“Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of an Automated

Combined Cassava Peeler, Grater and Presser for

Small Scale Processing”

A Thesis by

Kier D. Gumanit
Jesal O. Pugahan

Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Engineering Sciences

College of Engineering and Information Technology
Caraga State University
Ampayon, Butuan City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Agricultural Engineering and Electronics Engineering

April 2015
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Approval Sheet

This thesis, entitled DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION OF AN AUTOMATED COMBINED CASSAVA PEELER,
GRATER AND PRESSER FOR SMALL SCALE PROCESSING prepared and
submitted by KIER D. GUMANIT and JESAL O. PUGAHAN, in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is hereby accepted.

ENGR. MAY ROSE S. BOSTON

Thesis Adviser

ENGR. RONIETO T. MENDOZA

Co-Thesis Adviser

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

ENGR. ALEXANDER T. DEMETILLO

Dean
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Acknowledgment

The researchers would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following people

who has contributed, facilitated and guided the researchers to make this work a reality.

First, to Almighty God, who gives strength and guidance to the researchers.

To the researchers’ parents, for their unconditional love and support.

To researchers’ advisers, Engr. My Rose Boston, Engr. Ronieto Mendoza, and Engr.

Jerry Halibas for their knowledge and guidance shared upon to the researchers during the

conduct of the study.

To researchers’ friends, for their help and support during the conduct of research.

The Researchers
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Abstract

Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) is one of the alternative sources for low cost

carbohydrates and is considered as one of the major crop in the Philippines. It is a

perishable root crop and easily deteriorates. Thus, the processing of cassava after harvest

is necessary to extend the shelf life of root tubers. For fast and less labor processing,

appropriate machineries are encouraged to enhance the production of the farmers. This

study was conducted to combine the three processes of cassava namely, peeling, grating

and pressing in one system of operation where it can be used in rural areas. The machine

was designed, automated, and locally fabricated. Locally available materials were used in

constructing the machine. The machine was tested with a minimum of three trials with 10

kilogram cassava tubers feed per loading. During testing, the maximum length of tubers to

feed was 10 inches for peeling and the largest diameter of tuber peeled was 65mm. The

average peeling efficiency was 75.4601% with a mean flesh loss of 8.801%; likewise, the

washing capacity was 120kg/hr. The average grating and pressing efficiency was 83.779%

and the grating and pressing capacity was 21.216kg/hr.

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Table of Contents

Approval Sheet.................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................... iii

Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv

List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii

List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix

Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................. 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................. 3

1.4 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................. 4

1.5 Scope and Limitation .................................................................................................... 5

1.6 Definition of Terms....................................................................................................... 6

Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................. 8

Review of Related Literature .............................................................................................. 8

2.1 Mechanization/Automation in the Philippines.............................................................. 8

2.2 Cassava in the Philippines .......................................................................................... 10

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2.2.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties .................................................................... 12

2.3 Processing Machines for Cassava and Mechanisms ................................................... 14

2.3.1 Peeling Mechanism ............................................................................................. 14

2.3.1.1 Manual Peeling ............................................................................................ 15

2.3.1.2 Chemical Peeling ......................................................................................... 15

2.3.1.3 Mechanical peeling ...................................................................................... 16

2.3.2 Grating Mechanism ............................................................................................. 18

2.3.3 Pressing or Dewatering Mechanism .................................................................... 19

2.4 Control Systems and Components Overview ............................................................. 21

2.4.1 Microcontroller .................................................................................................... 22

2.4.2 Sensors ................................................................................................................. 23

2.4.1.1 Infra-Red Sensor .......................................................................................... 23

Chapter 3 ........................................................................................................................... 25

Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Design Considerations ................................................................................................ 25

3.2 Design Analysis .......................................................................................................... 27

3.3 Peeling Mechanism ..................................................................................................... 30

3.4 Grating Mechanism ..................................................................................................... 31

3.5 Pressing Mechanism ................................................................................................... 32

3.6 Physical Design ........................................................................................................... 33

3.7 Materials ..................................................................................................................... 35

3.8 Operational Block Diagram ........................................................................................ 37

3.9 Sequential Block Diagram .......................................................................................... 38

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3.10 Electronic and Control System Design ..................................................................... 39

3.11 Performance Evaluation ............................................................................................ 40

3.11.1 Peeling and washing testing ............................................................................... 40

3.11.2 Grating and Pressing testing .............................................................................. 41

Chapter 4 ........................................................................................................................... 42

Results and Discussions .................................................................................................... 42

4.1 Performance Evaluation .............................................................................................. 43

4.2 Discussions ................................................................................................................. 46

4.3 Circuit Layout ............................................................................................................. 47

4.3.1 Power Supply ...................................................................................................... 48

4.3.2 IR Sensor .............................................................................................................. 49

4.3.3 High Power Load................................................................................................. 49

4.3.4 Switches and Microcontroller .............................................................................. 50

Chapter 5 ........................................................................................................................... 52

Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................. 52

5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 52

5.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 53

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 54

Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 56

Appendix A: Calculation of Results ................................................................................. 56

Appendix B: Economic Analysis ...................................................................................... 58

Appendix C: Prototype of the Machine ............................................................................ 59

Appendix D: Control Panel and Electronic System .......................................................... 60

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Appendix E: Unpeeled Cassava Tubers ............................................................................ 61

Appendix F: Peeled and Grated Tubers ............................................................................ 61

Appendix G: Source Code ................................................................................................ 62

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List of Tables

Table 1. Mechanization in Various Crops in 2012 ........................................................... 10

Table 2. Physical properties of cassava tubers relevant to peeler design ......................... 12

Table 3. Some mechanical properties of cassava tubers ................................................... 12

Table 4. Materials and Specifications ............................................................................... 36

Table 5. Determining average length and diameter of tubers ........................................... 43

Table 6. Peeling and Washing Testing ............................................................................. 43

Table 7: Grating and Pressing testing ............................................................................... 44

Table 8: Overall Machine Performance per batch only .................................................... 45

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Cassava Plant Morphology showing tubers ...................................................... 11

Figure 2: Sections through a cassava tuber ....................................................................... 13

Figure 3: Transverse section showing relative size of starch grains in cassava root ........ 13

Figure 4: Cassava peeling tool .......................................................................................... 15

Figure 5: Cassava peeling machine by Oluwole O. O. et.al. ............................................ 16

Figure 6: Cassava Peeling and Washing Machine by O.J Olukunle et.al ......................... 17

Figure 7: Cassava graters .................................................................................................. 18

Figure 8: Traditional method for dewatering .................................................................... 19

Figure 9: Cassava dewatering machine by Olusegun, H.D. and Ajiboye, T.K. ............... 20

Figure 10: Screw press by Kolawole O.P. et. al. .............................................................. 20

Figure 11: Example of Microcontroller ............................................................................ 23

Figure 12: Concept of IR Sensor ...................................................................................... 24

Figure 13: Design for Peeler unit ...................................................................................... 30

Figure 14: Design for Grater unit...................................................................................... 31

Figure 15: Design for Pressing unit .................................................................................. 32

Figure 16: Physical design ................................................................................................ 33

Figure 17: Left and Right view of the Machine ................................................................ 33

