MITIGATION OF ISSUES IN IOT BASED SMART

HEALTHCARE FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE

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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
 2
IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
 Abstract

Context: The report is a brief outline on the usefulness and limitation of using Iot smart devices
in health care sector fir caring the elder patients. The various aspects of Iot implementation
including the important, issues related to it and the strategies to mitigate the issues was the
matter of discussion in the report. The problem statement and significance of the study is
mentioned clearly.

Objective: The main objectives of the study were to find the latest inventions of Iot technology
that can be applied for healthcare and the cost-effective devices to suggest to the elderly people.
The objective was followed for the literature review of the study.

Method: The research method used for the study includes interpretivism philosophy, inductive
approach and exploratory design, the secondary qualitative method was used for collecting data
and analysing it. The thematic analysis tool was used of data analysis by the help of themes.

Conclusion: The latest technology discovered in the IoT for improvement of healthcare was
remote surgery, connected ambulance and sensor connected monitoring run by cloud computing
system.

Keywords: Healthcare, Internet of Things (IoT), monitoring, elderly patients, technology,

security

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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
 Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to both my supervisor and course
coordinator.  I was grateful to my parents for guiding me constantly. I am also thankful to my
friends and colleagues for supporting me to complete the study successfully. This study was a
great opportunity for me to develop my professional career and gain a lot of knowledge.

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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
Summary: The Progress Summary

 What was the research problem?

The problem of the research was the effectiveness of IoT based equipment in healthcare
of elderly people along with the most cost-effective techniques or devices to recommend
to the patients.
 What was the research method?
The research method used for the study includes interpretivism philosophy, inductive
approach and exploratory design, the secondary qualitative method was used for
collecting data and analysing it. The thematic analysis tool was used of data analysis by
the help of themes.
 What have been achieved in week1-6?
o What have been done?
Aspects of Iot technology and its application in healthcare system
o What is the innovation?
The Body Sensor network was the innovation in the system.
o What were the findings?
The latest innovations and discoveries in the Iot field for the healthcare sector.
This includes remote surgery, connected ambulance and sensor connected
monitoring run by cloud computing system.
o How is it compared to the work in related literature?
The findings of the study were related to the issues of the reviewed literature and
can help to mitigate them easily.
 What was remained uncompleted?
The comparison of cost of the devices and techniques used for healthcare and are based
on Iot.

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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................6

1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................6

1.2 Background................................................................................................................................6

Figure 1: Global market size of Iot healthcare from 2015-2024.....................................................7

1.3 Research rationale......................................................................................................................7

Chapter 2: Literature review and objectives....................................................................................8

2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................8

2.2 Research aim and objectives......................................................................................................8

2.3 Concept of healthcare system based on IoT..............................................................................8

2.4 Theoretical framework...............................................................................................................9

2.4.1 Scientific Management theory................................................................................................9

2.5 Uses of the different Iot equipments in healthcare system......................................................10

2.6 Issue related to the implementation of the Iot devices............................................................12

2.7 Strategies to mitigate issue of using the devices.....................................................................13

2.8 Literature gap...........................................................................................................................15

2.9 Summary..................................................................................................................................16

Chapter 3: Research Problems.......................................................................................................17

Chapter 4 Research methodology..................................................................................................18

4.1 Research philosophy................................................................................................................18

4.2 Research approach...................................................................................................................18

4.3 Research design.......................................................................................................................18

4.4 Data collection method............................................................................................................19

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4.5 Data analysis technique...........................................................................................................19

4.6 Ethical consideration...............................................................................................................19

4.7 Research limitation..................................................................................................................20

Chapter 5: Research significance...................................................................................................21

Chapter 6: Conclusion...................................................................................................................22

Reference List................................................................................................................................23

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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
 Table of Figures
Figure 1: Global market size of IoT healthcare from 2015-2024....................................................9
Figure 2: Scientific Management theory.......................................................................................12
Figure 3: Benefits of IoT in healthcare of elderly people..............................................................14
Figure 4: Breaching cases in IoT application in healthcare sector................................................15
Figure 5: Techniques to secure IoT systems in healthcare sector.................................................17

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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction

This chapter is concerned with the background of the study on the concept of IoT based health
care. The technology used in the field of healthcare is highlighted in the study. The healthcare
technologies used in caring for the elderly people are the main basis of the chapter. The
rationality of the study is mentioned in the study and to understand the future scope of the
research.

