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Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and non-linear boundary value
problems

Article  in  AEJ - Alexandria Engineering Journal · December 2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2022.05.003

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Alexandria Engineering Journal (2022) 61, 11635–11649

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

www.elsevier.com/locate/aej
www.sciencedirect.com

Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and

non-linear boundary value problems
Xiao-Zhong Zhang a, Aasma Khalid b, Mustafa Inc c,d,*, Akmal Rehan e,
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar f, M.S. Osman g,*

a
School of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
b
Department of Mathematics, GC Women University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
c
Department of Computer Engineering, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
d
Department of Mathematics, Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
e
Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
f
Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Aldawasir, Saudi Arabia
g
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt

Received 8 February 2022; revised 13 April 2022; accepted 7 May 2022

KEYWORDS Abstract A lot of numerical formulations of physical phenomena contain 9th -order BVPs. The pre-
Boundary value problems; sented probe intends to consider the spline solutions of the 9th -order boundary value problems using
Cubic B-spline; Cubic B Spline(CBS). Ninth order boundary value problems arise in the study of laminar viscous
Absolute errors; flow in a semi-porous channel, astrophysics, hydrodynamic & hydro-magnetic stability. The derived
Central finite difference technique is exceptionally useful and is appropriate for such kinds of linear and non-linear bound-
approximations ary value problems. Cubic B Spline(CBS) is successfully applied to mathematical models. The out-
comes are contrasted to those presented in the literature, revealing that the introduced technique
leads to an advisable estimation of the exact solution.
Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction

In recent years, the method that has received the widest general
acceptance is the spline interpolation method. Unlike other
* Corresponding authors at: Department of Computer Engineering, polynomial interpolations, such as the Lagrange polynomial
Biruni University, Istnbul, Turkey (M. Inc). interpolation formula, Splines apply to a series of segments
E-mail addresses: zhangxiaozhong2000@163.com (X.-Z. Zhang), of the data record rather than the entire data series. The pri-
aasmakhalid@gcwuf.edu.pk (A. Khalid), minc@firat.edu.tr (M. Inc), mary inspiration for utilizing splines rather than a single poly-
akmalrehan@uaf.edu.pk (A. Rehan), n.sooppy@psau.edu.sa (K.S. nomial is to avoid the oscillations in high-degree interpolating
Nisar), mofatzi@cu.edu.eg, mofatzi@sci.cu.edu.eg (M.S. Osman). polynomials that can occur between interpolation points.
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria Splines have other favorable properties such as good conver-
University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.05.003
1110-0168 Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
11636
gence, highly accurate derivative approximation, and good sta-
bility in the presence of round-off errors. Splines represent a
middle ground between a purely analytical description and
numerical finite difference methods, which break the domain
into the smallest possible intervals. The piece-wise approxima-
tion philosophy represented by splines has given rise to finite
element numerical methods.
Here in this work, we will consider the cubic(3rd order) B
spline. Cubic spline allows C2 interpolates, which are impor-
tant in applications such as computer-aided design. Higher
order Boundary value problems have been analyzed because
of their numerical significance and applications in applied
sciences. Such type of boundary value problems fall out in
the acquisition of astrophysics, fluid dynamics, hydro-
magnetic stability, hydrodynamic, astronomy, induction
motors, engineering, beam and long wave theory and applied
physics. A lot of numerical conceptualization of physical phe-
nomena contain ninth order BVPs. This investigation intends
to consider the spline solutions of the ninth order boundary
value problems.
Volterra integro differential equations was solved in [1]
using optimal homotopy asymptotic method. Hypotheses that
depicting the assumptions for the presence and singularity of
solution for higher order boundary value problems are
depicted in a complete overview in [2], yet non of numerical
strategies are restrained for solving such higher order BVPs.
In [3], they assessed the numeric root of ninth order BVPs uti-
lizing non-polynomial spline system. Numerical demonstrating
of AF-F16 that is represented by 9th order BVPs which is
solved in [4] using homotopy analysis method. Solution of
9th -order BVPs is solved in [5] utilizing 10th -degree spline.
Sturm Liouville problems and nonlinear fractional boundary
value problems were solved in [6,7,23] using Chebyshev collo-
cation method and convergent algorithm.
A numerical algorithm was developed in [9,11] for solving
higher-order nonlinear BVPs with an application on fluid flow
over a shrinking permeable infinite long cylinder. In [10], the
authors utilized ideal homotopy asymptotic scheme to solve
some higher order BVPs. Fifth-order boundary value problems
was solved in [14] with sixth-degree B-spline functions. The
discussed above BVPs had been progressed because of their
scientific significance and application in the survey of astron-
omy, fluid mechanics and fluid-magnetic constancy [15]. Solu-
tion of higher order BVPs by spline techniques was discoursed
in [16] and cubic B-spline was utilized to solve non-linear sys-
tem that consists of BVPs of 2nd -order in [19,8]. Using Cubic
spline, an inverse head conduction problem via Bernstein
multi-scaling functions with a nonlinear term was solved in
[20]. The operational matrix formulation of the Jacobi tau
approximation for space fractional diffusion equation was
developed in [21]. A few techniques for finding the solution
of higher order boundary value problems have been accumu-
lated by [17,18,39–41] by using B-spline functions.
In [22,13], the authors have disclosed some B-spline solu-
tion of linear BVPs of 4th order and some BVPs arising in phys-
iology. In [25], authors have applied differential
transformation method (DTM) to accomplish the solution of
some higher order linear & non-linear BVPs. An epic numeri-
cal methodology was discovered in [26] for higher order BVPs
of odd degree especially the 5th ; 7th and 9th order linear and
nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs). TAGE iterative
X.-Z. Zhang et al.
algorithm, Quintic non-polynomial, and Quintic hyperbolic
non-polynomial splines were established in [27–29] for the
numerical solution of non-linear two point boundary value
problems. 6th ; 8th ; 10th ; 12th and 14th -order linear and nonlinear
BVPs are examined in [12,30–36,43,61] using Cubic B spline,
6th degree B-spline and Haar wavelet method. Parametric cubic
spline approach was established in [37] for the solution of a
system of second-order boundary-value problems. Numerical
solution for a class of linear & non-linear BVPs of higher order
by using Haar wavelet collocation scheme was presented in
[38].
In [42], the authors determined a new cubic B spline scheme
for solving linear BVPs of 5th order. Identification and track-
ing control of aircraft from real-time perspectives was dis-
cussed in [44]. In [24,45,46], the authors solved BVPs of
order ninth & tenth with the utilization of the homotopy-
perturbation method, modified-variational -iteration and
homotopy theory via tripled fixed point techniques in partially
metric spaces. Spline collocation technique for explaining solu-
tion of higher order linear BVPs was set up in [47]. Haar wave-
let collocation strategy, collocation technique by utilizing
Quintic B-spline and Sextic B-spline, Ninth Degree B-spline
were established in [48–52] for ninth Order Boundary Value
Problems. In [53–55], B-spline collocation methods were devel-
oped for solving a strongly nonlinear singular boundary value
problem describing electrohydrodynamic flow of a fluid, for a
class of nonlinear derivative dependent singular boundary
value problems and for second order nonlinear boundary value
problems.
An effective homotopy analysis method was developed in
[56] to solve the cubic isothermal auto-catalytic chemical sys-
tem. A reliable scheme was developed in [57] based on a gen-
eral functional transformation is applied to construct the
exact travelling wave solution for nonlinear differential equa-
tions. Application of the variational iteration method was dis-
cussed in [58] for solving nth-order integro-differential
equations. QSSOR. cubic non-polynomial spline method for
the solution of two-point boundary value problems. Numerical
solution of higher order BVPs was established in [59,60,62] by
Petrov–Galerkin method with Quintic B-spline as basis func-
tions and septic B-spline as weight function. Modified decom-
position method was used in [65,64] for approximate solutions
to BVPs of higher order.
This article is composed as follows: The development of our
scheme-CBS is introduced in Section-2. In Section-3, the
described scheme-CBS is used as an interpolating relation for
solving 9th -order linear & nonlinear BVPs. After that detailed
discussion, outcomes of this work are introduced in Section 4.
Additionally a few problems are considered in the Section 4
that shows the fecundity of the scheme CBS. The final com-
ments are bestowed in conclusive Section 5.
2. The structure of CBS
For a given interval U= ½a; b, we will split up this interval into
equal n subintervals such that U‘ = ½j‘ ; j‘þ1 ; ‘ ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . . ;
n  1 such that
j‘ ¼ a þ ‘h; fa ¼ j0 ; j1 ; j2 ; . . . ; jn ¼ bg 2 U ð1Þ
i:e. j‘ ¼ a þ ‘h; ð‘ ¼ 0; 1; . . . ; nÞ and here h ¼ ba.
n
Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and non-linear 11637