Figure 18: Front and Back view of the Machine .............................................................. 33

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Figure 19: Top view of the Machine................................................................................. 34

Figure 20: Isometric view of the Machine ........................................................................ 34

Figure 21: Operational Block Diagram............................................................................. 37

Figure 22: Sequential Block Diagram............................................................................... 38

Figure 23: Electronic Control System............................................................................... 39

Figure 24: Machine Prototype .......................................................................................... 42

Figure 25: Graphical representation of PE% and FL% .................................................... 44

Figure 26: Grating and Pressing Efficiency ...................................................................... 45

Figure 27: Circuit Layout.................................................................................................. 47

Figure 28: Power Supply Circuit Design .......................................................................... 48

Figure 29: IR Sensor Circuitry .......................................................................................... 49

Figure 30: Motor Driver Circuitry .................................................................................... 50

Figure 31: Control Switches and Microcontroller ............................................................ 51

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Agriculture is the heart of each civilization; however, formers are facing a continuing

population explosion which has confronted mankind with various problems. These

problems include imminent starvation. Hence, optimum production is needed to attain

demand for food nowadays [1]. To address the problem and ensure food sustainability,

alternative substitutes for staple food (such as rice) is one way to avert food scarcity in the

Philippines. Among with rice, corn, sugarcane as staple foods in the Philippines, cassava,

which is known biologically as Minihot esculenta crantz, is the third largest source of low

cost carbohydrates among crop plants and included as one of the major crops in the

Philippines because of its economic and industrial potential [2]. Its products is used for

food, feed for livestock, starch for commercials and also biofuel [3] [4]. Cassava is a

commodity mostly grown by small farmers on small plots of land and some urban

consumers and factories obtain their cassava from rural areas where it is grown [5]. It has
 2

a high tolerance to drought and its minimum maturity is in one year for harvesting of its

tubers and not laborious on maintenance of the field [6]. Cassava is the most perishable of

root tubers and can experience physiological deterioration within two or three days after

harvesting that it must be processed after harvesting by unit operations involved in the

appropriate processing of cassava includes peeling, grating, boiling/parboiling, drying,

milling, sieving, extrusion and frying to obtain such products like flour, dried chips,

cassava grates, gari and etc. [7].

Manual processing (peeling, grating, pressing, etc.) of cassava is laborious and

intensive where there is retard process for producing such product. In rural areas, manual

operation in cassava processing is practiced because there are no locally available

machineries. As the world is emerging with various type of technology for better quality

of life and efficient production of food, automation and mechanization technology for

agricultural machines are used for faster, lesser labor agricultural production for

sustainable agriculture. Modern agriculture requires modern approach which responds to

the necessity of mankind. In the Caraga Region, 27,783 metric tons of cassava tubers were

produced based on volume of production with 2,151 total farmers on the lists from Bureau

of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) in a year 2013 [8]. Locally designed and fabricated cassava

equipment is still low in the Caraga Region which further gives less production for local

industry and provides hindrance to optimum production for local farmers. Thus,

mechanization or automation contributes a valuable factor to the economic and industrial

potential of the cassava as commodity.

 3

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Small farms remain the center of agriculture and rural development. Small scale

farming is more prominent to the volume of production than in industrialized farms,

particularly in cassava production in the Caraga Region. Thus,

1. a lesser availability of locally designed and fabricated machines for cassava

processing;

2. cassava root tubers contains cyanide acid that reacts with materials prone to

contamination such as low carbon steel and may contribute degradation of cassava

quality;

3. the existing machines in the Caraga Region are not automated and open framed

design further gives unsafety for operations;

4. the cassava peeler, grater and presser are mechanically separated (not enclosed in

one system) and more work force is needed during operations.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

One of the main causes for the low agricultural productivity in the Philippines

especially in the Caraga Region is the lack of appropriate machineries that cater and suit to

the requirements of small-scale farms. Hence, some of the small farms are deemed

unproductive and ineffective. Thus, this study aimed the following objectives:
 4

1. To develop a machine for cassava peeling, grating and pressing that is

electrically powered for rural areas.

2. To design combined cassava processing machine considering the human factor

safety and mobility of the machine.

3. To minimize cassava contamination by using appropriate selection of materials.

4. To combine and automate the cassava peeling, grating and pressing

mechanisms in one system for continuous operation.

1.4 Significance of the Study

Due to the increasing demand for low cost carbohydrates, cassava is now considered

as one of the source for food and feed for livestock. The machine can be utilized in rural

areas of Caraga region where small scale farming of cassava is their primary commodity

and it can be operated by electricity for continuous operations. The machine includes

peeling, grating and pressing of cassava tubers done on a single operation and is easy to

operate which gives less labor for the user.

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1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope of this study was to develop, design and combine the cassava peeler, grater

and presser in one system of operation. The machine was applicable to small scale

operation for cassava processing in rural areas. Furthermore,

1. To select appropriate materials for machine design analysis and construction that

was locally available in the market.

2. To evaluate the machine performance based on efficiency and its product.

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1.6 Definition of Terms

For purposes of clarification, the following terms are hereby defined:

Automation- Automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by

mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human labor.

Commodity- A good or a service completely specified physically, temporally and

spatially.

Efficiency- The ability to do something or produce something without wasting materials,

time or energy: the quality or degree of being efficient.

Gross domestic product (GDP) - The monetary value of all the finished goods and

services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, though GDP is

usually calculated on an annual basis.

Microcontroller- A small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor

core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.

Sensors- A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or

otherwise responds to it.

Perishable- Goods that can lose its usefulness and value if not appropriately stored or

transported, or if not utilized within certain period.

Physiological deterioration- A symptom of reduced quality or strength physically.

 7

Staple food- That is regularly consumed in a community or society and from which

people obtain most or a significant proportion of their calorie requirements.

Obscure- Make less visible or unclear.

Light Emitting Diode (LED) - An electronic device that emits light when an electrical

current is passed through it.

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Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

2.1 Mechanization/Automation in the Philippines

The Philippines as an agricultural country is abundant with raw materials used to

produce products from farming where much of the rural areas depend for income and

employment. Its major land area utilization is devoted to palay, corn, sugarcane, coconut

other fruits, and vegetables. Although agriculture has the highest contribution to Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) in the country, the intensification, diversification of agricultural

production system and the level of mechanization in terms of available mechanical power

in the farm is still low due to the lack of agricultural engineering and mechanization

technologies [9]. In the past mechanization strategies, land is cultivated with the use of

draft animals (carabao, horse, etc.) and manually operated tools were used like plows,

harrows for land preparations and harvesting; until the government realized the need for

tractorization (synonymous to mechaniztation) and extensive development activities for

agricultural industry in the country [10]. Mechanization is heavily biased that it is only
 9

applicable to large scale agricultural operations in the 1940’s. Agricultural machines in that

period were imported from other countries until there was a shift model of mechanization

from large to small scale operation in 1970’s [11]. As of 2012, the mechanization of various

crops in the Philippines is presented in Table 1. It shows that the level of mechanizing

agriculture in most of the crops at different operations is still low and is likewise due to

less government support in small scale enterprises for rural areas. At present, the

government is focusing agricultural mechanization under the Department of Agriculture

and Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization (PhilMech)

formerly BPRE and with the cooperation of private sectors in the country to address the

farmer’s needs for improving agricultural practices in the country and to increase yield

production. The government agencies responsible for agricultural development faces

problems to address the needs due to the individual farmer’s negligence to government

support and that is why the government is targeting the farmer’s association established by

the local producers of a certain crops with the coordination of the local government. This

government agencies are redeveloping and creating new agricultural machineries in order

to improve the agricultural mechanization at full throttle.

