PHYSICS (PH-1003)

GROUP 1
 OSCILLATION
AND
WAVES

ROLL NO.- 1827001 TO 1827015

 INTRODUCTION
Oscillation is the repetitive variation,
typically in time, of some measure
about a central value
(often a point of equilibrium) or
between two or more different states.
 The term vibration is precisely used to
describe mechanical oscillation. Familiar
examples oscillation include a swinging
pendulum, a spring-mass system and
alternating current.
 Simple harmonic motion
=> It is a special type of oscillatory motion or period motion
Consider a body of mass m, when an external force is applied it gets displaced.
hence forming a restoring force F(r) on the body
F(r) is directly proportional to displacement
F(r)= -ky
When F=F(r),simple harmonic motion is acheived
F=F(r)
Putting on equation, we get
Y=

And
 Damped Oscillation
Any oscillation in which the
amplitude of the oscillating quantity
decreases with time is known as
Damped Oscillation
Restoring Force : The tendency of this force is that it always tries to
bring the body (executing oscillation) back to its mean positon.
∴ It is dierctly proportional to the displacement.
∴ Let the Restoring Force to be denoted as FR
∴ FR ∝ - y. [here y is displacement] .
So , ∴ FR = -k y . [here k is restoring
constant] .
Damping/Damped Force : It is a retarding force proportional to the velocity acting
in the opposite direction of motion. Thus it may be written as
∴ Fd ∝ - dy /dt. [here y is displacement].
So , ∴ Fd = - b dy /dt. [here b is damping constant].
Fnet = FD + FR
By putting the values of all the forces
the differentian equation we get : d2y/dt2 + 2β dy/dt + ω02y = 0
 Under Damping :
• The system oscillates (at reduced frequency compared to the undamped case)
with the amplitude gradually decreasing to zero.
• This condition occured when β < ω0.
• Then β2 - ω02 becomes -ve. So , √(β2 - ω02 ) = +iω1 . [ by taking the
negative result as - ω12 it represents a constant value.]
• By taking A1 and A2 as A/2 eiθ and A/2 e-iθ respectively in the damping
dispalcement equation we get :
y = A e-βt cos(θ + ω1t).
•Over Damping :
• This condition occured when β > ω0.
•Then β2 - ω02 becomes +ve. So , √(β2 - ω02 ) = α . [ by taking the positive result as
α2 it represents a constant value.]
By putting the value of β2 - ω02 in the damping displacement equation as α we get:

y = A1 e(α-β)t + A2 e-(α+β)

Critical Damping :
•This condition occured when β = ω0.
•Then β2 - ω02 becomes Zero.
•The damping displacement equation becomes :
• y = e-βt [A1 + A2]
Time Period Of Damping Oscillation(T1):
For SHM , T = 2/ω0
For Damped Oscillation , T1 = 2/ω1
since , -ω21 = β2 - ω02 ω1 = √(ω02 - β2).
 T1 = 2/ √(ω02 - β2).
T1>T and f1 < f , Because √(ω02 - β2) < ω0
Decrement and logarithimic decrement :
The ratio of amplitude of two consecutive peaks of wave is said to be
decrement and the logarithimic value of it is known as logarithimic
decrement.
 ENERGY DECAY IN DAMPED
HARMONIC MOTION
Displacement of a damped harmonic oscillation can be given as :

y  Ae t cos(1t  )
dy
   Ae t  cos(1t  )  Ae t sin(1t  )1
dt
dy
   Ae t{ cos(1t  )  1 sin(1  )}
dt
TOTAL ENERGY( E )  POTENTIAL ENERGY( E )  KINETIC ENERGY( E K )
T P
 1 2
 EP  ky
2
1 1 k
E P  m o2{ Ae  t cos(1t   )}2  m o2 A 2e  2 t cos 2 (1t   )
..... ..[  o2 ]
2 2 m
1 dy
 EK  mv 2 ..... ..[v  ]
2 dt
1 dy 2 1 2  2 t 2
EK  m( )  mA e { cos2 (1t   )  12 sin 2 (1t   )  2  cos(1t   )1 sin(1t   )}
2 dt 2

