Hull Basic Training Course

Place
00 Month 2006

Basic Theory of Structural Design

Name
Title
ABS

1
Hull Basic Structural Course
CONTENTS
• History of Hull Structural Design
• Fundamentals of Steel Material
•Terminology for Hull Structural
Drawing

• Basic Theory of Structural Design

• Structural Details-Failure & Repair
• Hull Classification Rules
• Structural Design of Container Carrier
• Structural Design of Bulk Carrier
• Structural Design of Oil Carrier 2
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Beam Model (1)
W
W (Load)

Shear Force
Distribution
W Shearing

Bending Moment Edges of Paper

Distribution Scissors

WL

3
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Beam model (2)
W
W (Load)

L1 L2
L
Shear Force
Distribution
WL1/L
-WL2/L

Bending Moment
Distribution

-WL1L2/L

4
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Various Beam Models
Load Distribution Shear Force Distribution Bending Moment Distribution
w = const
(e) wL2/12
wL/2
L -wL/2
-wL2/24
x
F = -wL(1-2x/L)/2 M = wL2(1-6x/L+6x2/L2)/12
W
(f) W/2 WL/8
-W/2 - WL/8
L
x F = -W/2 [0<x<L/2] M = WL(1-4x/L)/8 [0<x<L/2]
F = W/2 [L/2<x<L] M = -3WL(1-4x/3L)/8 [L/2<x<L]
w = const
(g)
wL/2
-wL/2
L -wL2/8
x F = -wL(1-2x/L)/2 M = -wLx(1-x/L)/2
W
(h) W/2
L -W/2
- WL/4
x F = -W/2 [0<x<L/2] M = -Wx/2 [0<x<L/2]
F = W/2 [L/2<x<L] M = -W(L-x)/2 [L/2<x<L]

5
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Beam Model - Shear Stress & Bending Stress
F F
Beam
M M

Square Section Beam I-Section Beam

F F F
F
t tf bf
Shear Stress: Shear Stress:
y tw y
= (1.5F)[1-(2y/h) ]/(th)
2
= (1.5F)(K -4y )/K ,
2

h  0 1 2
0 h
where,
t K1=[bfh2-(bf-tw)(h-2tf)2]/tw,
  K2= bfh3-(bf-tw)(h-2tf)3.

M M
y Bending Stress:
0 N.A. = M / (I / y),
where,
I = th3/12
:moment of inertia
M M
y Bending Stress:
0 N.A. = M / (I / y),
where,
I = tw(h-2tf)3/12 + bftf(h-tf)2/2
: moment of inertia
6
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Beam Model - Shear Stress & Bending Stress
F F
Beam
M M

Box-Section Beam

bf F F
tf
Shear Stress:
tw y
h
N.A.
 0 = (1.5F)(K -4y )/K ,
1
2
2

where,
t K1=[bfh2-(bf-2tw)(h-2tf)2]/2tw,
 K2= bfh3-(bf-2tw)(h-2tf)3.

M M
y Bending Stress:
0 N.A. = M / (I / y),
where,
I = tw(h-2tf)3/6 + bftf(h-tf)2/2
: moment of inertia
7
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hull Girder Idealization

Hull Girder Bending as a Beam

Navigating in Wave

F F
Beam
M M

Shearing Force & Bending Moment

acting on Sections of Hull Girder Beam

8
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hooke’s Law
Before Applying Force Strain (Unit Elongation)

L  = [ (L+L)-L ] / L
= L / L

Stress (Force per Unit Area)

After Applying Force Hooke’s Law:

F F
 = E
L + L = (Modulus of Elasticity) x (Strain)

where E is the Moduls of Elastcity

(or Young’s Modulus) and constant.
9
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Bending of Hull Girder

Bending of Hull Girder

 = My/I = M/SM
= E = E L / L
where I is the moment of inertia,
SM is the section modulus of Hull Gir

Hull Girder after Bending

Upper Deck
Max Tensile Stress
y

Bottom
Max Compressive Stress
10
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Mode of Hull Girder Failure
Tension & Failure in Deck

Hogging Condition

Compression & Buckling in Bottom

Compression & Buckling in Deck

Sagging Condition

Tension & Failure in Bottom

11
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Mode of Hull Girder Failure
Hull Girder is treated as a
beam.