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Table 1. Mechanization in Various Crops in 2012

Vegetable, Coconut/ Sugarcane/

Operation Rice/Corn Legumes and Fruits/ Pineapple
Root crops Fiber Crops
Land Preparation Intermediate Low Intermediate
High to high
Planting/ Low Low Low Low to
Transplanting Intermediate
Crop Low Low Low Low to High
Care/Cultivation
Harvesting Low Low Low Low
Threshing/ Intermediate Low (Legumes)
Shelling High
Cleaning Low
Drying Low Low (legumes) Low
Milling/Village High Low Low
Level Processing

2.2 Cassava in the Philippines

Cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz) is a perennial shrub of the family Euphorbiaceae

commonly known in the Philippines as balanghoy or kamoteng kahoy, cultivated mainly

for its starchy roots and it is one of the most important food staples in the tropics [12].

Although cassava is a staple food, it is poisonous in its raw state because it contains

cyanogenic glucosides. These glucosides are converted to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) by an

enzyme called linamarase and can be removed by hygienic processes of the commodity

[13]. Cassava is known to perform well even under unfavorable conditions such as drought

and poor soils. Cassava can be classified as sweet or bitter based on linamarin content of

the tubers but their differences are obscure where each cassava stem usually bears multiple
 11

tubers shown in Figure 1. Philippine cassava is comparatively small in production

compared to other countries like Nigeria, Thailand, Vietnam, and India. It, however,

contributes 2 percent of the gross added value in agriculture in the Philippines [3].

Figure 1: Cassava Plant Morphology showing tubers

It is utilize as food, dried chips for feeds and starch in the country. It is the staple food

of Muslim population like Sulu, Cotabato making the Mindanao the top producer of

Cassava in the country and ARMM (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao) with 57

percent share of the total products [14]. In some regions, farmers are utilizing cassava as

their food business by producing product like cassava chips which are sold locally in the

Municipality of Salcedo with the help of the Government Agency- Bureau of Agricultural

Research under the banner program of the Community based Participatory Action

Research. The Government is now taking action by funding research related to cassava and

its potential industry for the future and supporting credited associations of farmers.
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2.2.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties

In designing the processing equipment, the physical and mechanical properties of

agricultural and food materials are important parameters to acquire effective and efficient

handling and processing equipment [15]. Cassava tubers have its distinct properties that

affect the machine efficiency and performance. Table 2 and 3 shows the different properties

that serve as a basis for designing processing machines and its morphology (Adapted from

CIGR Vol.4).

Table 2. Physical properties of cassava tubers relevant to peeler design

Property Minimum Maximum Average Standard

Value Value Value Deviation
Length (mm) 190 490 316.6 47.97
Weight (kg) 0.4 2 1.18 0.70
Diameter
Big end (head) 34.8 82.9 60.40 10.38
Midway 19.6 65.1 46.60 9.76
Tail end 16.0 54.8 35.5 13.74
Peel Thickness
Big end (head) 1.1 2.8 1.9 0.40
Midway 1.0 2.3 1.6 0.36
Tail end 0.8 1.9 1.4 0.34

Table 3. Some mechanical properties of cassava tubers

Stress Unpeeled Tuber Peeled Tuber

Poison’s ratio 0.38 —
Shear stress (N.mm-2) 3.22 0.28
Peeling stress (N.mm-2) 0.30 —
Cutting force (N) 500 140
Rupture stress (N.mm-2) 0.95 0.70
 13

Moreover, the section through a tubers and transverse section of the cassava is shown

in Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively. These parameters were considered in the design

considerations.

Figure 2: Sections through a cassava tuber

Figure 3: Transverse section showing relative size of starch grains in cassava root
 14

2.3 Processing Machines for Cassava and Mechanisms

Processing machines are made to replace the manual method and to increase product

output in order to meet the required demand for food, fiber and materials. Appropriate

mechanization and automation is extremely necessary in order to achieve the desired end

product. For cassava commodity, some manual methods like grating, pressing or

dewatering, frying, chipping, pulverizing are mechanized successfully with years of

innovation and development.

2.3.1 Peeling Mechanism

Peeling is the first process from harvest to processing which is a very important

operation. In the cassava peeling operation, both the periderm and the cortex are removed

as waste; and the central portion of the tuber left as the desired output [16]. Mechanization

of this process has the potential of driving increased cultivation of cassava and generating

products with high hygienic standard, product quality, processing efficiency, minimum

loss of tubers and increased processing rate [17]. Cassava peeling can be done in different

methods.
 15

2.3.1.1 Manual Peeling

Before mechanizations, manual tools are used for peeling such as knife, wood tools.

The tool in Figure 4 was invented by IITA.

Figure 4: Cassava peeling tool

Manual operation of peeling is tedious and operated by hand to facilitate removal of

periderm of cassava tuber. The output of the skilled person for manual peeling is about

25kg/hr with a loss of 25-30% of weight in the peels [18].

2.3.1.2 Chemical Peeling

This method is often adopted by industries and some food processing centers. It is most

widely used for sweet potatoes. This makes use of a hot solution of sodium hydroxide (Lye)
 16

to loosen and soften the skin of the potatoes. This method is not suitable for cassava since

it has tougher peels compared to potatoes and it requires a higher concentration of

immersion to the solution. It has difficulty in the removal of chemical traces as it may be

poisonous [16] [19].

2.3.1.3 Mechanical peeling

This method is a mechanized means of peeling the tubers and uses devised mechanisms

for this purpose. Many designs have been published like the paper presented by Oluwole

O. O. and Adio M. A. shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Cassava peeling machine by Oluwole O. O. et.al.

It has a principle of abrasive peeling using a stationary outer abrasive drum and a

rotating inner abrasive drum based on a batch capacity of 8.5 kg and cut tuber lengths of
 17

200mm and diameters of 90mm. An average peeling efficiency recorded was 70.45 percent

while the average flesh loss was 5.09 percent and percentage of broken cassava was

estimated to be 2%. Another paper both written by O.J Olukunle and B.O. Akinnuli which

entitled “Performance Evaluation of a Single Action Cassava Peeling Machine” has the

design as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6: Cassava Peeling and Washing Machine by O.J Olukunle et.al

This machine consists of a roller with 200 mm diameter and 900mm long. The shaft is

25 mm diameter and runs through the roller. This machine was fabricated in the

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure,

Nigeria. The results show the capacity of the machine as 1050 kg/h. This gave this machine

an estimated processing time of 0.33 seconds/kg.