ET  EP  EK
1 2  2 t 2 2
 ET  mA e [  cos (1t   )  12 sin 2 (1t   )  2 cos(1t   )1 sin(1t   )  o2 cos 2 (1t   )]
2
 1
ET  mA2e  2 t [cos 2 (1t   )( 2   o2 )  12 sin 2 (1t   )  1 sin 2 (1t   )]
2
 At time(t) :
1 2  2 t 2 2 2 2 2 2
  ET ( t)  mA e [(   o ){cos (1t   )}  1 { sin (1t   )}  1{sin (1t   )}]
2
1
  ET ( t)  mA 2e  2 t [  2   o2  12 ]
4
1 2  2 t 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  ET ( t)  mA e [o    o   ] ...................[1   o -  ]
4
1
 mA2 e  2 t 2 o2
4
1 2 2 -2 t
  E(t)  mω o A e
2
=> At time=0,

1 2 2
E0  mA o
2

::=Thus energy decreases exponentially with time.

 Forced Oscillations
Oscillations produced by an external periodic driving force (with a frequency
that’s not the natural frequency) are called forced oscillations. It is regulated
mainly by three forces restoring force,damping force and external periodic force.
OR
An oscillation imposed upon a body or system by and with the frequency of
some external vibrator of sensibly different frequency

Example:- Child's swing:as you push it the amplitude increases and if the
driving frequency is the same as the natural frequeny of the swing resonance
occurs
Dependency of Forced Oscillations
• Restoring Force :- Restoring force is directly proportional to displacement. i.e.

FR   y OR FR  ky …①

• Damping Force :-Damping force is directly proportional to velocity.

FD  v FD  bv
OR …②

External Applied Force :- This is the force applied by us.

Fext  F cos t …③

Note:- Negative sign indicate opposite direction of force.

 Derivation and Solution
 As the object is unergoinng forced oscillation,

Fnet  FR  FD  Fext
d 2y dy
m 2  ky  b  F cos t
dt dt
Also,can be written as:-

d 2y dy F
2
 2    0 y 
2
cos t …(4)
dt dt m

where, 2β=b/m and k

0 
2

m
 • Since it is a non homogenous differential equation its solution will be:-

Y (t )  Yp (t )  Yc (t ) …(5)

Where ,Yp(t)= Complimentary solution

Yc(t)= Particular integral

For Y2c(t),
d yc (t ) dyc (t )
 2    0 yc (t )  0
2
…(6)
dt 2 dt

On calculating we will get,

 t t  2  0 2  t  2  0 2
Yc (t ) e [ A1e  A2 e ]......................(7)
• For Yp(t),
d 2yp dyp F
2
 2    0 yp 
2
cos t
dt dt m …(8)

Let solution of above equation be,

…(9)
Yp (t )  A cos(t   )

Putting Y''p(t),Y'p(t) and Yp(t) in eqn 4,

we get,
F F
A cos(t   )( 0 2  2 )  2  A sin(t   )  cos(t   ). cos   sin(t   ) sin 
m m
…(10)
On comparing both side,

F …(11)
A( 0  ) 
2
cos 
2

m
And, F
2  A  sin  …(12)
m

Squaring and adding eqn (11) and eqn(12),

2
F
A {( 0 2  2 )  ( 4  2 2 )}  2
m
F
 A m
 0
2
  2 
2 2 2
 Resulting phase:-
On dividing eqn(12) by eqn(11),

 2  
tan    2 2  …(13)
  0  

1
 2  
  tan  2 2 
  0  
Conditions For Forced Oscillation:-
• When,   O
• Amplitude is directly proportional to the external force.

• But independent on the frequency as there is no angular frequecy, 

• Depends on natural frequency (F and M are constant)

2
A  (1 /  0 )
• When   0

• Amplitude is directly proportional to F (F and )

A  F / b
• Depends on damping coefficient
• Amplitude depends on magnitude of external force and frequency

tan   (2 ) / o
1
  tan ()
  /2
• When
   0
F
• Phase difference
A
m  4  4  2 2

is very large denominator is large. So

1 2
  tan (2 /  )
tan   0

 
 Resonance
• IF THE FREQUENCY OF EXTERNAL FORCE IS EQUAL TO THE
NATURAL FREQUENCY OF THE BODY THEN THE
AMPLITUDE OF THE BODY WILL BE MAXIMUM . THIS
PHENOMENON IS CALLED RESONANCE.
Amplitude Resonance
Amax.=
F
m …........
(1)
( 0 2   2 ) 2  4 2 2

A=Amax., if ( 0 2   2 ) 2  4  2 2 is minimum
d
d
 
( 0 2   2 ) 2  4 2 2  0

 R     0  2  2 2
• Putting R     0 2  2 2 in equation (1)

F /m
A max 
2
2  0  
2

 
0

  
0
2

F
In weak damping,  A max 
b 0
1
 A max 
b
• In Under Damping,

 
0

2
  
0
2

   R 0
 Sharpness of Resonance
At a particular point or frequency
the amplitude is max. Away from
the point amplitude will
decrease.The rate at which the
amplitude is decreased is called
sharpness of resonance.

