0.3
VI-5-286

0.2

0.1

o, 2 3 4 5 6. 7 8 9 I 2 3 4 567891 2 3 4 567891
xlo-• xi0-3 xi0- 2
d
gT2

Figure VI-5-126. Kim versus relative depth, d/gT2

 EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

f. 1-' ·I'-'

t=:
IJ

N
I
~2
)o(

Figure VI-5-127. KDm versus relative depth, d/gT2

~

10

..,
I
~0-,:,t;, IN
)o(

~~- ~g
- - 10

b •I
1-i- ~0
~J . )o(

~~ :·1-
t..L

C\! - ~ ~ (~
l
~ ~ ~ 'I
~ C\! -
Jl 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E
0
~

VI-5-287
EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

~~ f- t=. . f~ ~
~

Figure VI-5-128. Inertia force moment arm Sim versus relative depth, d/gT2
N

en
co
,._
U>

~~
- ~
en
co
,._
U>

-r-

N 0 en co ,._ U> It) v rt) N 0

- - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_§
V>

VI-5-288
 EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

I()

I
0
~­
)(

Figure VI-5-129. Drag force moment arm SDm versus relative depth, d/gT2
I1 1\

~~ (J)
ClO
,.._
U>
It)

~
...
~a~~ )(

C\1

--

~ C\1 0 (J) ClO

,.._ U> ~ C\1
ci 0 0 0 0 0 0
E
Q
en

VI-5-289
EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

Figure VI-5-130. Breaking wave height and regions of validity of various wave theories

VI-5-290
 0 04
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003
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0.006
f.i:' :==: .i!~ ·1i' j::~ ~: ~ :~ -~'ti} 'i ;- ~ ~ \' :'i.: :•d ;:,; .::; ;.;, ~ I' ~lri.Vfi'fi :/'/ A i' :;:. ) ' I ~WW i~i.~r81 ..- • ' ::- : i' 'i .::. : : ::;,~:1
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0,004
VI-5-291

H
-:;:T
gT 0.003
.- - j '~~- ;, i. j :: :

fl+ '·i<-1"'
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: ::::=:·: ~ ~ !, il::";l:<l·:.:J
· 0.002
11:~1lf i ffi!m~li:flr !:r~i
P.+rlFli4=t· - t ' i ''
i- , ~~ ~·· . · •. .•·, . '', i
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::1!;:: <~; :5r'A!1~ ~~ . ;· ·-·~ : :;:~. :~;: · :·:: ~ ;·:;: ;:!:i::~

EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)

~ ' :;:1~11.:: ,p. !;.: f.l! ~ f= ~ 1·:-~F/L ' ; ;..., f ::: -::1. if IF![') ~1':::: ,:: I · J' :<:
!· ..: . , : !/ -: : ~: 1..;,;• =~,~ HJ ·:
:· :=:t c.L·~ ·t =: :. :· .:;: ~. "
0 . 0006
t!trl . : T.;:r~ t:i
Ltt. ':!!::-:±: ;t) ~p: \1; ::.o\'' r: q l : ~ ~·I <( . . ;t t, ; :; ." i ;!;, .:.: ~: : ..: ...,
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J ,..j· j ' :J . . . : :. ; .. :
~ ~ ~ : . ~ :~
: .! ..
··_..1
['[!' ,. :r::l
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, ·-~·"• ·~ IYYt'. '•'!''";'f.' " :; ..
~
l.t ~·:·_ .: ~- · --n.~ ~n ; · · ~ ·: i: ·: ~

Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

1 •• • · , , · ' :' 1&1 '
tEj:':'l-:#i iH!ft;·q;.;t!: "-' .. .:..c1· /LJ'lil"'';! / : ·~if.. '~. i:;l. ! kf~. ; J. ·: . ::!: : : I/ !.;.. ! '· : . :: : : .::.· : :. :... r~ . 1~' fftlb ·m · ~ ';"" "' li· ~ ·~ : · "::.1
JW1 1 ~' 1=flli ~ ~,.:tj -~~h -f.:P i-:: · · ! t : : J.''' IJ ! · ~It 1lj '· ··' " . , ....... . ,, .. . ., ' ' l tti'' ij~·~l!fj. ,
0 ·0004 _., :;: .:.:' .. , .. ": : -
'lj_J
=?" · ~i ·.r ¥ : ~!;}; 1G ~J.:/ . ti'i./ r.m:,:;:~;;~t ·r. ;:j i ;:·;;· ,~: ::~;~~:; <; ~c: ~;;;·"~! ~- .., --! .. . .