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2.3.2 Grating Mechanism

Grating is the most painful and tedious operation. The capacity of the skillful person

could grate about 20kg/hr [18]. Apart from the peelers, various types of cassava grating

machines have been developed. Many designs and construction were published and

showed development of grating mechanisms. Each graters is designed uniquely as seen in

the Figure 7.

a. Traditional grater b. Wadwha disc grater

c. Vertical drum grater d. Pedal grater

Figure 7: Cassava graters
 19

2.3.3 Pressing or Dewatering Mechanism

The pressing or dewatering of cassava is necessary after grating in order to lessen

cyanide content as well as to lessen the moisture content of the grates by 40%-45% wet

basis. Traditionally, the grated mash is packed inside baskets, jute bags or perforated plastic

sacks as shown in Figure 8. In the advancement of technology, several studies were

implemented for dewatering machine of cassava with authors as shown in Figure 9 and

Figure 10 respectively.

Figure 8: Traditional method for dewatering

 20

Figure 9: Cassava dewatering machine by Olusegun, H.D. and Ajiboye, T.K.

Figure 10: Screw press by Kolawole O.P. et. al.

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2.4 Control Systems and Components Overview

Associating a special-purpose automated machines and standard machines by

automation attracted the attention of many machine buyers. These improved or automated

machines were in the direction of cutting costs by doing the job better, quicker, and

automatically. The work of the operator was further eased and simplified by the

development of infallible control panels to the point that running a machine consists only

of pressing buttons.

Numerous technologies of agricultural automation are being developed by universities

researchers that create questions about efficiency. Many new concepts are being developed

to allow agricultural automation to grow and deliver its full potential. To take full

advantage of these technologies, it should not just consider the implication of developing

a new single technology but should look at the wider issues of a complete mechanization

system, including appropriate machinery and design management. Using a small

automated machine (small smart machine) is a current trend where the machine is a little

better than the existing one. Automation, much like mechanization, depends on machines

to execute functions many of which were first performed manually. Automated

machineries are manufactured and used in many different operations such as

manufacturing, processing, communications and any other industries that automation is

really applicable. Automating the process will reduce the amount of manual labor, improve

throughput and produce consistent results [20]. Thus, every device in automated machines

requires control system either it is Open loop system or a Close loop system.
 22

Open loop system is a system that operates with no automatic correction of the variation

in its output. This type of control requires human judgment and/or depends on human

intervention to the machine being operated. Close loop system is a system where the output

has an effect upon the input quantity in such a manner as to maintain the desired output

value. In designing automated machines, electronic components are one of the important

parts to perform the tasks accordingly with less or no human intervention.

2.4.1 Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a processor with memory and other components integrated into

one shown in Figure 11. One of the major advantages of a microcontroller is the reduction

of PCB size which saves money, time and space. Nowadays, microcontroller production

counts billion per year and are used by researchers and students which they integrate to

create a new projects.

A clone of famous Arduino microcontroller is available here in the Philippines

which is called Gizduino. A cheap controller that helps a lot of students and researchers in

completing low-cost projects.

 23

Figure 11: Example of Microcontroller

2.4.2 Sensors

Sensors are devices that sense the presence or absence of objects. Sensors perform a

number of functions in automated manufacturing and material handling systems and

processing. Using a sensor makes a process or system more automated and removes the

need for human operators to monitor and control the situation.

2.4.1.1 Infra-Red Sensor

An electronic instrument that is used to sense definite characteristics of its

surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. It is also capable of

 24

measuring the heat of an object and detecting motion. Infrared waves are not visible to the

human eye.

Figure 12: Concept of IR Sensor

Figure 12 work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the

Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using a LED which produces light at the same wavelength as

what the sensor is looking for, one can look at the intensity of the received light. When an

object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the

light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be

detected using a threshold.

 25

Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1 Design Considerations

In order to achieve effectiveness, acceptability during operation and testing of the

machine, the machine had undergone considerations for designing that fits the requirement

of the desired output for processing cassava commodity.

 26

3.1.1 Machine system

The machine system should conform the following considerations;

1. The machine should be designed ergonomically for safer and convenient

operation.

2. The machine shall have proper operation, material selection and waste

discharge mechanisms must be studied.

3. The machine components or elements shall be appropriate and follow

standards based on the computed theoretical analysis and design.

3.1.2 Control System

The machine control system should conform the following considerations;

1. The control system elements (wires, microcontroller, etc.) must be in

standard form to eliminate the risk of fire and electrical shocks.

2. The control system must automatically shut-off the power supply if some

part of machine operation is malfunctioning.

3. The system must have a user friendly interface for easy operation and

navigation.
 27

3.2 Design Analysis

3.2.1 Peeling unit design analysis

Based on the study of O. C. Ademosun, M. O. Jimoh et. al. which used

130-150 rpm for 10kg feed of cassava tubers.

Weight of Cassava: 10kg

Drum Volume (V):

V= πr2h= π(1ft)2(1.25ft)= 3.93 ft3

Power to peel cassava
P= Tv ; T= mass x g x radial distance
T= 10kg x 9.81 m/s2 x 0.304m = 29.822 N.m
2π x 150
𝑃 = (29.822𝑁. 𝑚)
60

P= 468.443 Watts or 0.628 hp

Factor of Safety: 2 x 0.626hp = 1.25 hp
Internal pressure (IP)
4𝜎𝑡
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐷
140𝑀𝑁
4( )(0.001𝑚)
𝑚2
𝐼𝑃 = , IP = 1.05 MPa
0.5334𝑚

Chute Inclination
Given data that the coefficient of friction for mild steel in cassava is μ =

0.364. The angle of friction would be:

tan ϕ = μ
𝜙 = tan−1 𝜇 = tan-1 (0.364) = 20.00º or more
 28

Speed Transmission

Small pulley diameter (Ds) – 3 inches

Large pulley diameter (Dl) – 12 inches

𝐷𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐷𝑙
= 3/12 = 1/4

Belt design

Determination of Center distance (C)

For speed ratios less than three (3):

𝐷𝑠+𝐷𝑙
𝐶= + 𝐷𝑠
2
3"+12"
𝐶= + 3"
2

C = 10.5 inches
Belt length (Lb):
π(Dl+Ds) (𝐷𝑙−𝐷𝑠)2
𝐿𝑏 = + 2𝐶 +
2 4𝐶

𝜋(12+3) (12−3)2
𝐿𝑏 = + 2(10.5) +
2 4(10.5)

Lb = 46.5 inches/ 1.18 meters (B V-belt)

Shaft diameter

A shaft diameter of 25mm is recommended for this operation.

 29

3.2.2 Grating unit design analysis

Grating house volume:

V= 18” [(15”x15”) – (10”x11”)]
= 2070”/123
= 1.2 cu.ft.
Shaft design

Angle of twist is limited to 2 degrees, shaft length of 0.533 meters and a maximum

stress of 60 MPa, Rigidity of 83 MPa.

𝑇𝐿
Maximum twist: Ø = 𝐽𝐺
𝑇𝑟
Maximum stress: 𝜏= 𝐽

𝑇 Ø𝐺 𝜏
Thus: = =𝑟
𝐽 𝐿

𝜏𝐿
So, 𝑟 = Ø𝐺
(60𝑀𝑃𝑎)(0.533𝑚)
Substitute values: 𝑟= 𝜋
2° (83𝑀𝑃𝑎)
180

31.98
𝑟= = 11.06 𝑚𝑚
2.89

The shaft diameter is d=22.13mm, use 25mm diameter.

