Navional Party first “Whites only vary, WER, when the i Ire mu on tn i samen ane rassed the first arte Ie isla. wa a sot a fre supreney ot Wh who compere’ = percent fs eed he pac ater SO Te The apartheid sys- nwo vivib rights: They could we gli 8 oh athe popationt et wa ye ctte ack TE cull nou Jy, lacks cs, they cot Pu atcennl separate a seqprate ete in separate lining Aa AV. Over thie yet Macks repe Fatal reine he White South Mica Killings, arrests, ane repress The White gov Back activists and jailed ‘Fovtaads af otters, Nelson Fre smn of a Black ei ciel ws a those imprisone Frca parties were ouelaedt and their le prisoned. quel aparthcd goverment 1 ried in place until the cary 129 Dang the 1980s, atthe very height ol the apartheid regime, Caltex, an American ‘il company, operated sever ies in South Africa, Jointly ‘owned by Texaco sa Standard Qil, Caltex bad re | ts refinery operations in South ‘Ac, giving the South African governneht recess to the petroleum it des- perately needed, The Sou Arion economy 935 percent ofits energy ers and South African aw required finer heir oil for the government In ation, stil corpo ste eaves ensured tha {Caltex anual revenues went to the governittet = ‘Many stockholders of Texaco and S to continue its refinery operations in South ro eed shareholder resolutions requiring ¢ the South African government or lave South Aiea altogethe tiene stockholders had earlier stated why Caltex and other American compani leave South Africa: volicical and Ls and had ne right to free- ion ofall scant not nie! “ foie Tein evil segegare ee the Hd not intern with He ne re schools, used sepaet tag prohibited fr so aelly det against the svertmnent Jed with widespread ent killed hundreds of young Tandela, the charismatic and Opposition Bh The policies of the y received grossly yuld not oversee tea dep not vote lon of alisexioninat Whites, seb bathrooms, used pony Wwe soo andl were onstrated, respond po- ers also inn realy expanded ate ied on oil for le some of t ies to set asi ita high percentage o opposed allowing Caltex frica, In 1983, 1984, and 1985, they in- Itex to either break off relations with 1A leader of the dissi- is should andard Oil bitterly sare rightless persons in the land of their bieth« in] has no rights in “white areas.” He cannot vore, * not have his family with him unless he has govern poll parties have been banned and sl ofienses ... strikes by Africans illegal and meaningful collective bargaining is outlawed. . a m oe South Africa, American companies inevitably strengthen the ‘status quo of wit supremacy. ... The leasing of a computer, the establishment of a new pln te sling of spi the military all have political overtones. a county white community, the overiin ities is maineanef white control In the words of Prime Nai ohe ee et i are building a nation for whites only.”? ait Nomhites in South Af [The black South Africa cannot own land, and 1 ment permission. ... The two major hundreds of persons detained for polit The tcaleum products tot fat a however, did not feel that it should stop selling pe~ toleum produto the South Afian goverment or that it should leave South a racist South Afiese lege that operons provided a tei resoure ; a seni ty Sh a re copa’ 1om the company had special responsibilies In estisent oppesing one OF HE MANY reso Jover the years, Caltex manag Hons that stockholder at holders would repeated| s inade their position clear a elieves that co ic Lexaco beh ntinUAtiON Of Calte irerests of Caltex’s employ ion, if Caltex w ofall 8 operations in South Afr sin the ents OP © to witha nea South Africa, ... In manage: eh : raw from South achieve polit anges in that country, as the pro ) Africa in an attempt to sr yeal would endanger prospects for the fatune ef al oss i rica regardless of race, We are convir ced that the resu hardship would fll most heavily on the nonwhite eamn ting dislocation and pad contrary to the implications of the stockholden’ sure ey ment poli Jude equal pa s plans forall employees employees to positions of r | directs, such sith. of all Caltex employees in South | ward, ee tatement, Caltex employ. qual work and the same level of benefit 363 Continuing and successful program to advance ‘sponsibility on the basis of ability, not race, well as cytes managers argued that foreign corp ' capes rise by more than 150 corporations in South ica al ped ack in ‘American corporations, ‘wil Ter STE ee inten 220s, Moreover, they claimed, i ann ee Policies of “equal pay