Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation NCERT Exercise Question 1 Answer the following: (a) You can shield @ charge from electrical forces by putting it inside @ hollow conductor. Can you shield a body from the gravitational influence of nearby matter by putting it inside & hollaw sphere or by some other means? (b) An astronaut inside a small space ship orbiting around the earth cannot detect gravity. If the space station orbiting around the earth has a large size, can be hope to detect gravity? (0) IF you compare the gravitational force on the earth due to the sun to that due to the ‘moon, you would find that the Sun’s pull is greater than the moon’s pull. (You ean ‘check this yourself using the data available in the succeeding exercises). However, the tidal effect of the moon's pull is greater than the tidal effect of sun. Why? Solution 1 Answer: {@) No. Gravitational influence of matter on nearby objects cannot be scresned by any means, This is because gravitational force unlike electrical forces is independant of the nature of the matertal medium, Also, itis independent of the status of other objects. (b) Yes. II the size of the space station is large enaugh, then the astranaut wall detect the change in Earth's gravity (e) (c) Tidal effect depends inversely upon the cube of the distance while, gravitational force depends inversely on the square of the distance, Since the distance between the Moon and the Earth is smaller than the distance between the Sun and the Earth, the tidal effect of the Moon's pull is greater than the tidal effect of the Sun's pull. Que Choose the correct alternative: (2) Acceleration due to gravity increases/decreases with increasing altitudeClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation (b) Acceleration due to gravity increases/decreases with increasing depth (assure the earth to be a sphere of uniform density). (c) Acceleration due to gravity is independent of mass af the earthvmass of the body. (0) The formula -G Mm(Li r, — 11/4) is moreftess accurate than the formula mg(r, —f) for the: difference of potential energy betwesn two points r, and r distance away from the centre of the earth. Solution 2: {a) Decreases. Explanation : Acceleration due to gravity at dapth h is given by the relation: Where, R, = Radius of the Earth = Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth It is clear from the given relation that acceleration due to gravity decreases with an increase in height, (b) Decreases. Explanation: Acceleration due to gravity at depth d is given by the retation: {tis clear from the given relation that acceleration due to gravity decreases with an increase in depth, (c) Mass of the body. Explanation: Acceleration due to gravity of body of mass m is given by the relationClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation ‘Where, G = Universal gravitational constant M= Mass of the Earth R = Radius of the Earth Hence, it can be inferred that acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the body. (0) More. Explanation: Gravitational potential energy of two paints f, and ydistance away from the centre of the Earth is respectively given by: ae E GmM vy Te ‘GmM & Gm v(_)-Se fe Vine 11) 5 ©. Difference in potential energy, Vv =V (r, )-¥ (1, }=-GmM [ Hence, this formula is mare accurate than the formula mg(r, ~,)- Question 3 Suppose there existed a planet that went around the sun twice as fast as the earth. What would be its orbital size as compared to that of the earth?Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Solution 3: Time taken by the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, T= lyear Orbital radius of the Earth in its orbit, Ry = 1 AU Time taken by the planet to complete one revolution around the Sun, T,, Orbital radius of the planet = R, From Kepler's third law of planetary motion, we ean write: Hence, the orbital radius of the planet will be 0.63 times smaller than that of the Earth. Quest Jo, one of the satellites of Jupiter, has an orbital period of 1.769 days and the radius of the orbit i422 « 10'm. Show that the mass of Jupiter és abaut one-thousandth that of the sun. Solution a: Orbital period of 10,1. Typ =1.