1.2 Background

There are various types of technology and software used in the healthcare system to monitor the
health of patients from every age group. The research is concerned with the technology and
devices used for monitoring the health of the aged population. There are devices that are IoT
based and allow the monitoring of the health conditions of aged people such as blood pressure,
Heart rate, blood glucose and other important variables (Papa et al. 2020). There are studies that
show that the malnutrition and dehydration level of the patients can be monitored by using IoT
enabled monitors. These devices have helped the healthcare system to improve by reduction of
the emergency cases. The IoT based devices and technology in the healthcare system has helped
to improve the health condition of the elderly people and allowed them to stay home for a longer
period of time without any medical support of emergency support (Verma and Sood, 2018). The
technology includes sensors in the devices to record the real time locations and thus helps to
follow the health conditions of the patient. The smart IoT technology and IoT devices have
helped the healthcare system of the global platform to improve in their operation and processes
(Papa et al. 2020). The activities like diagnosis, report generation, analysis of the report and the
treatment processes have been enhanced with the implementation of the smart system. Figure 1
shows that the use of the technology has gradually increased from the year 2015 to 2022 and is
assumed to increase more effectively by the year 2024 (De Michele and Furini, 2019). The
CAGR recorded in this year is 20.2% and can be increased by more inventions and development

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of the technology (De Michele and Furini, 2019). Therefore, the context of the study can help to
find out more effective ways of developing the smart healthcare system.

Figure 1: Global market size of IoT healthcare from 2015-2024

(Source: De Michele and Furini, 2019)

1.3 Research rationale

The research is focused on the IoT technology and devices that are used for monitoring the
health of aged people to avoid the emergency situation. The study allows us to understand the
mechanism of working of the devices in controlling health conditions (Subasi et al. 2018).
Therefore, the research is rational as it helped to gain a lot of knowledge about the merits and
demerits of the devices and technology used in equipment like oxygen pumps, defibrillators,
nebulisers, wheelchairs and monitors. The study is rationale for the health care professionals to
gain knowledge about the technologies. The research is helpful for the elderly patients and their
family members to provide medical support.

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Chapter 2: Literature review and objectives

2.1 Introduction

This chapter is concerned with the aim and objective that is focused in the study. The chapter
highlights the concept of the healthcare system that is operated by the IoT technology and
devices. Literature on the context of the study is reviewed in the chapter with relevant theoretical
study. The literature gap is also mentioned in the chapter which is further context of research of
this study

2.2 Research aim and objectives

The aim of this study is to identify the significance and uses of IoT based healthcare system for
the elderly population.
Objectives
 To identify the uses of the different IoTequipment in healthcare system
 To investigate the issue related to the implementation of the IoT devices
 To evaluate the effective strategies to mitigate issue of using the devices

2.3 Concept of healthcare system based on IoT

Internet of Things or IoT is a technology that can connect more than one device with the help of
the internet. This technology is effectively used in the healthcare system for monitoring the
health variables of the patients. Devices like skin sensors, wearable, and home monitoring tools
are connected with IoT and this technology helps the medical science to perform their activities
more efficiently (Li et al. 2020). The insights about the symptoms of different diseases and the
treatment can be gained according to the current health trends. As mentioned by Verma and Sood
(2018), there are new levels of health care techniques which include remote control of patients
along with their treatment and care. Thus, the IoT technology in the healthcare system is a
concept that empowers the healthcare professionals to operate the sector effectively. The system

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is beneficial for the patients along with their physicians, families, insurance companies and
hospitals. The devices that can be used to achieve a smart healthcare system are heart rate
monitoring cuffs, glucometer to monitor blood glucose levels and blood pressure monitoring
device.

