THIỂU

Session 20
Instructor: Hồ Lê Vũ

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Slide No 2
Slide No 3
OVERVIEW
• Linking scope application
• Linking distance

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Slide No 4
LINKING SCOPE
• The living standard in Vietnam has stayed perpetually too low
to be claimed as a meat eater country.

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Slide No 5
LINKING SCOPE
The living standard in Vietnam has stayed perpetually too low to
be claimed as a meat eater country.

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Slide No 6
LINKING SCOPE
The living standard in Vietnam has stayed perpetually too low to
be claimed as a meat eater country.

?
The living standard in Vietnam has stayed perpetually too low for
us to be claimed as a meat eater country.

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Slide No 7
TEST APPLICATION
(GMAT) Responding to the public’s fascination with-and
sometimes undue alarm over-possible threats from asteroids, a
scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a
particular asteroid or comet may collide with Earth.
(A) a scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a
particular asteroid or comet may
(B) a scale that astronomers have developed rates how likely it is
for a particular asteroid or comet to
(C) astronomers have developed a scale to rate how likely a
particular asteroid or comet will be to
(D) astronomers have developed a scale for rating the likelihood
that a particular asteroid or comet will
(E) astronomers have developed a scale that rates the likelihood
of a particular asteroid or comet that may

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Slide No 8
TEST APPLICATION
(GMAT) Responding to the public’s fascination with-and
sometimes undue alarm over-possible threats from asteroids, a
scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a
particular asteroid or comet may collide with Earth.
(A) a scale developed by astronomers rates the likelihood that a
particular asteroid or comet may
(B) a scale that astronomers have developed rates how likely it is
for a particular asteroid or comet to
(C) astronomers have developed a scale to rate how likely a
particular asteroid or comet will be to collide with Earth
(D) astronomers have developed a scale for rating the likelihood
that a particular asteroid or comet will collide with Earth
(E) astronomers have developed a scale that rates the likelihood
of a particular asteroid or comet that may collide with Earth

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Slide No 9
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
cross-linking

how likely [adj] a particular asteroid or comet will be to collide with

Earth

how likely [adj] it will be for a particular asteroid or comet to collide

with Earth

how likely [adv] a particular asteroid or comet will be to

[redundancy] collide with Earth

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 FOOD FOR THOUGHT

X
the likelihood of a particular asteroid or comet that may collide
with Earth

the likelihood that a particular asteroid or comet will collide with

Earth

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Slide No 11
LINKING SCOPE
(CV) Freelance Translator, Ministry of Planning and Investment
Translate monthly articles for the “Vietnam Industrial Parks"
publication

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Slide No 12
LINKING SCOPE
(CV) Freelance Translator, Ministry of Planning and Investment
Translate monthly articles for the “Vietnam Industrial Parks"
publication

X
Freelance Translator, Ministry of Planning and Investment
X
Translate monthly articles for the “Vietnam Industrial Parks"

publication

– Freelance Translator
Translate articles for Vietnam Industrial Parks, a monthly
publication of Ministry of Planning and Investment 12
Slide No 13
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

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Slide No 14 QUIZ
In summary, a government should make compulsory education for
all children. This would raise people’s awareness and bring a
brighter future for that country.

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Slide No 15 LINKING SCOPE
a government should make compulsory education for all children

scope x x distance
to make education compulsory to all children

scope & distance improved

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Slide No 16 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Word order & linking scope
• God makes people crazy vs. God makes crazy people
• paint a door green vs. paint a green door
• contribute more substantially to the society vs. contribute
substantially more to the society

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Slide No 17 QUIZ
In summary, a government should make education compulsory to
all children. This would raise people’s awareness and bring a
brighter future for that country.
• for that country → THIS and/or THE?

THIS THE
THE THIS

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Slide No 18 QUIZ
In summary, a government should make education compulsory to
all children. This would raise people’s awareness and bring a
brighter future for that country.
• for that country → THIS and/or THE?

THIS THE
THE THIS

SOLUTION
– the country → implicit reference (low accessibility)
• What should we do in this case? The answer is that…
• Andy came back to his house and went to the toilet

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Slide No 19
FUN ACTIVITY
Spanish over-explanation

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 LINKING SCOPE
• If advertisement did not exist, new concepts would never be
brought to our mind. Thus, we would continue buying the same
products over and over.

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 LINKING SCOPE
• If advertisement did not exist (A), new concepts would never be
brought to our mind (B). Thus, we would continue buying the
same products over and over (C).
• linking scope: intended link: [A / [B → C]]
– expressed link: [[A → B] +C]
• If advertisement did not exist, new concepts would never be
brought to our mind, and subsequently, we would continue…

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Slide No 22
LINKING SCOPE
• Older family members may experience the same problems in
the past, and they may succeed or fail in solving those.
Therefore, they probably are in a better position to give advices
to younger ones.