-769days = 1. 789» 24%60% 60s Orbital radius oF fo, 1,, Ry, =4.22%20"'m(Class 21 = NCERT ~ Physics Satellite |, Is evolving around the Jupiter Mass of the Jupiter is given by the relation: arr 7 ar) Where, M, = Mass of supiter G = Universal gravitational constant Orbital period of Earth, T, = 985 .25days = 385.25 24> 6060s Orbital radius of the Earth, R, =1AU =1. 496 «10m Mass of sun is given as: M, 42) GTZ _ RPT My, OR eR RET (ae Y ,{agexa0! “| 395.25 24% 60x60) “| 4.22.10" Chapter 8 GravitationClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation 49610")! 769.x 24x 60x60)? © (385.25 24 « 60 x GO)” (422210) Ms 1048 04 +1000 M, M, =1000%M, Hence, it can be inferred that the mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth that of the Sun, Question 5: Let us assume that our galaxy consists of 2.5 x 10"stars each af one solar mass. How long will @ star at a distance of 50,000 ly from the galactic centre take to. complete one revolution? Take the diameter of the Milky Way to be 10°ly. ‘Solution 5: Mass of cur galaxy Milky Way, M = 25 » 10solar mass. Soler mass = Mass of Sun = 2.0 x 10" kg Mass of our galaxy, M= 2.5 = 10x 2 x 10" = S<10%kg Diameter of Milky Way, d= 10°ly Radius of Milky Way, f= 5 10*ly Lly = 9.48 108 m = 5» 10"x 9.46 x 19" = 4.73 «10m Since a star revolves around the galactic centre of the Milky Way, Its time pariod is given by the relation:Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation 2 a3 _[4sie r-[ ai 2 zy 4 _{ 4x(3.a4)’ «(4.73/10 (39.48 <105.82.40" 9 6.67 x10 x 5x10 | 33.35 = (125.27 x10" =1.1210"s typar = 965.324: 60% 60s 1 8-35. 8~60000 Lide10" 365 246060 = 385 x10" years 211210" Question 6: Choose the correct alternative: (a) ifthe zero of potential energy is at infi negative af its kineticipatential energy the total energy of an orbiting satellite is (b) The enengy required to launch an orbiting satellite out of carth’s gravitational influence is, morefless than the energy required fo project a staflonary object at the same height (as the satellite) out of earth’s influence. Solution 6 (a) Kinatic Energy. Total mechanical energy of 2 satellite is the sum of its kinetic energy (always positive) and potential energy (may be negative). AL infinity, the gravitational potential energy af the satellite is zero, As the Earth-satellite system is a bound system, the total energy of the satellite is negative. Thus, the total energy of an orbiting satellite at infinity is equal to the negative of its kinetic energy. (D} Less. An orbiting satellite acquires a certain amaunt af energy that enables it to revolveClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation around the Earth, This energy is provided by its orbit, t requires relatively lesser energy to move out of the influence of the Earth's gravitational field than a stationary abject on the Earth's surfisce that initially contains no energy. Question Does the escape speed of a body from the earth depend on (a) the mass of the body (b) the location fram where it is projected () the direction of projection (0) the height of the location from where the body is launched? Escape velocity of a bady fram the Earth is given by the relatio: va = 2R (i) = Acceleration due to gravity R = Radius of the Earth tis clear fram equation (i) that escape velocity is independant of the mass of the body and the direction of its projection, Hawever, it depends on gravitational potential at the point from vshere the body is launched. Since this potential marginally depends on the height of the point, escape velocity also marginally depends on these factorsCass XI NCERT ~ Phys Chapter 8 Gravitation Question 8 A comet orbits the Sun in a highly elliptical orbit. Dogs the comet have @ constant (a) linear speed, (b) angular speed, (¢) angular momentum, (6) kinetic energy, (e) potential energy. (f) total energy throughout its orbit? Neglect any mass loss of the comet when it comes very clase to the Sun, Salution 8: (aJNo (B)No (eyes (No (e)No- (fives Angular momentum and total enéegy at all points of the orbit of a comet mowing in a highly elliptical orbit around the Sun are constant. Its linger speed, angular s peed, kinatic, and potential energy varias from paint to point in the orbit. Question 9 Which of the following symptoms is INkely to afflict an astronaut in space (a) swollen feet, (b) svaollen face, () headache, (6) orientational problem?Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation (a) Legs hold the entire mass of a body in standing position due to gravitational pull, In space, an astronaut foals weightlessness because of the abéance of gravity. Therefore, swollen feat of an astronaut da not affect hinvher in space (b) A swollen face is caused generally because of apparent weightlessness in space, Sense OFGANS Such as eyes, cars nose, and mouth constituie a person’s face. This symptom can affect an astronaut in space. (c) Headaches are caused because of mental strain. It can affect the working of an astronaut in space. (@) Space has different orientations. Therefore, orientational problem can affect an astronaut in space. Question 10 Choose the correct answer from among the given ones: The gravitational intensity at the centra of a hemispherical shell of unifarm mass density has the direction indicated by the arrow (see figure } (i) a, (ii) b, (il) c, (fv) ©. . Solution 10: (iii) Gravitational potential (V) is constant at all points in a spherical shell. Hence, the gravitational potential gradient () is zero everywhere inside the spherical shell. The gravitational potential gradient is equal to the negative of gravitational intensity. Hence, intensity is also zero at all points inskde the spherical shell, This indicates that gravitational diate wes sear tam 1Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation forces acting at a point in & spherical shell are symumatric. Ifthe upper half of a spherical shell és cut out (as show in the given figure), then the net gravitational force acting on a particle located at centre O will be in the downward direction. a=) Since gravitational intensity at a point is defined as the gravitational force per unit mass at that point, it will also act in the downward direction. Thus, the gravitational intensity at centre O of the given hemispherical shell has the direction as Indicated by arrow c. Question 11 Choose the correct answer from among the given anes: For the above prablam, the direction af the gravitational intensity at an arbitrary paint P is indicated by the arrow (i) d. (i) (ii), (iv) g. Solution 11: (ii) Gravitational potential (V) is constant at all points in a spherical shell. Hence , the gravitational potential gradient () is zero everywhere inside the spberical shell. The gravitational potential gradient is equal to the negative of gravitational intensity. Hence, intensity is also zero at all points inside the spherical shell, This indicates that gravitational forces acting at a point in a spherical shell are symmetric. Ifthe upper half of e spherical shell is cut out (as shawm in the given figure), then the net gravitational force acting ona particle at an arbitrary point P will be in the downward directionClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Since gravitationel intensity at = point is defined as the gravitational foroe per uni mass at that point, it will also act in the downwrard direction, Thus, the gravitational intensity at an arbitrary point P of the hemispherical shell has the direction as indicated by arrow é Question 12. Acrocketis fired from the enh towards the sun. At what distance from the earth's centre is the gravitational force on the rocket ze0? Mass of the sun = 2 =10"kg, mass of the earth = 6 « 10"kg, Neglect the effect of other planets etc. (orbital radius = 1.5 = 40m). Solution 12: Mass of the Sun, M, = 2 10"kg Mass of the Earth, M, = 6 « 10"kg Orbital radius, r= 1.5 x 10m Mass