2.4 Theoretical framework

2.4.1 Scientific Management theory

The scientific management theory is a type of management theory that helps to analyse and
synthesize the workflow of any system. The main principle of the theory includes economic
efficiency and productivity. This theory can be effectively used in the study to manage the data
collected and stored in the IoT devices for healthcare. The scientific management theory can help
to analyse and synchronize the data to get the best diagnosis of the health conditions. The four
principles of the theory include the development of a science for each action or element of the
work followed by selecting the resources and work scientifically. The principles also include
development of the best strategies for the best production of results. Therefore, these principles
of the theory can effectively help to manage the IoT based smart health monitoring and
treatment.

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 Figure 2: Scientific Management theory

(Source: Ferreira et al. 2018)

2.5 Uses of the different IoT equipment in healthcare system

The smart healthcare system that works with the help of IoT equipment allows the health care
professionals like doctors and nurses to practice beyond the medical confines like hospitals and
clinics. As per Li et al. (2020), the data received from the devices and sensitive data such as
MRIs and thus helps in health surveillance more efficiently. Main challenges of IoT in healthcare
are: privacy and data security, data overload and related accuracy, cost of the installation and
integration. IoT can be used in many ways as it has the potential to change the lives of people,
specifically in the case of elderly people and elderly patients. Constant tracking of the health
conditions of the elderly people is possible by IoT devices. There are several wearable IoT
devices like fitness bands, glucometers, "blood pressure" and "heart rate" monitoring cuffs, and
so on are available in the market for personalised attention of the individual patients. The IoT
devices can be used as an alarm system for reminding the patient for exercise, calorie count,
"blood pressure variation" and so on.
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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
This is followed by uploading if data by the help of cloud server and then transmitted to the
visual devices like mobiles phones or computers for the reference of the doctors and nurses. The
main uses of the IoT system in the healthcare sector are healthcare management, management of
patient information, and real time monitoring of the elderly patients. Supporting this fact Verma
and Sood (2018) stated that the elderly people are prone to emergency situations and therefore
this importance if the technology can be beneficial for treating the aged patients. According to Li
et al. (2020), the main technology used in the system is the Body Sensor Network (BSN) which
allows gaining health information through lightweight and to be powered wireless devices. The
different IoT devices that are used in, monitoring the health of elderly patient are-

Glucometer
“Glucometer” refers to the medical device that is applied in order to determine the “exact
concentration of glucose in the blood”. This device has various aspects to take care of such as
size of the palm, test stripes, "volume of the blood samples" and so on. Several “glucometers”
function with the "oxidation of glucose" to "gluconolactone catalysed" by the "glucose oxidase".
This device has the added benefit of “sensitivity over glucose oxidase and is more susceptible to
interfering reactions with other substances". Several glucometers’ functions with an
"electrochemical method". “The test strips” has contained a "capillary", that sucks up a
"reproducible amount of blood". “The glucose in the blood reacts with the enzyme electrodes”,
which contain dehydrogenase. According to Merino‐Jimenez et al. (2021), a novel
"quantification strategy" can be presented in a "self-powered biosensing device". This device can
successfully be used by the patient and the family members of the patient.
Defibrillator
Defibrillator is an IoT based device and portable in nature. This device can restore the "normal
heartbeat" by sending the "electric pulse" or shock, directly to the heart of a patient. This device
can be successfully used by the hospital authority in the case of an emergency. According to
Miften et al. (2019), the defibrillators require a "source of electric power". In the auxiliary
electrodes of the defibrillator in the defibrillator, there is a range of high voltage electric pulse
generation, almost more than 700-volt shock, which can deliver between 2 to 35 joules.

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Mood and depression monitoring

These devices can provide data about the feeling and mood swings of the patients and are termed
Mood-aware devices. The mental state of the elderly patients can be analysed by the blood
pressure and heart rate (Verma and Sood, 2018). These advanced IoT devices can also be
beneficial to track the movement of the types of the patients and thus the symptoms of
depression can be noted.

Hand hygiene monitoring

This device is also used in many of the hospitals to remind the patient to sanitize their hand while
entering (Subasi et al. 2018). These IoT devices are also programmed with the system of
providing instruction to the parties and other people about the correct way to wash hands and
sanitizing.