 |‘1 þ 4|‘ þ |‘þ1
Let S3 ðUÞ ¼ pðtÞ 2 C2 ½a; b s.t we converted pðtÞ to a wðj‘ Þ ¼ sðj‘ Þ ¼ ð3Þ
cubic polynomial(order 3 polynomial) on sub-intervals 6
ðj‘ ; j‘þ1 Þ. for ‘ ¼ 0; . . . ; n
If Q‘ ð‘ ¼ 1; . . . ; n þ 1Þ, then the supposition functions are Assume m‘ ¼ sð1Þ ðj‘ Þ and @‘ ¼ sð2Þ ðj‘ Þ then from [65] we
formed as have
(
1 ðj1  jÞ3 if j 2 ½j0 ; j1  1 4 ð5Þ  
Q1 ðjÞ ¼ 3 m‘ ¼ sð1Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ wð1Þ ðj‘ Þ  h w ðj‘ Þ þ O h6 ð4Þ
6h 0 otherwise 180

8 3 |‘þ1  |‘1
> h þ 3h2 ðj1  jÞ þ 3hðj1  jÞ2  3ðj1  jÞ3 if j 2 ½j0 ;j1  wð1Þ ðjÞ ¼ sð1Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ ; ð5Þ
1 < 2h
Q0 ðjÞ ¼ 3 ðj2  jÞ3 if j 2 ½j1 ;j2 
6h >
:
0 otherwise @‘ ¼ sð2Þ ðj‘ Þ
1 2 ð4Þ 1 4 ð6Þ  
8 3 2 3
¼ wð2Þ ðj‘ Þ  h w ðj‘ Þ þ h w ðj‘ Þ þ O h6 ; ð6Þ
>
> h þ 3h2 ðj  j0 Þ þ 3hðj  j0 Þ  3ðj  j0 Þ if j 2 ½j0 ; j1  12 360
> 3
<
1 h þ 3h ðj2  jÞ þ 3hðj2  jÞ  3ðj2  jÞ3 if j 2 ½j1 ; j2 
2 2
Q 1 ðj Þ ¼ 3 |‘þ1  2|‘ þ |‘1
> ðj 3  j Þ3
6h > if j 2 ½j2 ; j2  wð2Þ ðjÞ ¼ sð2Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ : ð7Þ
>
:
0 otherwise h2
To determine the numerical-difference formulas, @‘ can be
8
>
> ðj  j‘3 Þ3 if j 2 ½j‘3 ;j‘2  used for wð3Þ ðj‘ Þ; wð4Þ ðj‘ Þ s.t ð‘ ¼ 1; . . . ; n  1Þ; wð5Þ ðj‘ Þ;
>
1 < h3 þ 3h2 ðj  j‘2 Þ þ 3hðj  j‘2 Þ2  3ðj  j‘2 Þ3 if j 2 ½j‘2 ;j‘1  wð6Þ ðj‘ Þ s.t ð‘ ¼ 2; . . . ; n  2Þ; wð7Þ ðj‘ Þ; wð8Þ ðj‘ Þ s.t
Q‘1 ðjÞ ¼ 3
6h >
> h3 þ 3h2 ðj‘  jÞ þ 3hðj‘  jÞ2  3ðj‘  jÞ3 if j 2 ½j‘1 ; j‘ 
>
: ð‘ ¼ 3; . . . ; n  3Þ and wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ; wð10Þ ðj‘ Þ s.t ð‘ ¼ 4; . . . ; n  4Þ
0 otherwise
and errors may be obtained by utilization of the Taylor-series
For ‘ ¼ 2; . . . ; n  2 the assumption function Q‘ is formed as @‘þ1  @‘1 sð3Þ ðj‘ Þ þ sð3Þ ðj‘þ Þ
8 ¼
>
> ðj  j‘2 Þ3 if j 2 ½j‘2 ; j‘1  2h 2
>
>
>
>
> 1  
>
>
>
> 2 3 ¼ wð3Þ ðj‘ Þ þ h2 wð5Þ ðj‘ Þ þ O h4 ; ð8Þ
> h þ 3h ðj  j‘1 Þ þ 3hðj  j‘1 Þ  3ðj  j‘1 Þ if j 2 ½j‘1 ; j‘ 
3 2
>
>
12
1 <
Q‘ ðjÞ ¼ 3
> h3 þ 3h2 ðj‘þ1  jÞ þ 3hðj‘þ1  jÞ2  3ðj‘þ1  jÞ3 if j 2 ½j‘ ; j‘þ1 