3.2.3 Pressing unit design analysis

𝑓𝑡 3 𝐷 2 − 𝑑2
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, = 𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 𝑟𝑝𝑚
ℎ𝑟 36.6
= (3.5𝑖𝑛2 − 2.5𝑖𝑛2 )/36.6 𝑥 3𝑖𝑛 𝑥 90𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 44.26 ℎ𝑟
 30

3.3 Peeling Mechanism

The design is batch type peeling shown in Figure 13 where the cassava tubers are fed

to a circular peeler with perforated material attached to its inside perimeter. The circular

drum has rotary motion at the bottom to let the cassava tubers move a circular motion to

cause contact with the perforated tool to occur peeling. During peeling, the machine adds

water for washing and cleaning the tubers as well as to discharge the peel wastes. After the

peeling and washing process, the peeled cassava is transferred to a grating process by chute

that is connected to drum peeler.

Figure 13: Design for Peeler unit

 31

3.4 Grating Mechanism

This unit is composed of a teethed cylinder which is used for grating the cassava tubers

and power transmitted by shaft from the pulley connected to it. The grated cassava pass

through the cylinder to the chute of exit as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14: Design for Grater unit

 32

3.5 Pressing Mechanism

The use of this process is to extract the grated pulp by applying pressure to reduce the

moisture content. This unit uses a screw press mechanism which will dewater the cassava

slurry by passing through to it until it reaches to the catch basin for pressed cassava at lower

moisture content. The screw press design is shown in Figure 15.

Figure 15: Design for Pressing unit

 33

3.6 Physical Design

The researchers use Google SketchUp 2013 to create two and three-dimensional

drawings for efficient change and adjust drawings using the software and shown in Figures

17, 18, 19, and 20.

4.5
ft

Figure 16: Physical design

3.75
ft

Figure 17: Left and Right view of the Machine

Figure 18: Front and Back view of the Machine

 34

2.25 ft

Figure 19: Top view of the Machine

Figure 20: Isometric view of the Machine

 35

3.7 Materials

Material selection is the most significant factor in constructing any machine since its

elements must have appropriate selection in order to perform well and to achieve the

required performance output. Further, the material should be free from any chemical or

physical reactions to the commodity that will be process to minimize contamination. The

specification of materials is shown in Table 4.

Machine Frame
The frame must be rigid that it can sustain static and dynamic loading (direct axial

loading or torque). Its role is to provide balance from applied stress. Angular medium

carbon steel can be used as frames.

Peeling Drum

The drum is made of stainless metal sheet to avoid corrosion. It has a perforated

material at the inner diameter that serves as peeler and it has a rotating body at the bottom

to generate torque of the cassava tubers that is fed in the drum. High carbon steels are used

to avoid chemical reaction to the cassava from peeling.

Chutes

This unit is materialized by high carbon metal sheets and punctured outside.

Grater

This is made with high carbon steel. It is cylindrical shape with teeth to facilitate grating

and connected with shaft to the motor.

Presser
 36

This is composed of screw press which will dewater the cassava grates. This is all made

of high carbon steel.

Table 4. Materials and Specifications

No. Material Quantity Specifications

1 Angle Bar 4 bars 3/16x1
2 Flat bar 1 3/16x1/2
3 Plain Sheet 1 G-16
4 Pillow block bearing 6 205
5 Steel Shaft 6 ft 1 inch Ø
6 Perforated stainless sheet 1 ½ meters 3mm
7 Stainless steel pipe 1 2 in. Ø
1 2 ½ in Ø
8 Steel Plate 1 1/8
9 Pulleys 2 1x3x1
1 1x6x1
2 1x12x1
1 ¾ x3x1
10 Bolt w/ washer 12 3/8x1
11 Rivets 50 pcs 1/8 x ½
12 Electric motor 2 1 hp (1Ø)
13 Water Pump 1 1/6 hp
14 V-belts 1 B48
1 B58
1 B41
15 Paint 1 quarter Aluminum
16 Roller (rubber caster) 1 set No.2
17 Drill bit 4 1/8
18 Acrylic 1 1/16 (12”x18”)
19 Microcontroller 1 Gizduino Mini+
20 Magnetic Contactor 2
21 Overload Relay 2 3A - 10 A
22 Relay 3 24 V DC 10 A
3 12 V DC 10 A
23 Infrared Transmitter & Receiver 1
24 Liquid Crystal Display 1 2x16
25 Buttons 7 Normally Open
1 Normally Close
26 Bulb 6 220 V AC
27 Fan 1 220V AC
28 Transformer 1 12V - 0V - 12V
 37

3.8 Operational Block Diagram

Start

Input
Weight

Peeling and
Washing Process

Grating and
Pressing Process

Stop

Figure 21: Operational Block Diagram

 38

3.9 Sequential Block Diagram

Start

AUTO (INPUT WEIGHT) MANUAL

PEELING
(Motor 1 and Timer
ON) Motor 1 & 2 is
Turned ON/OFF
OPEN CHUTE
(Times up)

IR sensor
Detect cassava in
every 5 seconds

GRATING &
DEWATERING
(ON Motor 2)

Still have
After 3 minutes Cassava to
(OFF Motor 2) GRATE?

OFF Motor 2
(Grating and Stop
Pressing)

Figure 22: Sequential Block Diagram

 39

3.10 Electronic and Control System Design

USER INTERFACE

MICRO-CONTROLLER

IR SENSOR OPTO-COUPLER LCD DISPLAY

RELAY RELAY RELAY

(24 V DC) (24 V DC) (24 V DC)

MAGNETIC MAGNETIC
CONTACTOR CONTACTOR
with OVERLOAD with OVERLOAD
RELAY RELAY

MOTOR 1 MOTOR 2 WATER PUMP

Figure 23: Electronic Control System

 40

3.11 Performance Evaluation

The considerations in machine testing are listed as follows:

1. A minimum of three test trials, with duration of at least 15 minutes per trial, shall

be adopted.

2. The duration of each test trial shall start with the feeding of all test materials into

the intake hopper and ends after the last discharge from the output chute and shall

be recorded as operating time.

3. During test, all operation data from input to output must be recorded for analysis.

3.11.1 Peeling and washing testing

The duration of each test trial shall start from loading to unloading of test material per

batch. The water requirement during peeling must be measured and recorded.

Washing capacity

𝑊𝑜
𝐶𝑤 = Equation (1)
𝑇𝑜

Where: Cw - Washing Capacity, kg/hr

Wo - Total Weight of material, kg.

To - Operating time, hr
 41

Percent weight of peel (%)

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑘𝑔
% 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 100% Equation (2)

Peeling efficiency (PE %)

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑘𝑔

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑥 100 Equation (3)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑒𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑘𝑔

Percentage flesh loss of tubers (FL %)

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑘𝑔

𝐹𝐿 = 𝑥 100 Equation (4)
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑘𝑔

3.11.2 Grating and Pressing testing

The peeled cassava is weighed before it is grated and the weight of the cassava after

grating is determined. Thus, the grating efficiency is given by:

𝑊𝑟
𝜂 = 𝑊𝑓 𝑥 100% Equation (5)

Where: 𝜂 − grating and pressing efficiency

Wr- weight recovered (kg)

Wf- weight fed in (kg)

Also the Grating and Pressing capacity (𝛽) used the equation below:

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑(𝑘𝑔)

𝛽= Equation (6)
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 (ℎ𝑟𝑠)
 42

Chapter 4

Results and Discussions

The machine was designed and fabricated as shown in Figure 24. It was tested in three

different trials to attain reliable results.