Ingestible sensors

These sensors are used to collect data and information of the digestive tract of the elderly patient.
The device is characterized by a camera to record pictures of the alimentary tract. Connected
inhalers

These are IoT connected inhalers which help to monitor the frequency of tracks in COPD
patients (Pal et al. 2020). The device helps the healthcare providers to understand the cause and
the effect of the attacks.

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 Figure 3: Benefits of IoT in healthcare of elderly people

(Source: Subasi et al. 2018)

2.6 Issue related to the implementation of the IoT devices

The IoT technology is beneficial for the bheltah care system to operate in a smart manner and
helps the professionals carry out effective treatment of the elderly patients. There are several
challenges also associated with the implementation of the technology in the operation of the
medical world (Verma and Sood, 2018). The most important issue related to the IoT devices and
equipment is the privacy of the data stored and collected in the device. Therefore, Storing and
effective data privacy software is an important part of the devices to avoid the breaching of the
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IoT Based Smart Healthcare For Elderly People
personal data and health parameters. Another most important issue associated with the use of IoT
technology is the failure of networks in the devices which lead to the loss of the connectedness
between the device and the computer. As mentioned by Subasi et al. (2018), this impacts the
movement of the patient to remote locations and other problems in monitoring the health due to
loss of network and connectedness.

As per Pal et al. (2020), the other issue is poor management of data or resources as the total
process of monitoring health parameters is dependent on the raw data collected from the body of
the patient. The management or handling of the data is important for obtaining the correct results
or diagnosis. The analysis and synchronization of the data effectively is required in the system.
Supporting this fact Ismail et al. (2020), poor handling can lead to wrong diagnosis and finally
incorrect treatment if the elderly patients. Therefore, these challenges that are found in the
process of implementation of the smart IoT healthcare equipments affect the health monitoring
of the adult people.

Figure 4: Breaching cases in IoT application in healthcare sector

(Source: Tuli et al. 2020)

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2.7 Strategies to mitigate issue of using the devices

The issues that are associated with the application of the smart IoT devices can be mitigated by
the implementation of effective strategies and allow the healthcare system to reduce the
morbidity and mortality rates of the adult population due to emergency conditions (Tuli et al.
2020). According to Subasi et al. (2018), the issue of data privacy can be mitigated by using
proper privacy software to protect the raw data collected in the devices and stored. BSN-Care is
an effective software that can be used in the IoT smart devices where the Wireless Body Area
Sensor Network (WBASN). This software fulfills all the security requirements of the smart
device and stirs the raw health parameters safely for further analysis and interpretation. The
management of the data or resources also needs to be done by the help of proper management
software.

The data needs to be assessed properly to get the final result of the diagnosis of the health
condition of the patients. As per Ismail et al. (2020), the network failure in the devices can be
mitigated by the regular updating of the devices and clearing the storage. Overload of the storage
system of the devices can lead to delay in their operations and thus failure in connectedness. The
IoT devices can be made more effective with prevention of the issues of loss of data and cyber-
attacks by proper security systems like passwords and biometrics (Tuli et al. 2020). This makes
the access of the device in a systematic manner. Therefore, these strategies can help to operate
smart devices based on IoT in healthcare so that the rate of emergency among the adult
population is reduced.

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 Figure 5: Techniques to secure IoT systems in healthcare sector

(Sourcer: Ismail et al. (2020)

2.8 Literature gap

The study highlights the importance and limitations of the application of smart IoT technology in
controlling and monitoring the health conditions of the adult patients. As mentioned by Tuli et
al. (2020), the uses of the devices to reduce the emergency situations mentioned in the study in a
detailed manner. The literature review mentioned that the smart devices are useful for the various
aspects of health. Although the study is limited regarding certain important areas, the chapter
does not highlight about the latest inventions in IoT technology that can be useful in increasing
the facilities in the process of cars for adult people. There were no such journals found which

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highlight the best devices with the best security system and can be cost effective for the patients
to afford. The study can proceed with the research in this context.