of the rocket =m Let x be the distanoe from the centre af the Earth where the gravitational force acting on satellite P becomes zero. From Newton’s law of gravitation, we can equate gravitational forces acting on satellite P under the influenca of the Sun and the Earth as: diate wes sear tam 2Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation 15x10 —x=577.25% 578.35x =1.5«10" L5x10* =2.59x10'm "576.35 Question 13: How will you ‘weigh the sun’, that is estimate its mass? The mewn orbital radius oF the earth azound the sun ig 15 = 10%km. Solution 13: Orbital radius of the Earth around the Sun, r= 15 x 10m Time taken by the Earth to complete ane revolution around the Sun, T= L year = 365.25 days = 365.25 = 24 60 x 605 Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 x 10 "'Nnkg * Thus, mass of the Sun can be calculated using the relation, wane? GT 4x(3.44y x(1 5x10") 6.67 x10 (365,25 24 60x60)" 193.2410 = = 2.0 10 Senay" ° 4 M Beavithn wes yeaa tam 8Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Hence, the mass of the unis 2 10%kg. Question 14. A Satur year #8 29,5 times the earth year. How far is the Saturn fram the sun if the earth is 1,50 «10°km away from the sun? Solution 14. Distance of the Earth fromthe Sun, r, = 15 « 10%m = 15 x 10m ‘Time period of the Earth =T, Time period of Saturn, T,= 29 ST, Distance of Saturn from the Sun =f, From Kepler's third law of planetary motion, we have : (ae GM For Saturn and Sun, we can write diate wes sear tam “Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation z =15x10"(29.5)5 =15x10"x9.55 =14.32%10"'m Hence, the distance between Saturn and the Sun is 1.43x10"m, Question 15 A body weighs 63 N on the surface of the earth. What is the gravitational force on it due to the earth al a height equal te half the radius of the earth? Solution 15 Weight of the body, Acceleration due to gravity at height h from the Earth's surfioe is viven by the relation: Ey Where, 2 = Acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface Ry = Radius of the Earth Forh = Pe 2 _ Any SF RY fat) 9% [+85) t 2] Weight af a body of mass m at height h is given as: diate wes sear tam 5Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Weng: 4,4 meg amg Question 16: Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much would a body weigh half way down to the centre of the earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface? Solution 16: Weight of a body of mass m atthe Eurh's surface, W=mg = 250 N Body of mass ms Wocated at depth d = 2 R, Where, ,= Radius of the Earth Acceleration due to gravity at dapth g (d) is given by the relation: ehh e Ba “7 Weight af the body at depth d, diate wes sear tam 6Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation A rocket is fired vertically with a speed of 5 km 5" from the earth’s surface. How far from the earth des the rocket go before returning to the earth? Mass of the Earth = 6.0 « 10"kg; mean radius of the earth = 6.4 ~ 10m, G= G67 « 10N mkg* Solution 17: Velocity of the rocket, v= Skm/s = 5 = 10°m/s Mass of the Earth, M, =6.0*L0"kg Radius of the Earth, R, = 6.410% m Height reached by rocket mass, m = ht AL the surface of the Earth, Total energy of the racket = Kinetic energy + Potential energy: Ame [282] At highest point h, v=0 And, potential energy =~ oR GM,m__-GM.m Totaleneray ofthe recat 0 SUT = EA diate wes sear tam vClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation From the lav of conservation af energy, we have Total energy of the rocket at the Earth's surface = Total energy at height h 1? ,{ Mm gmt aL R a 1 1 1 ase ona] Ri+h-R -o( BE) iy, Sah OR 2 R(R +h) R, 1 ye = BR a Rah Where oo .am/s* (acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface) 2 {R+h)=29R,h vk, =h(2aR -¥") n= a 29h, ___ Baxt0 x(Sea0")' 2x8.Bx6.4%10°—(Sx10") 4x 25x10" 10044540" Height achieved by the racket with respect ta the centre of the Earth =R+h =64u10' 41.6010" =B0«10'm =Lé=10'm Beavithn wes yeaa tam 6Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Question 12. ‘The