Figure 24: Machine Prototype

Tabulated results are indicated for every unit of operation.

 43

4.1 Performance Evaluation

During testing, different cassava sizes were introduced in peeling operation with a mass

of 10 kg per batch. The peeled tubers were used for grating and the grated cassava for

pressing to determine the material recovery of cassava in 10 kilograms. Random sampling

was conducted for determining the average length and diameter of the cassava during

testing as shown in Table 5. According to Oluwole O.O et. al. the average peel weight is

16.3% [19].

Table 5. Determining average length and diameter of tubers

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 Average

Length (in.) 10 9 8 6 8 8.2

Diameter (mm) 50 40 62 39 65 51.2

Table 6. Peeling and Washing Testing

Weight
Weight
Weight of peels
Weight Peeling of
of not Weight
of and Peels Weight
Trial Peeled peeled of F.L. P.E % F.L %
tubers Washing and of peels
tubers by (kg)
(kg) Period F.L
(kg) machine
(kg)
(kg)
1 10 5 mins 7.8 2.2 0.5 1.07 1.63 69.325 12.784
2 10 5 mins 8 2 0.4 0.77 1.63 75.460 9.199
3 10 5 mins 8.3 1.7 0.3 0.37 1.63 81.595 4.421
Mean 75.460 8.801
 44

For washing capacity:

10𝑘𝑔 2𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑤 = 5𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 120 ℎ𝑟

PE % FL %
90
81.59509202
80 75.4601227
69.32515337
70
Percent (%)

60
50
40
30
20 12.78375149
9.199522103
10 4.420549582
0
1 2 3
Trials

Figure 25: Graphical representation of PE% and FL%

Table 7: Grating and Pressing testing

Weight of
Weight of Duration of Grating and Grating and
Grated and
Trial Peeled Grating and Pressing Eff. Pressing Capacity
Pressed
Cassava (kg) Pressing (%) (kg/hr)
Cassava (kg)
1 7.3 16min 6 82.192 22.5
2 7.6 18min 20s 6.3 82.895 20.618
3 8 20min 10s 6.9 86.25 20.529
Mean 83.779 21.216
 45

Grating and Pressing Eff (%) 86.25

82.89473684
82.19178082

1 2 3
Trial

Figure 26: Grating and Pressing Efficiency

Table 8: Overall Machine Performance per batch only

Weight of
Weight of Material Throughput
Duration End
Trial Tubers Capacity Capacity
Period Product
(kg) (kg/hr) (kg/hr)
(kg)
1 10 21min 10s 6 17.008 28.346

2 10 22min 18s 6.3 16.951 26.906

3 10 23min 15s 6.9 17.806 25.806

Mean 6.4 17.255 27.019
 46

4.2 Discussions

The cassava processing machine was designed to automate and combine the peeling,

grating and pressing of cassava tubers. Its first operation is the peeling by which the cassava

tubers were loaded by batch with a maximum cassava length of 10 inches and largest

diameter of 65mm to facilitate peeling. When the peeling operation was initiated, the

peeled tubers were transferred to the grating process by means of opening the chute which

was then sensed by an infrared sensor for detecting cassava from the peeling unit. Then,

the grating and pressing units begin to process. While the grating and pressing process are

working, another batch of tubers can be loaded in peeling for continuous operation. Table

5 presents the peeling efficiency and the flesh loss in every trial of testing with a washing

capacity of 120kg/hr with a graphical representation shown in Figure 25. In this operation,

lower speed is required to acquire better peeling with less flesh loss. For grating and

pressing unit which is presented in Table 6 and Figure 26, the peeled tubers from the

peeling operation are used for this operation, wherein every trial has a different recovery

given that it has a different loading weight of peeled cassava to this operation. The overall

performance is shown in Table 7.

 47

4.3 Circuit Layout

Figure 27: Circuit Layout

47
 48

4.3.1 Power Supply

Figure 28: Power Supply Circuit Design

Figure 28 shows the power supply circuit design which the researchers used 12V

to -12V transformer, full-wave rectifier, and 50V capacitor to have a 24 V DC power

supply output. Latching set up was used to switch on the control panel instead of a detent

switch. A 5V voltage regulator was added to isolate the supply for microcontroller and

other 5V components and it is part of the circuit layout shown in Figure 27.
 49

4.3.2 IR Sensor

Figure 29: IR Sensor Circuitry

IR sensor positioned parallel to each other to provide direct line of sight. In every

cassava passes and blocks the IR sensor, a low logic output is received by the

microcontroller. It needs to amplify the output from photo-transistor to microcontroller

because voltage drop happened depending on the distance of the sensor.

4.3.3 High Power Load

Figure 30 shows the how the microcontroller drive the high powered motors and water

pump. From the Gizduino Mini+ (MCU), opto-couplers were connected to 24 volts relay

to isolate the microcontroller from high voltage lines. Magnetic contactors with Overload

relays were connected from 24V relay to trigger the motors using 220V supply. The
 50

researchers decided to use the relay in switching on the water pump for it has 1/6 hp. Bulbs

were connected to relays as indicator for stop, ready and go.

Figure 30: Motor Driver Circuitry

4.3.4 Switches and Microcontroller

The researchers used Gizduino Mini+ for it has more output pins and occupy less space.

Low logic serves as the trigger output to microcontroller to operate the functions uploaded

to drive the motors. A source of 5V is connected to 10k ohms resistor to the Gizduino

Mini+ as default input to the pins. Figure 31 shows the control switches and microcontroller

of the control panel.

 51

Figure 31: Control Switches and Microcontroller

 52

Chapter 5

Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusions

The fabricated machine was tested and verified the efficiency of every unit and the

overall performance of the machine. The materials that were in contact of the cassava

tubers are made of high carbon steel. In peeling, some broken cassava is referred to as

mechanical damage and not losses. The mean peeling efficiency is 75.460% with a mean

flesh loss of 8.801% in 10 kilogram feed. The capacity of the machine that could peel was

about 60kg/hr where the cassava was loaded in every 5 minutes compared to manual

peeling for skilled person of 25kg/hr. The mean grating and pressing efficiency is 83.779%

and the grating and pressing capacity of 21.216kg/hr. For the overall machine, the mean

duration time from peeling to dewatering per 10 kilogram batch basis is 22 minutes 15

seconds. The mean recovery for three trials of testing for ten kilogram feed is 6.4kg with

fine cassava grates as a final output of the machine. However, the designed machine will
 53

not peel all sizes of cassava. Moreover, the machine is restricted up to medium sizes

specifically 254mm (10inches) length of cassava to facilitate peeling.