2.9 Summary

It can be summarised from this chapter that the Smart technology of IoT is essential in the health
care system for decreasing the morbidity and mortality rates among the adult population. The
chapter mentions the uses of the different smart devices along with the importance of the whole
IoT system in healthcare. The issues associated with the application of the system in monitoring
health conditions of the adult patients is also mentioned in the chapter along with the strategies to
mitigate these issues. The gap is mentioned which cannot be found from the literature reviewed
in the chapter. The gap identified in the chapter is going to be studied further in the study.

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Chapter 3: Research Problems

The main problem that the study focus is the lack of awareness in various places regarding
theIoT based technology in the health care system for aged people. Certain remote areas are
lacking the implementation of proper technology in healthcare and thus the health care services
for the aged patients are poor. There are high rates of emergency cases and thus, the death rate is
also high. This problem is highlighted in the study to increase the awareness of the devices and
technology in the healthcare system. IoT based healthcare technology also includes the virtual
healthcare system where the patient and doctor can treat remotely and carry out the treatment
process. Therefore, this concept is highlighted in the study to improve the healthcare sector as it
was important in the post pandemic period. Virtual platform was a common trend during the
pandemic period andtherefore, this concept needed to be improved for further convenience of the
patients and their family members. All the aspects of the problem are highlighted in the study
except the latest inventions in IoT technology along with its application in healthcare. The cost
effectiveness of the system is also missing in the study which needs further studies.

Research question

● How can the issues related to IoT be identified?

● How can IoT based technologies be useful for elderly people?
● What is the research methodology to be incorporated within the research paper?
● What is the research approach to identify the different issues related to the incorporation
of IoT in healthcare?

● What is the research design to develop strategies that can be developed to mitigate the
issues related to the IoT devices?

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Chapter 4 Research methodology

4.1 Research philosophy

The philosophy that is suitable for the study was the interpretivism philosophy as it helps to
gather all the necessary information for the research. There are three types of research
philosophy which include interpretivism, realism and positivism (Pham, 2018). The realism
philosophy was not applicable as it required real life examples and contexts which are not
included in the study. The positivism philosophy was also not applicable at required statistical
calculation for analysing data. The interpretivism philosophy was appropriate to identify the
different IoT devices and to determine the new inventions in the world of IoT technology and its
application in the medical world.

4.2 Research approach

The research approach that was found to be best suitable for the study is the inductive approach.
Research approach also comprises three distinct types which are inductive, deductive and
inductive approaches. The deductive approach was not used in the research was it helps to create
a puzzle for finding the result of the study (Woiceshyn and Daellenbach, 2018). The research
methods consist of specific procedures for analysing along with collecting data. Here, the
qualitative as well as quantitative research approach has been followed. The data collection
method used here is the secondary data collection. Apart from that, the research conducted here
is descriptive in nature. According to Mohajan (2018), qualitative research methodology can help
the readers to improve their skills. Apart from this, the use of qualitative research methods has
increased during the last few decades. The advantages of qualitative methodology are: flexibility
and can be "conducted with small samples". The disadvantages of qualitative research are it
cannot be analysed statistically. Besides that, it can be hard to standardise the research work. On
the other hand, the advantages of quantitative research include systematicity and reproducibility
of knowledge. Furthermore, the disadvantages of quantitative research are: requirements of
larger samples and statistical training for analysing data. Hence, a method consisting of both the

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qualitative and quantitative research method can be beneficial for the greater good of the
research work.

4.3 Research design

The exploratory design was selected as the research design of the study as it helps to explore the
context of the study properly and find all the data available regarding the topic. The research
designs are of three types which include exploratory, descriptive and explanatory designs. The
explanatory design helps to explain the context of study which makes the research lengthy and
time consuming (Thomas and Lawal, 2020). The descriptive design was not used in the study as
it does not allow analysing the data collected qualitatively. Therefore, the exploratory design was
found applicable for finding the best technologies in IoT based devices for monitoring the health
conditions of elderly people. Therefore, this design was used in the study to develop strategies to
mitigate the issues brought along by the IoT implementation in healthcare.