for equal work,” haa helped narrow the gap between Black and White incomes by as ; Among those who vigorously supy Panes ys ence Sc the igorously supported the resolutions asking American compa- nies to leave South Africd was Desmond ‘Tutu, an outspoken Anglican bisho rh won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988, Desrbe as a modest, cher man of ith, Wika great passion for justice, Tutu advocated nonviolent opposition to apartheid nd led many’ peaceful protests, marches, and boycotts against the racist regime. Al: though in constant danger for his life, Tutu courageously called on the world’ mult vvtignals to exert economic pressure on South Africa's White government by threat- fring co leave and not return until apartheid was ended. To say that American companies should stay in South Africa because they paid higher wages and provided cher economic benefits, Tutu said, was to “attempt to polish my chains and make them more comfortable. I want‘to cut my chains and cast them away.” “The debate over whether Caltex should continue to operate in South Africa was a moral debate. The debate was not about what the law of South Africa required—the ere quite clear. Instead, the debate centered on whether ce and whether companies should operate in a na- tion whose government supported such laws. The arguments on both sides ofthese is- shes appealed to moral considerations. They appealed, in fat, to four basic kind of shoal candards, utilitarianism, rights, justice and caring. At several points, moreover, requirements of the law w these laws were morally appropriat the debate referred to the moral character of people involved in the issue. “Those who argued that Caltex should leave South Africa, for example, argued that Caltex was actively supporting policies that were unjust because they lid burdens a te ahue White did not have to bea. They also argued that these policies violated Black peoples Gril and political Fights. These arguments were appeals to two distinct kinds of moral principles. Judgments about justice are based on moral principles that identify ir ways of distributing benefits and burdens among the members ofa society Judgments about violations of people’ right are based on moral principles that indicate the areas in which people’ rights to freedom and wel-being must be respected. “The arguments of Caltex managers also appealed to moral considerations. Caltex managers argued that if the company stayed in South Africa, the welfare of Blacks and Whites would improve, but if the company left, Blacks would Suffer grea: Such a= uments were an implicit appeal to what is called a zh litarian standard of morality; * moral principle, that is, that claims that something is right to the extent that it dimin- ishes social oats and increases social benefits. Caltex managers also argued that ‘beYBlack workers and that the ¢ a © company’s spe a | pecial responsibly, of then npliec a § « : c iu I that it should not abandon them. Suck che on took spet ial care for the well-being: of its workers closely linked to what is called an ethic of : ENC_OF Care: an ¢ thie tha at emp} ha siderations are te well-being of those near to sizes caring for Finally, embedded in the deb: of various persons and group uupsfor example, was cl ‘ Cc, was VPACterizng! courageous, nonviolent, cheerfu sing a passion for justice. ‘Tl government was said to be cruel and brutal. Nelson Mandela wal charaewenreid » thoughtful, brave, and charismatic. ‘Vhese kinds of evaluations of the of persons or groups are based on what is called an ethic of virtue. moral char These various kinds of approaches to moral eval aida eorstitat E most important types of ethical standards studied by moral philosoph " wr a cussion of business in South Africa demonstrates, these capone ers. As the dis. and natural ways we discuss and debate the morality of what we 2 a ae fhe common proach to moral evaluation employs distinct moral concepts, and each a Fach “P- _pects of moral behavior that are neglected or at Teast not empl in raphasizes as- ane purpose of this chapter 1s to & plain cach of these erachen toe by the others, We describe each approach, explain the kinds of concepts and Siemon judgments, ploys, identify their strength nd weaknesses, and explai on that each can be used to clarify the moral issues that confront 2 ole in ae these approache y s the people in business. . the concre herous references wero references to the moral chara Naracte ‘1 characterized 4. acter