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Slide No 23
LINKING SCOPE
• Older family members may experience the same problem in the
past (A), and they may succeed or fail (B). Therefore, they
probably are in a better position to give advices to younger
ones (C).
– The intended link: [A+C] / B
– A possible interpreted link: [A+B]→C

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Slide No 24
LINKING SCOPE
• Older family members may experience the same problems in
the past (A). Therefore, they probably are in a better position to
give advices to younger ones (C), regardless of whether they
succeeded or failed in solving those (B).
vs. Older family members may experience the same problems in
the past (A). Therefore, regardless of whether they succeeded
or failed in solving such problems (B), they probably are in a
better position to give advices to younger ones (C).
DEPENDENCY↔LINKING SCOPE

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Slide No 25
FOOD FOR THOUGHT

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Slide No 26
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Apply syntax tree to explaining grammar
• Negative inversion: She has never seen such a beautiful house
in her life
– Never has she seen such a beautiful house in her life
or Never in her life has she seen such a beautiful house?

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Slide No 27
Q&A
• She has never seen such a beautiful house in her life
– Never has she seen such a beautiful house in her life
– In her life she has never seen such a beautiful house
– In her life never has she seen such a beautiful house
– Never in her life has she seen such a beautiful house

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Slide No 28
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• Negative inversion can affect both adjuncts and complements
– Not until December [adjunct] can we go to see grandma.
– Not a sound [complement] could we hear.

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Slide No 29 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Apply linking scope to explaining grammar
• I think he will come, won’t he?
vs. She thinks he will come, doesn’t she?

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Slide No 30 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• I think he will come, won’t he?
vs. She thinks he will come, doesn’t she?
• I think he will come, won’t he
= I think [he will come, won’t he]

• She thinks he will come, doesn’t she

= I think [she thinks [he will come], doesn’t she]

x x
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Slide No 31
FUN ACTIVITY
Spanish over-explanation (part 2)

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Slide No 32
LINKING DISTANCE A

F
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Slide No 33
LINKING DISTANCE
• In my opinion, parents often influence young adults more and in
different ways from their friends.

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Slide No 34
LINKING DISTANCE
• In my opinion, parents often influence young adults more and in

different ways from their friends.

• In my opinion, parents, in comparison to friends, often influence

young adults more and in different ways. [→ continue with
elaborations on differences]
• Notes:
– Vietnamese: A khác cái gì so với B
– English: A so với B khác cái gì [distance optimization]

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Slide No 35
TEST APPLICATION
(GMAT) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi,
in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich
sugars.
(A) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi
(C) Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon

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Slide No 36
TEST APPLICATION
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi, in the
form of carbon dioxide [D], and converting it to energy-rich
sugars.
(A) Plants are more efficient [A] at acquiring carbon [B] than fungi
[C] in the form of carbon dioxide [D]
A

(C) Plants are more efficient [A] than fungi [C] at acquiring carbon
[B] in the form of carbon dioxide [D]

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Slide No 37
LINKING DISTANCE
• Her parents are currently working very hard to pay for her
grandfather’s treatment of a common disease in the elders.

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Slide No 38
LINKING DISTANCE
• Her parents are currently working very hard to pay for her
grandfather’s treatment of a common disease in the elders.
cross-
linking

• treatment of a disease common in the elders.

B A C
A B C

linearity ↔ distance

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Slide No 39 LINKING DISTANCE
• Thai Binh is considered one of the most prone regions to flood.

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Slide No 40 LINKING DISTANCE cross-
linking

• Thai Binh is considered one of the most prone regions to flood.

– one of the regions most prone to flood.

X
Scope problem
linearity ↔ scope ↔ distance 40
Slide No 41 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• BHTN là một loại hình bảo hiểm bắt buộc đối với CB-CNV khối
cơ quan nhà nước và công nhân – lao động đang làm việc
trong doanh nghiệp sẽ được áp dụng từ 1.1.2009.