eseape speed of a projectile on the earth’s surface is 11,2 km 5". A body is projected out vith thrice this spead, What is the speed of the body far away from the earth? Ignore the presence of the sun and ather planets Solution 18 Escape velocity of a projectile from the Earth, v,,, = 1L2 km/s Projection velocity af the projectile, v, X, Mass of the projectile = m Velacity of the projectile far away fram the Earth Total energy of the projectile on the Earth Gravitational potential energy of the projectile far away from the Earth is zero. Total energy of the projectile far away from the Earth = fam From the kav of conservation af energy, we hawe =Lowi-tmi, 2 2 = lord! (Voc 1B, = sf11.2 - 31,68hm/ 5 diate wes sear tam 8Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Question 19) A satellite orbits the earth at a height of 400 km above the surface. How much energy must be expended ta rocket the saellite out of the earth's gravitational influence? Mass of the satellite = 200 kg; mass of the earth= 6.0 10" kg ; radius of the earth = 64 «10m G = 6.67 » 10'"'N ovkg?. Sok ion 19: Mass of the Earth, M= 6,0 « 10"kg Mass of the satellite, m= 200 kg Radius of the Earth, R= 64 < 10'm Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 x L0''Nm'kg* Height of the satellite, h = 400 km= 0.4 10° m h= 40.0km = 4 x 10m = 0.4 «10'm Total energy ofthe satelite at height h= = Orbital velocity of the satellite, _1.f GM, \_GMm 4/Gu.m Totem of int = 3S | aah aaa The negative sign indicates that the satellite is bound to the Earth, This is called kound energy of the satellite. Energy required to send the satellite out of its orbit = — (Bound energy)Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation x10" x 200 OAx10*} 21, 667 x6x2n10 =59x107 Question 20: ‘Two stars each of one solar mass (= 2x 10kg) are approaching each other for a head on collisian. When they are a distance 109 km, their speeds are negligible. What is the seed with which thay collide? The radius of each star is 104 km. Assume the stars to remain undistorted until they collide, (Use the known value of G), ‘Solutir 0 Mass of each star, M= 2 x 10% kg Radius of each star, R= 10°km = 10m Distance between the stars, r= 10*km = 10m For negligible speeds, v = 0 total energy of two stars separated at distance r oi) Now, consider the case when the stars are about ta collide: Velacity of the stars = v Distance between the centers of the sters = 2 Total kinetic energy of both stars = 5M a? Me diate wes sear tam aClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Total potential energy of bot h stars =e GMM Total energy of the two stars = Mv? = oR (il) Using the lave of conservation of energy. we can write: nny SMM GNI 2R t = cM 1 eae *) 1 = 6.67 x! eB tera he Sc al 30" nar - 13.3410" x5x10* + 6.67 x10" v=V657<10" = 26210'm/s Question 21 Two heavy spheres each of mae 100 kg and radiug 0.10 mare placed 1.0 maparton a horizontal table. What is the gravitational force and potential at the midpoint af the Fine joining the centers of the spheres? Is an object placed at that point in equilibrium? If so, is the equilibrium stable or unstable? Solution 21: The situation is represented in the given figure diate wes sear tam 2Class X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Mass of each sphere, M= 100 kg Separation between the spheres, r= Lm X is the midpaint between the spheres. Gravitational fore at point X will be zero. This is because gravitational force exerted by each sphere will act in oppasite directions. Gravitational potential at point X: _-oM_oM_,om (3) (3) 2 2, _ 4x 6.67 x10 100 1 =-2.67x10° I /kg Any object planed at point X will be in equilibrium state, but the equilibrium is unstable, This is because any change in the position of the object will change the effective farce In that direction. ‘Additional Exercise Qui n 22: ‘As you have learnt in the text, a geostationary satellite orbits the earth at a height of nearly 36,000 km from the surface of the earth. What is the potential due to earth’s gravity at