Literature review main points

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Existing wheelchair are limited in its function, such as it needs human force to

move it. The user need to move the wheel by hand and may getting tired using it in a

longer period. Besides that, existing wheelchair have weaknesses. It is not safety

enough and it is also not very comfortable as the shape and position cannot be fixing the

user’s body. This project is about to redesign existing wheelchair to be more ergonomic

that is important element of human factor engineering. In this project, the first

requirement is to evaluate the existing wheelchair in term of daily usage. The

questionnaires are distributed to the wheelchair user and the guidance to make a market

survey to collect a necessary data. Analysis of the questionnaires and adequate in study

of designing objects are important to make sure the new design fulfill all the criteria of

desirable design of wheelchair. Wheelchair design must be comfortable and safety for

the user. It is also should preventing from the serious problem occurred which may lead

to accident. The ergonomic desirable design of wheelchair which offers an appropriate

variable features and other elements which can be changed by the user that need come

out with a few designs and evaluate it according to human factor engineering and

material selection.

History of wheel chair(time line):

The first known dedicated wheelchair (invented in 1595 and called an invalid’s chair) was made
for Phillip II of Spain by an unknown inventor. In 1655, Stephen Farfler, a paraplegic
watchmaker, built a self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis,” says Mary Bellis on
ThoughtCo.

 1655: The first self-propelled wheelchair is developed. It was invented in Germany by

disabled watchmaker Stephan Farfler. His design included three wheels and he could
move it with the use of a rotary handle on the front wheel. Around the same time frame,
German inventor and mechanic, Johann Hautsch, developed a series of rolling chairs.
 1760: The bath chair was created by English inventor James Heath. It became a popular
way to transport people with illnesses and disabilities, even though it was initially
designed for women. The design is similar to a rickshaw. It had a three- and four-wheel
design, and it could be pushed or pulled. Other designs were developed so people could be
pulled by horse.
 18th century: Wheelchairs began to become a normal fixture in medical catalogues. They
were advertised as transportation devices for patients. They resembled armchairs with two
larger wheels at the front and a smaller wheel at the back.
 1901: The basic chair was invented. It closely resembles the modern design of
wheelchairs used today. It had a seat, footrests and four wheels – two smaller wheels at
the front and two larger at the back.
 1932: The folding wheelchair was introduced. It’s one of the biggest design breakthroughs
in the device’s history. It was invented by Harry Jennings for his friend. The folding
design and tubular steel chair with a cross frame became the standard design. This model
allowed people to use the wheelchair outside of the home, hospitals and care facilities.
Later designs built on Jennings concepts and were focused on decreasing weight of the
chair and improving its overall performance.
 1950: After World War II, demand for wheelchairs spiked. There were thousands of
wounded veterans who needed mobility assistance. A Canadian, George Klein, saw the
need and invented the electric wheelchair for veterans. The original design was a standard
wheelchair with a motor added. Later designs had the motor and battery built into the
chair under the seat. Additional developments in ergonomics, controls, comfort, and
performance were created as new technologies were developed.
 1980: Niche wheelchair designs began to come to market. During this time, the rigid
wheelchair was created. It was intended for athletes. They are self-propelling and some
can reach speeds of up to 30 km/hr.
Literature surveys:
 Indiana State University, AETM Department (Christopher Wood, Harold Maduriera,
Innjae Namgung, and Mateus Castellar)
Development of new systems for disabled and elderly people’s assistance requires a
multidiscipline linearly approach based on new technologies according to users’ needs.
Intelligent wheelchairs can help this category of people to live more independently. The
purpose of this paper is to propose and develop embedded control standable wheal chair but
this chair just come in forward position that allow patient to stand using wheelchair but it not
allow the backward movement of wheel chair to convert into bed.
 Bleckinage institute of technology Sweden, Mechanical engineering department (
xin chen zyong wu)
This thesis explain the working principle and design of manual wheel chair ,that is totally
manual this wheel chair cannot be converted into cum nor into standing positon.
 Wellesley College, MIT
Wheelesley is the name given to the chair used for experimental development by
Holly Yanco, first at Wellesley College and now at MIT [Yanco et al, 95].
This chair has a subsumption Architecture-like layered approach to its performance. By
means of a graphical interface the user of the chair points to the direction in which the chair
should head. The chair then goes in that direction while performing other tasks such as
obstacle avoidance. The interface also allows the user to tell the chair when specific tasks
such as going up a ramp are required and to have a record of a particular environment and
important features of that environment.
EXISTING SYSTEM
Wheelchair bound patients in many countries are still dependent on other people for
movement. Though automated wheel chairs are available, they are tough to operate and are
power consuming.
Improving the life style of physically challenged people to a great extent we are using
wheel chairs. In recent times there have been a wide range of assistive and guidance systems
available in Wheelchair to make their life less complicated. In recent times there have been
various control systems developing specialized for people with various disorders and
disabilities.
The systems that are developed are highly competitive in replacing the old traditional
systems. There are many assistive systems using visual aids like Smart Wheelchair systems,
Using Joystick and much more. There are even systems based on voice recognition too. A
wheelchair is a chair with wheels, designed toe a replacement for walking. Often there are
hands behind the seat for someone else to do the pushing.
One of the main disadvantages of using manual wheelchairs has to do with the upper
body. Yes, the exercise is good for those who push themselves, however, over time this same
motion can lead to injury; something that wheelchair users try to avoid whenever possible.
Other disadvantage of a manual is to inflate the tires and keeping the body of the chair in line.
Many factors must be considered before a person can choose between a manual and a power
chair.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
Muqeet proposed system is our project
Advantages of the Proposed System
 Increased mobility
 Increased Maneuverability.
 Increased Physical Support.
 Increase disabled people’s ability to live.
  Citizen –at home, at work, and as members of the community.
 Enable young disabled children and their families to enjoy “ordinary‟”lives.
 Support disabled young people and their families through the transition to adulthood
COMPARISON OF types

Pros
Mechanical Simple and light because do
not require any motors or
batteries
Hydraulic Allows the user to elevate
smoothly, just pressing a
button.
Electric Allows the user to elevate,
just pressing a button.
Cons
Requires the user use his/her
own
arms to elevate them
Complex and heavy, require
oil reservoir, oil pump,
electric motors, hydraulic
pistons and batteries
Complex and heavy, electric
motors, gears and batteries.

STANDARD DIMENSIONS:

 Weight of the wheelchair: 24.25 kg.

 Height of the wheelchair: 480 mm.
 Width of the wheelchair: 450 mm.
 Length of the wheelchair: 1680 mm.
 Back rest: 650*450*25 mm3.
 Leg rest: 480*450*25 mm3.
 Seat portion: 550*450*25 mm3
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to:
i. Improve the existing wheel chair in terms of daily usage.
ii. Analyze the wheelchair according to human factor engineering and
material selections.
iii. Simulate the prototype of the product using PRO E and ANSYS
software.
Wheelchair Components
 Frame
 Seating system
 Upholstery