6h > |‘þ2  2|‘þ1 þ 2|‘1  |‘2
>
>
> wð3Þ ðjÞ ¼ sð3Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ : ð9Þ
>
> 2h3
>
>
>
> ðj‘þ2  jÞ3
>
> if j 2 ½j‘þ1 ; j‘þ2 
>
: From [22,42], we have
0 otherwise
ð2Þ @‘þ1  2@‘ þ @‘1 sð3Þ ðj‘ Þ  sð3Þ ðj‘þ Þ
2
¼
Considering Q‘ ðjÞ which is also considered as a piece-wise h h
cubic with the knots at U,at the same time Q‘ ðjÞ 2 S3 ðUÞ. ð4Þ 1 4 ð8Þ  
¼ w ðj ‘ Þ  h w ðj‘ Þ þ O h6 ; ð10Þ
Presume W = {Q‘ }ð‘ ¼ 1; 0; . . . ; n þ 1Þ represent that it is 720
linearly independent and suppose Q3 ðUÞ ¼ spanW. Therefore
|‘þ2  4|‘þ1 þ 6|‘  4|‘1 þ |‘2
Q3 ðUÞ is ð3 þ nÞ dimensional and Q3 ðUÞ = S3 ðUÞ. Induce that wð4Þ ðjÞ ¼ sð4Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ ; ð11Þ
sðjÞ be a cubic B-spline interpolating function satisfying nodal h4
points and here sðjÞ 2 S3 ðUÞ. Then we can write sðjÞ in man- @‘þ2  2@‘þ1 þ 2@‘1  @‘2  
Pðnþ1Þ ¼ wð5Þ ðj‘ Þ þ O h2 ; ð12Þ
ner of sðjÞ ¼ ‘¼ð1Þ ð|‘ ÞQ‘ ðjÞ . Here at nodal points, values of 2h3
ð1Þ ð2Þ
Q‘ ðjÞ; Q‘ ðjÞ; Q‘ ðjÞ are listed in Table 1. For a function
wðjÞ, in that respect there is a typical cubic B spline wð5Þ ðjÞ ¼ sð5Þ ðj‘ Þ
Pðnþ1Þ
sðjÞ ¼ ‘¼ð1Þ ð|‘ ÞQ‘ ðjÞ, satisfying the interpolation |‘þ3  4|‘þ2 þ 5|‘þ1  5|‘1 þ 4|‘2  |‘3
¼ : ð13Þ
conditions: 2h5
Similarly, from [34,31] we have
wð6Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ sð6Þ ðj‘ Þ
|‘þ3 6|‘þ2 þ15|‘þ1 20|‘ þ15|‘1 6|‘2 þ|‘3 ð14Þ
¼ h6
:
ð1Þ ð2Þ
Table 1 Estimation Q‘ ðjÞ; Q‘ ðjÞ and Q‘ ðjÞ. From [33], we have
Q‘ ðjÞ ð1Þ
Q‘ ðjÞ
ð2Þ
Q‘ ðjÞ wð7Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ sð7Þ ðj‘ Þ
ð15Þ
j‘2 ; j‘þ2 0 0 0 ¼ |‘þ4 6|‘þ3 þ14|‘þ2 14|‘þ12hþ14|
7
‘1 14|‘2 þ6|‘3 |‘4
;
j‘1 1=6 1=2h 1=h2
j‘ 4=6 0 2=h2 wð8Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ sð8Þ ðj‘ Þ
j‘þ1 1=2h  
1=6 1=h2 ¼ h18 |‘þ4  8|‘þ3 þ 28|‘þ2  56|‘þ1 þ 70|‘  56|‘1 þ 28|‘2  8|‘3 þ |‘4 :
otherwise 0 0 0
ð16Þ
11638 X.-Z. Zhang et al.
1 
3. The ninth order BVPs wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ |‘þ5  2|‘þ4 þ |‘þ3  6|‘þ4 þ 12|‘þ3  6|‘þ2 þ 14|‘þ3  28|‘þ2 þ 14|‘þ1
2h9