the site of this satelite? (Take the potential energy at Infinity to be zero). Mass of the earth = 60 x 10"kg,, radius = 6400 km. Solution 22: Mass of the Earth, M= 6.0 = 10"kg Rarlius of the Earth, R = 6400 km =6.4%10'm diate wes sear tam BsClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Height of a geostationary satellite from the surface of the Earth, h= 36000 bn = 3.6 « 10'm Gravitational potential energy duc to Earih’s gravity at height fh, _ -GM (Reh) __ 667 10 «6.0410 3.610" 0.6410" _ 8876 agar 424 =-B.4e 0D kg Quest A star 2.5 times the mass of the sun and collapsed to a size of 12 km rotates with a speed af 1.2 rev. per second, (Extremely compact stars of this kind are known as neutson stars, Certain stellar objects called pulsars belong ta this category). Will an object placed on its equator remain stuck to its surface due to gravity? (Mass of the sun'= 2 10 * kg). Solution 23: A body gets stuck to the surface of a star ifthe inueard gravitational force i greater then the outward centrifugal force caused by the rotatlan of the star. Gravitational force, f, fy = or Where, M= Mass of the star=2.5 « 2 10"= 5 = 10°kg m = Mass of the body R= Radius of the star = 12k = 1.2 =10'mClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation _ 887-40 <5 10" x t 7 2.3110" mN a (22x10) Centrifugal force, f, = mrae Where, eo= Angular speed = 2a v= Angular frequency = 1.2 revs" ReZav) =m (L2 <10") x 4 « (3.14)'x (12) = LT <10'mN Since 1, > f,,the body will remain stuck to the surface of the star Question 24 tationed on Mars, How much energy must be expended on the spaceship ta he solar systern? Mass af the space ship = 1000 kg, mess of the Sun =2 x 10kg | mass of mars= 64 x 10"kg ; radius of mars = 3395 km; radius of the orbit of mars = 2.28% 10°kan, G = 6.67510" Nev? inn 24: Mass of the spaceship, m, = 1000 kg Mass of the Sun, M-= 2 = 10*kg Mass of Mars, m, = 6.4 = 107g Orbital radius of Mars, R= 2.28 10°kg = 2.28 « 10%m Radius of Mars, f= 3395km = 3.395 = 10°m diate wes sear tam 2sClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 = 10 "'mkg* Potential energy of the spaceship due to the gravitational attrection of the Sun = ain Potential energy of the spaceship du ta the gravitational attraction of Mars = aus Since the spaceship is stationed an Mars, its velocity and hence, its kinetic energy will be ero. Total energy of the spaceship = ‘Sun, coum M ~on The negative sign indicates that the system is in bound state. Energy required for launching the spaceship out of the solar system = — (Total energy af the spaceship) -on(M Ty " =66rst0*a0's| 2a eee = 6.67 x10? (87.-72x10" +1.88x10") = 6.67 10" x89.50x10" Question 25: A rocket is fired ‘vertically’ from the surface of mars with a speed of 2 km $~ . If 20% of Its initial energy is lost due to Martian atmospheric resistance, how far will the rocket go from the surface of mars before returning ta ie? Mass of mars = 6.4~10Kg ; radius of mars(Class XI NCERT ~ Physics ‘Chapter 8 Gravitation = 3385 kn, G = 667 10"N kg, Solution 25; Initial velocity of the rocket, v= 2\on/s = 2 < 10’m/s Mass of Mars, M= 64 = 10°kq Radius of Mars, R= 3395 km = 3.395 x 10m Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67x 10°"N mkg? Mass of the rocket =m Initial kinetic energy of the racket = =} Initial potential energy of the racket = — Total initial eneray =F ae 1f 20-96 of initial kinetic energy is lost due to Martian atmospheric resistance, then only 8 % of its kinetic energy helps in reaching a height i 80 8 pyt SO _ 6, arrye_ Total intial energy avaitabla = = > mn! = .aeru® Maximum height reached by the racket =f At this height, the velocity and hence, the kinetic energy of the racket will beoarne zera, Total energy of the rocket at height h= aH Applying the lav of conservation of energy for the rocket, we can write: ire OMm _ ~GMim 4 = 8 R (R+h) 2G GM 04 RehClass X1- NOERT — Pry Chapter 8 Gravitation 0.44(3.395%10")' (210°) i eee 667 x10" x6 4x10 —O14( 210") (3.305 -10") 18,4421" 42.688%10" —§.43210" 242 eg h=496«10'm=495km