4.4 Data collection method

The data collection method selected for the study was secondary. The secondary data was
collected from the secondary sources such as the journals and articles based on IoT based
technology in the healthcare system. The different websites links of companies which deal with
this equipment are used as data collection sources. The secondary data collection method was
useful for the study as it helped to gather information from varied sources (Garcia and Mayorga,
2018). Data was collected according to the objectives and research questions of the study by this
method. The primary data was collected as it was beyond the budget of the study and a time-
consuming method. Therefore, the secondary method we selected over the primary method for
data collection. Secondary data was collected on the technologies study report on IoT along with
the articles on the most trending technologies used in the medical world all over the world. These
data helped to find the results of the research questions.

4.5 Data analysis technique

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The collected secondary data was analysed qualitatively with the help of thematic analysis tool.
The qualitative data analysis method helps to get the accurate result with detailed discussion. The
data analysis methods are of two types which include qualitative and quantitative (Stobaugh et
al. 2021). The quantitative method is used only when there is statistical calculation and primary
data in the study. These were not present in the research. Therefore, a qualitative method was
found appropriate for the study. The thematic analysis tool was helpful to genertates themes
based on the secondary data collected in association with both research questions. Therefore, the
qualitative analysis enhanced the findings of the study and helped to produce flexible results.

4.6 Ethical consideration

All data has been collected in a transparent and ethical manner. No data has been used in this
report that is procured illegally or violates any such rules or regulations. Moreover, while using
the data in the report, the sources have been mentioned using a proper referencing system.

The Privacy Act was used to protect the data from leaking out. All the rules and code of ethics of
university were followed for completing the study. There were no fake and incorrect information
included in the study.

4.7 Research limitation

The research methodology was limited with respect to time and budget. The primary data
collection method is a time-consuming and expensive process to carry out for the research. The
study had very less budget and therefore, the secondary qualitative analysis was found suitable
for the completion for the study. The secondary qualitative method was budget friendly and time
saving to achieve success in the study.

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Chapter 5: Research significance

The study is significant as it helps to gain knowledge about the importance of the smart
healthcare system which is based on IoT techniques and devices. The study helps to understand
the uses of smart devices and thus helps the patients to gain knowledge about the system to
implement them for their healthcare. The study is significant as it provides a brief idea about the
uses of Smart devices in the present days and its effective operation in the healthcare sector (Tuli
et al. 2020). The issues are mentioned in the application of the system to inform the patient and
their families about the operation of the systems. As per Pal et al. (2020), the best technologies
and software are mentioned of the mitigation of issues. The study is different from other studies
as it provides a brief outline of all the aspects of using smart IoT equipment in caring for older
patients and reducing emergency conditions.

The study is significant for health professionals like nurses and doctors as they grow interested to
precede the study further to know about all the latest IoT devices that can be effectively used in
this sector. The gap identification of the study and working on it with proper research technique
and methods makes the study extraordinary from other studies. The cost effective techniques are
studied in the sector to help the adult people to afford the cost of the devices in their health care
purpose. The further proceedings of the literature gap were studies to find out the latest three IoT
inventions in the sector. These were remote surgery facilities, an IoT connected ambulance to
support the patient in an emergency period and a sensor and monitor run by edge analytics or
cloud computing system.

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Chapter 6: Conclusion

It can be concluded from the report that is a brief study with six distinct chapters on the
healthcare system based on the IoT techniques and equipment. The introduction chapter provides
the background of the study with rationality. The objective and aim of the study is highlighted in
the second chapter along with the review of literature based on the objectives. The research
problem is highlighted in the study with research questions. These research questions were used
for further proceeding of the study and finding the appropriate results of the research the
methodology of preceding the study was highlighted. The secondary qualitative method was
used for data collection and analysis purposes. The research was different from other studies as
the gap of literature review was identified and the study proceeded according to the gap.
Therefore, the study was rationale for the healthcare professionals to improve the system by
implementation of latest technology of IoT. The study was also significant for the older people to
know about the pocket friendly devices for their healthcare.

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