  2 
 WAVE MOTION
Wave motion is a method by which energy can be transferred from one place to another.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION

1.It is a disturbance produced in the medium due to the repeated periodic motion of the
particles of the medium.
2.In the wave motion,wave travells in the forward direction while particles of medium
vibrate about their mean positions.

3.There is a regular phase change between the particles of medium.

4.The velocity of wave is different from the velocity of the particle.
 TYPES OF WAVES
Waves are of two types:-

1.TRANSVERSE WAVES:Transverse waves are those in which the particles of the

medium vibrate about their mean position perpendicular to the direction of propagation
of wave.Examples - light,transverse wave in a rope etc.

2.LONGITUDINAL WAVES: These are the disturbances of the medium in which

medium particles vibrate about their mean position in the direction of the wave
propagation.
 LOGITUDINAL AND
TRANSVERSE WAVES

TRANSVERSE WAVE
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
 WAVE EQUATION
The equation of a sinosuidal wave is given by :
y  asin(t - kx)..........(1)
on differentiating with respect to displacement we get :
dy
  ka sin(t  kx).........(2)
dx
2
d y 2
2
  k a sin(t  kx).......(3)
dx
On differentiating with respect to time we get :
dy
 aw cos(t  kx)......(4)
dt
d2y 2
2
  aw sin(t  kx)........(5)
dt
equating equation (3) and (5)
d 2 y k 2a d 2 y
2

dx a 2 dt 2
d2 y k 2 d 2 y
2
 2 2 .............(6)
dx  dt
d2 y 4 2 d 2 y
2
 2 2
dx 4 dt
2 2
T
d2 y 1 d2y 
2
 2 2 ................(V  ).............(7)
dx V dt T
 Coupled Oscillations

• Basically, if 2 or more oscillators “are connected in such a way

that exchange of energy can take place among them”, the
oscillations of the system of oscillations are called coupled
oscillations.

• A solid is a good examole of a system that can be described in

terms of coupled oscillations. The atoms oscillate around their
equilibrium positions and the interaction among the atoms is
responsible for the coupling.
Coupled System Of 2 Pendulums
1. The figure shows 2 identical pendulums each having a bob of mass 'm',
suspended by rigid weightless rods of equal lengths 'L' from a rigid
support and interconnected by a light spring of
force constant 'k'.
2. Whenever there is an unequal displacement of the
pendulum bobs, the spring experiences compression
or tension. Consequently, the spring exerts a force
the bobs setting them into osillation the plane of the
pendulum.
• The restoring force on the bobs due to the
spring are -k(ƞ1-ƞ2) {left spring} and
-k(ƞ2-ƞ1) {right spring} respectively and due to
the gravity are -mg.sin ɵ1 and
-mg.sin ɵ2 respectively.
• Ultimately, the equations come out to be
d 2x k
2
  2
2
x  x  y   0.......(1)
dt m

and

d2y 2 k
2
 2 y  ( y  x)  0.......( 2)
dt m
• Now, from (1) + (2),

d2 2
2
( x  y )   2 ( x  y )  0.......(3)
dt

• From (1) - (2),

d2 2 2k
( x  y )  { 2  }( x  y )  0.......( 4)
dt 2 m
• Let x+y=Q1 and x-y=Q2 (where Q1 and Q2 are normal coordinates).
Then equation (3) becomes, d 2
2
2
Q1   2 Q1  0
dt

and equation (4) becomes,

d2 2
2
Q2   3 Q2  0
dt
where normal mode frequencies are

g
2 
L
and

g 2k
3  
L m
The equations of motion in terms of Q1 and Q2 are de-coupled and each
equation describes the oscillation of a simple harmonic oscillator.
Application of Oscillations
Oscillations in Real Life

The Pendulum
Bungee Cords
SWINGS
Oscillations in Real Life

ZhangFax Machine
Heng’s Seismoscope