Bending Failure Mode

Shear Failure Mode

12
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Loads & Overall (Hull Girder) Behaviour of Simple
Rectangular Barge Uniform load/Still water
Hull Girder is
treated as a beam.

Dead Weight (DW)

Light Weight (LW)

Buoyancy (B)

Total Load (DW)+(LW)+(B)

Total Load is zero along hull length.

No shear force & bending moment

occur.

13
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Loads & Overall (Hull Girder) Behaviour of Simple
Rectangular Barge HOGGING
Hull Girder is
treated as a beam.
Cargo Weight (I)
Light Weight (II)

Buoyancy (III)

Total Load (I)+(II)+(III)

+ +
0 0 Shear Force Distribution
+ +
0 0 Bending Moment Distribution

14
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Loads & Overall (Hull Girder) Behaviour of Simple
Rectangular Barge SAGGING
Hull Girder is
treated as a beam.
Cargo Weight (I)
Light Weight (II)

Buoyancy (III)

Total Load (I)+(II)+(III)

+ +
0 0 Shear Force Distribution
0 0
Bending Moment Distribution
- -
15
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hull Girder Bending Moment
Various Loading
Conditions
Still-Water Bending Moment: Ms

A.P. F.P.

+
Wave-Induced Bending Moment: Mw
Hull Girder Bending as a Beam

=
Total Bending Moment: Mt

Dynamic Pressure
16
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hull Girder Bending Stress as a Beam

Neutral surface
occurs at the
center of area (or
Hull Girder Bending Stress Criteria
Calculated Stress = Mt/SM ≤ fp,
gravity).

where Mt: Total Wave Bending Moment (Ms+Mw)

I= ∫(y2)dA: Moment of Inertia of hull girder section

SM= I/y: section modulus of hull girder section,
Y: yield stress,
b: safety factor, m: material factor
fp = Y/b m. : permissible bending stress
17
Basic Theory of Structural Design

Hull Girder Strength Calculation is performed

assuming the hull girder as a beam.

The procedure how to calculate hull girder

bending moment & shear force is demonstrated
as follows.

A) Bending Moment & Calculation on a Simple

Beam

B) Bending Moment & Calculation on a Simple

Rectangular Barge by applying a Simple Beam
Calculation.

18
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hull Girder Shear Stress Distribution of Skin Plates
due to Vertical Shear Force

Box Section Beam

t b
f t f

h
w



Shear stress distribution in the section can be calculated using the

total Shear Force of calculated Still Water Shear Force & Wave
Shear Force (e.g., FT = FSW + FWAVE). 19
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Loads on Hull at Ocean-Going

Static Pressure, Dynamic Pressure, Inertia of Cargoes

20
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Kinds of Loads
a) Static Load
(i) Static External Sea Water Pressure
(ii) Static Cargo Pressure
(iii) Static Ballast Water Pressure
(iv) Static Concentrated Load

b) Dynamic Load
(i) Dynamic Sea Water Pressure
(ii) Dynamic Cargo Pressure
(iii) Dynamic Ballast Water Pressure
(iv) Dynamic Concentrated Load
21
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Load Transfer at Ship Structures
Primary Supporting
Plate Stiffener
member
Deck Deck Plate Deck Beam Deck Girder
Deck Longitudinal Deck Transverse

Side Side Shell Side Frame Horizontal Stringer

Web Frame
Side Longitudinal Web Frame

Inner Inner Bottom Tank Top (Frame) Bottom Girder

Bottom Plate Inner Bottom Longitudinal Floor

Bottom Bottom Plate Bottom Frame Bottom Girder

Bottom Longitudinal Floor

Bulkhead Bulkhead Plate Vertical Stiffener Horizontal Girder

Horizontal Stiffener Vertical Web

22
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hull Structural Responses at Sea