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Slide No 42 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• BHTN (A) là một loại hình bảo hiểm bắt buộc đối với CB-CNV
khối cơ quan nhà nước và công nhân – lao động đang làm việc
trong doanh nghiệp (B) sẽ được áp dụng từ 1.1.2009 (C).
→ Cán bộ, công nhân bắt buộc phải mua (B) → bảo hiểm thất
nghiệp (A) → sẽ có hiệu lực từ 1.1.2009 (C)
• Theo bà Nguyễn Thị Dân, "một số người thất nghiệp là do
không muốn làm việc". Cụ thể hơn, đó là nông dân có đất được
đền bù "một cục tiền", hay người có thân nhân ở nước ngoài
gửi tiền về.
→ có người thất nghiệp do không muốn làm việc → theo như bà
Dân cho biết → lý do là họ có nguồn thu nhập khác → ví dụ
như từ tiền đền bù đất → hay tiền gửi của thân nhân ở nước
ngoài
B A C
A B C

linearity ↔ distance
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Slide No 43
TEST APPLICATION
(GMAT) There is a widespread belief in the United States and
Western Europe that young people have a smaller commitment
to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and
that the source of the change lies in the collapse of the "work
ethic."
(C) a smaller commitment to work and a career than that of their
parents and grandparents
(D) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents
and grandparents had

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Slide No 44
TEST APPLICATION
(GMAT) There is a widespread belief in the United States and
Western Europe that young people have a smaller commitment
to work and a career than their parents and grandparents and
that the source of the change lies in the collapse of the "work
ethic.“
cross-
linking
(C) a smaller commitment to work and a career than that of their
parents and grandparents
(D) less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents
and grandparents had

(C’) a commitment to work and a career smaller than that of their

parents and grandparents

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Slide No 45
FUN ACTIVITY
Distant linking: what induced the misunderstanding?

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Slide No 46
LINKING DISTANCE
• The goal was to successfully build a pattern classifier to predict
whether a given input image was a human face.

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Slide No 47
LINKING DISTANCE
X
• The goal was to successfully build a pattern classifier to predict
whether a given input image was a human face.

– The goal was to build a pattern classifier to successfully

predict whether a given input image was a human face.

scope ↔ distance

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Slide No 48 LINKING DISTANCE
• A few years ago, I wanted to run a project on helping homeless
children. I told my parents about it in the very first stage, when I
even did not have a clear idea of how to do, in hope of getting
their suggestions.

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Slide No 49 LINKING DISTANCE
• A few years ago, I wanted to run a project on helping homeless
children. I told my parents about it in the very first stage, when I

even did not have a clear idea of how to do, in hope of getting
their suggestions.

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Slide No 50 LINKING DISTANCE
• A few years ago, I wanted to run a project on helping homeless
children. I told my parents about it in the very first stage, when I

even did not have a clear idea of how to do, in hope of getting
their suggestions.
– I wanted to run a project → but did not yet know how → turn
to my parents → for encouragement and help

linearity ↔ distance
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Slide No 51 LINKING DISTANCE
• (beginning of a paragraph) The first group of people believes
that working with machines has a lot of advantages.
– People who prefer working with machine believe that doing
so has a lot of advantages
• Joel’s assumption of the correlation between meat eating and
aggressiveness appears to be subjective rather than evidence-
based since many countries should not be deemed aggressive
despite their massive/vast meat consumption. For instance,
Luxembourg, ranked as the biggest meat consumer in the world
on FAO's list, is found to be the most peaceful country in the
world. Even if this relationship holds true, Vietnamese are not
regular meat eaters by any reasonable definition.
– Even if the so-called diet-aggressiveness relationship holds
true…

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Slide No 52 LINKING DISTANCE
A

B C

B1
?
B2

Bn C’ C1 C2
paraphrase to overcome distant linking
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Slide No 53 TEST APPLICATION
(GMAT) Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-
metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea
sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial
activity there.
(A) which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these
findings
(D) findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the
area

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Slide No 54 TEST APPLICATION
(GMAT) Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-
metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea
sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial
activity there.
(A) which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these
findings
(D) findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the
area

Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal

deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea
sediments
(D)findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity
in the area
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Slide No 55 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• I had to learn many subjects, which I initially thought have little
relevance to my major, such as higher mathematics, quantum
physics and inorganic chemistry.

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Slide No 56 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
• I had to learn many subjects, [non-restrictive] which I initially

thought have little relevance to my major, such as higher

mathematics, quantum physics and inorganic chemistry.
– I had to learn many subjects, such as advanced
mathematics, quantum physics, and inorganic
chemistry, which I initially… [non-restrictive]
vs. I had to learn many subjects (that) I initially thought have
X
little relevance to my major, such as higher mathematics,
quantum physics and inorganic chemistry. [restrictive]

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Slide No 57
LINKING EXPLICITNESS
• The rice crops failed. The cotton did quite well.
vs. The rice crops failed. However, fortunately, the cotton did
quite well.

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Slide No 58 IMPLICIT LINKING
• Writer’s failure to give full context
• Writer’s assumed ready access to underlying schemas
• Writer’s expectation of readers’ ability to interpret implicit links

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