!· '':!,~ "'"1., ·~:: ~:r :~~

I
!>
' :· :, ;.' '

. mtilt:t:f'f'·.. c1t~- ~:t1-1JIHt ;~f.1 11' 1rl iinttiffll ~i:: ·;l~?r-=,~ .. ; !I= !L _::; :: : : . ~ ~ :·. ::;::_ri_:_=:t ';.if:E · ,_.=::·-:;; :·i · ' ;: iJ :ii: :::'1!:!!1
0 0003
0.0004 0.0006 0.001 0.002 0.00'4 0.006 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
d
gT2

Figure VI-5-131. Isolines of m versus H/gT2 and d/gT2 (W = 0.05)

EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

:..-c lmF.?J FJ
'=.- ..,
0
' ~;" I.;!:;.;: -;:_
i ~· f-;~::-
C\1
0

· ·-1 ~- ~-~
~-1-·- r·f ~~ 1
·'----~"+mrim H•trH: ~id#~*int~~~H+hH++++++~-~~~::~;~,~~~-•-M+#*' ~
~" l:~.~-l~·+· M~~-iH-~-~~~~~f'~ri~~~~r~+r~~~~·H+++~,~~r+~f'1 ~ffl111~;rrf~ li~~~~~~

--;..

Figure VI-5-132. Isolines of m versus H/gT2 and d/gT2 (W = 0.10)

~
0

0
0
..,
0
0

*
:;.j:1. _,

~¥,: :~+ :q t"- C\1

0
1~ ·::-:-: ~t:: -::-·-'= r-t+; 0
::::- =:-;:~ 1:-:.. -· ~;:~

II :
-ojtg.
i 0
0

fD
0
0

..
0

I I
0
c)

I ... .
N
8
0

-
0
0
0

~
0

..
0
0
0
0
0
0

..
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
0
GO
0
0
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0
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.
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0
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0
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0
0
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0
0
..
0
0
..,
0
0
~
0 0 0 0 0 0 C! 0 0
0 0 0

:z:l~

VI-5-292
 'l:-1 ' '
-'' 1;! uJ:; :m; ~~rrrn
0.03
.
t 1 l i

0.02
li:
n:rtl tTI'l'Htn rrnrmu!W.+t+l-mmmmmtlii!EJt
u-
,,
0.008 · -.I .

R-l+lfi --~
0.006

H
2
0.004

II r'~jT
!_ ;
~
=f:F·.: r1: :-_~- ~ ;J;; : ~~ =::
VI-5-293

gT 0.003
., 1 ;; :,~_,.H,_,_ ;_:._ ·- -w·;-;, ,i:_,,_.· '; .· ! t · · ~·•

it!:rf r ·•-
_J _
1-
• -- ~I ! Mf-' l"'-Tttt++ - • ;-
- "'1-'-
-t ~t--
-=-+-1
- -r
=- -·- -
--
- --+-:-·
·· r ,
j ' ' i
i ~ -:
-
•• , ,
.. I
,
' !
: . . ' ·--·
. ' - 1
-~ ; I-' ,- ..~1 ,. '.. ! - ;-'~!
...
0.002
ll11iT Iriml+
.~
~-- 1- +·r1
f-i-·1-,-j-
r-!-'1··-r-;
·· j··+·1 1
,.., r 1· -: <·
•.··' -t-, 1I :
1 I
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. · •"
I!
· .. :·::
,.,
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II j ! JU;; ..:,, , jl l ,:• q. .; .
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1-~1-1-W
+t±! 1
' -'tl 1-:--·1 ' ·;1 ;_:! ,:11
- i l l +- 1, :! ' ii' :r: ·;
l
l > ~ •~ ~ • •: • • JI 1."
0.001 I II I ' ·~
~~f--~r"T -~'-=.1
:::..:..rs~ .J -r·: !.. . ··Ff ~- : 1L
--~ - ' : t r :; -, I;;, ,;, r
a:-_ ~-~ id ~ HW-: :w~;
;;.-· =

EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)

t~
0.0006

Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

11-Wfj·l1-~:~:•tl'_
rr;
t,rk ~
0.0004

0.0003
IJ.uu04 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.0 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0.2 0.3 0.4

Figure VI-5-133. Isolines of m versus H/gT2 and d/gT2 (W = 0.50)

EM 1110-2-1100 (Part VI)
Change 3 (28 Sep 11)

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Figure VI-5-134. Isolines of m versus H/gT2 and d/gT2 (W = 1.0)

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VI-5-294