5.2 Recommendations

In conducting research, ample time is necessary to conduct and perform the thesis

successfully. For further improvement of this research, the researchers recommend that the

material used for design must be locally available particularly on machine elements for

ease and affordability and as well as an avoidance of the delay of fabrication. In the next

line of study and for further modification of fabricated machine, speed regulator can be

installed for regulating the motor speed during peeling and improve the chute door

mechanism for transferring the peeled cassava. For grating unit, increase the teethed

cylinder diameter to increase the surface area in contact for grating cassava tubers. For the

pressing unit, it is suggested to be openable for easy cleaning. In addition, the rotation of

presser should be lowered to 40-50rpm to attain better pressed cassava grates. Further

improvement and extensive literature review could still be done on this study to enhance

more effective and acceptable performance.

 54

Bibliography

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International Journal Of Engineering Trends And Technology, vol. 4, no. 9,
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Nigeria, 2000.

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Cassava," MDPI, vol. 2, no. 2071-1050, pp. 3681-3694, 2010.

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[8] BAS, AGRI-PINOY Corn Program Cassava Area, Production and Yield per
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Philippine Agriculture for Food Sufficiency," UNAPCAEM and FAO, Bangkok,
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[10] R. M. L. e. al, "A Review of Past, Present and Future Strategies in the Philippines,"
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Regional Forum on Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization in Asia and the Pacific,
Quingdao, China, October 26-27, 2013.
 55

[12] A. A. C. Alves, "Cassava Botany and Physiology," in Cassava: Biology, Production

and Utilization, Brazil, CAB, 2002, pp. 67-89.

[13] The Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development, "Cassava Processing," in
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[14] BAR, "Food Staple Crops," BAR R&D Digest, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1-31, 2011.

[15] L. U. Opara, "Cassava Storage," in CIGR Handbook forAgricultural Engineering

Volume IV: Agroprocess Engineering, Michigan, CIGR, 1999, pp. 157-170.

[16] A. B. Hassan, "Design and Fabrication of a Cassava Peeling Machine," IOSR Journal
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in Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2276-8467, pp. 334-337, 2012.

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[19] A. M. A. Oluwole O. O., "Design and Construction of a Batch Cassava Peeling

Machine," Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Automation , vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 16-
21, 2013.

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 56

Appendices

Appendix A: Calculation of Results

Peeling and Washing Testing

Trial 1
Weight of peel removed by machine kg
PE = x 100
Total wieght of peels kg

(2.2−1.07) kg
PE = x 100
1.63 kg

PE = 69.3252%
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑘𝑔
𝐹𝐿 = 𝑥 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑘𝑔
1.07 kg
FL = x 100
8.37 kg
FL = 12.78%

Trial 2 Trial 3
(2−0.77) kg (1.7−0.37) kg
PE = x 100 PE = x 100
1.63 kg 1.63 kg

PE = 75.46% PE = 81.595%
0.77 kg 0.37 kg
FL = x 100 FL = x 100
8.37 kg 8.37 kg
FL = 9.1995% FL = 4.42%
 57

69.32+75.46+81.595
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝐸 = = 75.46%
3

12.78 + 9.1995 + 4.42

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐹𝐿 = = 8.801%
3

Grating and Pressing Testing

Trial 1

Wr 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑(𝑘𝑔)

η= x 100% 𝛽=
Wf 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 (ℎ𝑟𝑠)

6 6(𝑘𝑔)
η = 7.3 x 100% 𝛽 = 0.266 (ℎ𝑟𝑠)

𝑘𝑔
η =82.1918% 𝛽 = 22.5 ℎ𝑟

Trial 2
6.3 6.3(𝑘𝑔)
𝜂= 𝑥 100% 𝛽=
7.6 0.3056(ℎ𝑟𝑠)

𝑘𝑔
𝜂 =82.89% 𝛽 = 20.618 ℎ𝑟

Trial 3
6.9 6.9(𝑘𝑔)
𝜂= 𝑥 100% 𝛽 = 0.336(ℎ𝑟𝑠)
8

𝑘𝑔
𝜂 =86.25% 𝛽 =20.53 ℎ𝑟

82.1918 + 82.89 + 86.25

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐺𝑃𝐸 = = 83.7788%
3

22.5 + 20.618 + 20.53 𝑘𝑔

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝐺𝑃 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 21.2157
3 ℎ𝑟
 58

Appendix B: Economic Analysis

6hrs of operation/day and 6times/week

40weeks in a year
Cost of investment
Fabrication = 32,000php
Expenses
Labor- 150/day x 6 x 40 = 36,000php
Electricity- 7.5Kwh/day x10php/Kwh x 6 x 40 = 18,000php
Maintenance and Operation- 3000/Month x 12 = 36,000php
122,000php

Profit
Capacity in a day
28kg/hr x 6hrs = 168kg/day
Price per Kilogram
5php/kg x 168kg/day= 840Php x 6 = 5040php/week
Profit in a Year
5040php/week x 40 weeks = 201,600php

Net Profit= 201,600php – 122,000 = 79,600php

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑅𝑂𝐼 = ( ) 100
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
= (79,600php/ 122,000) x 100
ROI = 65.25 %
 59

Appendix C: Prototype of the Machine

 60

Appendix D: Control Panel and Electronic System

 61

Appendix E: Unpeeled Cassava Tubers

Appendix F: Peeled and Grated Tubers

 62

Appendix G: Source Code

Software: Arduino

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <SimpleTimer.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);

const int ButtonUp = 8;

const int ButtonDown = 9;
const int ButtonProceed = 10;
const int ButtonBack = 11;
const int ButtonSTART = 12;
const int TransferSensor = 20;
const int PeelerMotor = 16;
const int GraterMotor = 18;
const int WaterMotor = 19;
const int PeelerReady =22 ;
const int GraterReady =23 ;
SimpleTimer timer;

int Menu = 0,
Option1=0,
Option2=0,
Option3=0,
Option4=0,
NumKg=1,
Time,
i,k,j,
Detect=0,
q=0,
sec,
t=0,
CountMenu=0,
ReturnMenu,
Gratebegin=0;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ButtonUp, INPUT);
pinMode(ButtonDown, INPUT);
pinMode(ButtonProceed, INPUT);
pinMode(ButtonBack, INPUT);
 63

pinMode(ButtonSTART, INPUT);
pinMode(TransferSensor,INPUT);
pinMode(PeelerMotor,OUTPUT);
pinMode(GraterMotor,OUTPUT);
pinMode(WaterMotor,OUTPUT);
pinMode(PeelerReady,OUTPUT);
pinMode(GraterReady,OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
}

void loop() {

timer.run();
sec= millis()/1000;
if(sec-Gratebegin>=180&&t==1){
digitalWrite(GraterMotor,LOW);
if(CountMenu==0){
ReturnMenu=Menu;
CountMenu++;}
Menu=10;
}

if(Menu <= 0 ) Intro();

if(Menu == 1) AutoManu();
if(Menu == 2) Input();
if(Menu == 3) Confirm();
if(Menu == 4) START();
if(Menu == 5) TimeToPeel();
if(Menu == 6) WaitingToTransfer();
if(Menu == 7) Transfer();
if(Menu == 8) Manual();
if(Menu == 9) OnOff();
if(Menu == 10) ContGrate();