In the acquaint segment, cubic B-spline is utilized for solving 14|‘þ2 þ 28|‘þ1  14|‘ þ 14|‘  28|‘1 þ 14|‘2  14|‘1
linear & non-linear BVPs of 9th order. Taylor series expansions
þ 28|‘2  14|‘3 Þ þ 6|‘2
followed here for wð9Þ ðji Þ , we have
1  ð4Þ ð4Þ
12|‘3 þ 6|‘4  |‘3  2|‘4 þ |‘5 Þ.
wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ 5 w‘þ3 ð4Þ ðj‘ Þ  4w‘þ2 ðj‘ Þ þ 5w‘þ1 ðj‘ Þ The above equation takes the form
2h  ð17Þ
ð4Þ ð4Þ ð4Þ wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ sð9Þ ðj‘ Þ
 5w‘1 ðj‘ Þ þ 4w‘2 ðj‘ Þ  w‘3 ðj‘ Þ :
|‘þ5  8|‘þ4 þ 27|‘þ3  48|‘þ2 þ 42|‘þ1  42|‘1 þ 48|‘2  27|‘3 þ 8|‘4  |‘5
¼ :
2h9
Eq. (10) can be written as ð20Þ
@‘2 2@‘3 þ@‘4
  9
¼ wð4Þ ðj‘3 Þ  720 1
h4 wð8Þ ðj‘3 Þ þ O h6 ; > >
h2
 6 > >
>
@‘1 2@‘2 þ@‘3
¼ w ð4Þ
ð j Þ  1
h4 ð8Þ
w ð j Þ þ O h ; >
> 3.1. Linear BVP of ninth-order
2 ‘2 720 ‘2 >
>
h
  >
>
@‘ 2@‘1 þ@‘2
2 ¼ wð4Þ
ð j‘1 Þ  1
h 4 ð8Þ
w ð j‘1 Þ þ O h6
; =
720
h
  ð18Þ Focusing on a linear BVP of ninth order
@‘þ2 2@‘þ1 þ@‘
¼ wð4Þ ðj‘þ1 Þ  720 1
h4 wð8Þ ðj‘þ1 Þ þ O h6 ; > >
>
 6 >
h2
> wð9Þ ðjÞ þ b1 ðjÞwð8Þ ðjÞ þ b2 ðjÞwð7Þ ðjÞ þ b3 ðjÞwð6Þ ðjÞ þ b4 ðjÞwð5Þ ðjÞ þ b5 ðjÞ
@‘þ3 2@‘þ2 þ@‘þ1
¼ ð4Þ
ð j Þ  4 ð8Þ
ð j Þ þ ; >
>
w ‘þ2
1
h w ‘þ2 O h >
> wð4Þ ðjÞ þ b6 ðjÞwð3Þ ðjÞ þ a7 ðjÞwð2Þ ðjÞ þ b8 ðjÞwð1Þ ðjÞ þ b9 ðjÞw ðjÞ ¼ fðjÞ:
>
2 720
h
@‘þ4 2@‘þ3 þ@‘þ2 ð4Þ 4 ð8Þ
 