Stresses in Bottom

Hull Girder Bending Stress

a) Primary

+
Bending Stress between T.Bhds
b) Secondary

+
Bending Stress between Stiffeners

c) Tertiary 23
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hull Structural Responses at Sea (Example: Bottom Shell )

FEA (Detail) Stress Responses

Hull Girder Bending Stress (h) + Secondary
Bending Stress (s) +Local Bending
Stress () + Shear Stress ()

a) Primary
Floor 
As a plate element

Plate
between floors /
b) Secondary Longitudinals for p T
Yielding & Floor
Buckling Failure
L

l
ina

al
c) Tertiary

tud

din
gi

gitu
Lon

Lon
24
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Hull Structural Responses at Sea (Example: Bottom Longil. )
FEA (Detail) Stress Responses

Hull Girder Bending Stress (h) + Secondary

Bending Stress (s) +Local Bending Stress ()
 + h + s
As a beam element
for Yielding Failure
h s h s
a) Primary

As a beam element
between floors
b) Secondary
for Buckling Failure
Column Buckling h s h s
 + h +  s 
c) Tertiary
Torsional-Flexial Buckling h s h s
 h + s
25
Basic Theory of Structural Design

Example : Bulk Carrier,

Ore Loading Hold

26
Basic Theory of Structural Design

Optimized Scantling - Engineering analysis

 Frame/Grillage analysis
 2D Finite Element Analysis
 3D Finite Element Analysis
 Yielding
 Buckling
 Fatigue

27
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Failure Modes of Structures
Py= Ay
Py Py
a) Yielding Failure

P Pcr cr
b) Buckling Failure
cr: Critical Stress
: Sectional Area

c) Fatigue Failure Tensile ses

s
tr e
stress S 
cl ic
Stress 
(N/mm2)

Cy

 Crack
t (time) : Stress range
at N cycles at
Compressive Failure 28
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Global Strength FE analysis of Cargo Hold Structure
Global FEM Model

Solved Global FEM

Check:

Yielding of Hull Girder +

Primary Supporting Members

Buckling Capability of Primary

Structural Members

Deflection of Primary
Supporting
Member

29
Basic Theory of Structural Design

Hull Structural Strength Assessment

FEA (Detail) Strength Assessment (Example: Trans Ring)
V1
2154.

2024.

1894.

1764.

1633.

1503.

1373.

1243.

1112.

982.

851.8

721.5

591.3

461.
Y
330.8

200.5
OutputX Z Case 3
Set: Load
Deformed(25.21): Transl Disp. 70.28
Contour: VonMises Stress

30
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Fatigue Strength Assessment ( S-N Curve )
Cyclic Stress in Structure og(
Stress  (N/mm2)

Stress Range
)

og()
S-N Curve

NF

No. of Cycles to Failure

t (time)
1. NF is the predicted number
of cycles to failure of
  structure connection
under stress range .


2. S-N Curves vary according
to the details of structural
connections.

31
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Fatigue Strength Assessment ( S-N Curve )
1000

Stress Range (N/mm2)

S-N Curve
E

1
104 No. of Cycles of Stress 108

W
F2 G

32
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Zooming Analysis

33
Basic Theory of Structural Design
Zooming Analysis

Hopper Plate

Inner Bottom

34
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Zooming Analysis
Transverse Web
Hopper Plate Plate Behind

Inner Bottom

Floor

35
 Basic Theory of Structural Design
Zooming Analysis - Result

Hopper Plate Transverse Web

Plate Behind

Inner Bottom

Floor Longitudinal
Stiffeners

36
www.eagle.org

37
Q) How big is the strain at deck when the deck stress is
200 N/mm2 for the ship of 100m in length ?

38
 Q) Indicate 1) total load, 2) SF distribution,
3)BM distribution

Hull Girder is
treated as a beam.
Dead Weight (DW)
Light Weight (LW)

Buoyancy (B)

Total Load (DW)+(LW)+(B)

+ +
0 0 Shear Force Distribution
0 0
- - Bending Moment Distribution

39