if(digitalRead(ButtonProceed)==LOW){
if(Menu == 9) Menu = 9;
if(Menu == 10){
digitalWrite(GraterMotor, HIGH);
timer.restartTimer(sec);
Menu=ReturnMenu-1;
CountMenu=0;
Gratebegin = sec;}
if(Menu <= 3 || Menu == 8) Menu++;
else{Menu=Menu;}
delay(500);
lcd.clear();
 64

if(digitalRead(ButtonBack)==LOW){
if(Menu == 8){ Menu=1;}
if(Menu == 10){ Menu = ReturnMenu;CountMenu=0;t=0;}
if( Menu == 4 || Menu == 2 || Menu == 3|| Menu == 9) Menu--;
else{Menu = Menu;}
delay(500);
lcd.clear();
}
}

void CalcTime(){
Time = 30*NumKg;
}

void Intro(){
int proc=0;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Automated Combined Cassava Peeler, Grate");
lcd.setCursor(2 ,1);
lcd.print("BSAE & BSEcE");
delay(500);
for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter < 24; positionCounter++){
if(digitalRead(ButtonProceed)==LOW||proc>=1){proc++;lcd.clear();break;}
lcd.setCursor(1+positionCounter ,1);
lcd.print(" BSAE & BSEcE");
lcd.scrollDisplayLeft();
delay(250);
}
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("va Peeler, Grater and Presser");
for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter < 13; positionCounter++) {
if(digitalRead(ButtonProceed)==LOW||proc>=1){proc++;lcd.clear();break;}
lcd.setCursor(1+positionCounter ,1);
lcd.print(" BSAE & BSEcE ");
lcd.scrollDisplayLeft();
delay(250);
}
delay(500);
for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter < 13; positionCounter++) {
if(digitalRead(ButtonProceed)==LOW||proc>=1){proc++;lcd.clear();break;}
lcd.setCursor(12-positionCounter ,1);
lcd.print(" BSAE & BSEcE ");
lcd.scrollDisplayRight();
 65

delay(250);
}
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Automated Combined Cassava Peeler, Grate");
for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter < 24; positionCounter++) {
if(digitalRead(ButtonProceed)==LOW||proc>=1){proc++;lcd.clear();break;}
lcd.scrollDisplayLeft();
}
for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter < 24; positionCounter++) {
if(digitalRead(ButtonProceed)==LOW||proc>=1){proc++;lcd.clear();break;}
lcd.setCursor(23-positionCounter ,1);
lcd.print(" BSAE & BSEcE ");
lcd.scrollDisplayRight();
delay(250);
}
if(proc>=1) Menu=1;
}

void AutoManu(){
if (digitalRead(ButtonUp) == LOW|| Option1 == 0) {
Option1=0;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(">Auto (Input Wt)");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" Manual");
}
if(digitalRead(ButtonDown) == LOW || Option1 == 1){
Option1=1;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" Auto (Input Wt)");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(">Manual");
}
}

void Input(){
if(Option1==0){
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("No. of kilos:");
if (digitalRead(ButtonUp) == LOW) {
NumKg++;
delay(250);
if(NumKg >10) NumKg=10;
}
if(digitalRead(ButtonDown) == LOW){
NumKg--;
 66

delay(250);
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print(" ");
if(NumKg <1) NumKg=1;
}
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(NumKg);
}
else if(Option1==1){
Menu = 8;
}
}

void Confirm(){

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Continue");
lcd.setCursor(10,0);
lcd.print(NumKg);
if(NumKg==10){
lcd.setCursor(13,0);
lcd.print("kg?");
}
else{
lcd.setCursor(12,0);
lcd.print("kg?");
}
digitalWrite(PeelerReady,HIGH);
}

void START(){
lcd.setCursor(2,0);
lcd.print("'PRESS START");
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("BUTTON TO PEEL'");
delay(500);
lcd.clear();
delay(250);
if(digitalRead(ButtonSTART) == LOW){
digitalWrite(PeelerMotor, HIGH);
digitalWrite(WaterMotor, HIGH);
digitalWrite(PeelerReady,LOW);
Menu++;
CalcTime();
}
}
 67

void TimeToPeel(){
if(Time <0){
digitalWrite(GraterReady,HIGH);
Menu++;
}
else{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("PEELING ...");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Time Left: ");
lcd.setCursor(12,1);
lcd.print(":");
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
if(Time/60<10){
lcd.setCursor(10,1);
lcd.print(" ");
}
lcd.print(Time/60);
lcd.setCursor(13,1);
if(Time%60<10){
lcd.print("0");
lcd.setCursor(14,1);
lcd.print(Time%60);}
else lcd.print(Time%60);
Time--;
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}
}

void WaitingToTransfer(){
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(WaterMotor,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Ready for ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Transfer!");
for(int sec = 1; sec<=5;sec++){
lcd.setCursor(8+sec,1);
lcd.print(".");
delay(500);
}
q=0;
Menu++;
}
 68

void Empty(){
if(k<5){
for(k=1;k<=5;k++){
lcd.clear();
delay(250);
lcd.setCursor(3,0);
lcd.print("NO CASSAVA");
lcd.setCursor(4,1);
lcd.print("DETECTED!");
delay(750);
}
}
Menu = 7;
Detect = 0;
k = 0;
i=0;
}

void Transfer(){
if(q==0){
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("'PULL the DOOR'");
}
if(digitalRead(TransferSensor) == LOW){
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("TRANSFERING");
for(int sec = 1; sec<=5;sec++){
lcd.setCursor(sec+10,0);
lcd.print(".");
delay(500);
}
i=0;
Detect++;
q++;
digitalWrite(GraterReady,LOW);
digitalWrite(GraterMotor,HIGH);
if(t==0){Gratebegin=sec;t=1;
}}

else { i++; delay(100);}

if(i== 50){
if(Detect == 0) Empty();
else if(Detect>0){
 69

digitalWrite(PeelerMotor, LOW);
Menu=1;
i=0; Detect =0 ;
lcd.clear();
}
}
NumKg=1;
}

void Manual(){
if (digitalRead(ButtonUp) == LOW || Option2 == 0) {
Option2=0;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(">PEELING MOTOR");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" GRATING MOTOR");
}
if(digitalRead(ButtonDown) == LOW || Option2 == 1){
Option2=1;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" PEELING MOTOR");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(">GRATING MOTOR");
}
}

void OnOff(){
if(Option2==0){
if (digitalRead(ButtonUp) == LOW || Option3 == 0){
Option3=0;
digitalWrite(PeelerMotor,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(">OFF");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" ON");
}

if(digitalRead(ButtonDown) == LOW || Option3 == 1){

digitalWrite(PeelerMotor,HIGH);
Option3=1;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" OFF");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(">ON");
 70

}}

if(Option2==1){

if (digitalRead(ButtonUp) == LOW || Option4 == 0){

Option4=0;
digitalWrite(GraterMotor,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(">OFF");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" ON");
}

if(digitalRead(ButtonDown) == LOW || Option4 == 1){

digitalWrite(GraterMotor,HIGH);
Option4=1;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" OFF");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(">ON");
}}

void ContGrate(){

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("PROC -> CONTINUE");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("BACK -> STOP
71