6 > ;
h 2 ¼ w ð j ‘þ3 Þ  1
720
h w ð j ‘þ3 Þ þ O h ð21Þ

Using Eq. (18) in Eq. (17), we have with boundary conditions (BDs)
@‘þ4  6@‘þ3 þ 14@‘þ2  14@‘þ1 þ 14@‘1  14@‘2 þ 6@‘3  @‘4 wðaÞ ¼ k0 ; wð1Þ ðaÞ ¼ k1 ; wð2Þ ðaÞ ¼ k2 ;
2h7 wð3Þ ðaÞ ¼ k3 ; wð4Þ ðaÞ ¼ k4 ; wðbÞ ¼ v0 ;
ð9Þ
 2
¼ w ðj‘ Þ þ O h wð1Þ ðbÞ ¼ v1 ; wð2Þ ðbÞ ¼ v2 ; wð3Þ ðbÞ ¼ v3 :
ð19Þ ð22Þ

From (6), using @‘ ¼ |‘þ1 2|‘ þ|‘1

leads to where k0 ; k1 ; k2 ; k3 ; k4 and v0 ; v1 ; v2 ; v3 are bestowed real con-
h2
stants, ða‘ ðjÞ; ‘ ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; 9 areknowncoefficientsÞ and f is
|‘3  2|‘4 þ |‘5 |‘2  2|‘3 þ |‘4 a function which is continuous in the range of the given inter-
@‘4 ¼ ; @‘3 ¼ ;
h2 h2 val ½a; b.
Pðnþ1Þ
Letwðj‘ Þ ¼ sðj‘ Þ ¼ ‘¼ð1Þ ð|‘ ÞQ‘ ðj‘ Þ be the approximate
|‘1  2|‘2 þ |‘3 |‘  2|‘1 þ |‘2
@‘2 ¼ ; @‘1 ¼ ; solution of linear ninth order BVP
h2 h2
wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ þ b1 ðj‘ Þwð8Þ ðj‘ Þ þ b2 ðj‘ Þwð7Þ ðj‘ Þ þ b3 ðj‘ Þwð6Þ ðj‘ Þ þ b4 ðj‘ Þwð5Þ ðj‘ Þþ
|  2|‘þ1 þ |‘ |  2|‘þ2 þ |‘þ1 a5 ðj‘ Þwð4Þ ðj‘ Þ þ b6 ðj‘ Þwð3Þ ðj‘ Þ þ a7 ðj‘ Þwð2Þ ðj‘ Þ þ b8 ðj‘ Þwð1Þ ðj‘ Þ þ a9 ðj‘ Þ
@‘þ1 ¼ ‘þ2 ; @‘þ2 ¼ ‘þ3 ;
h2 h2 w ðj‘ Þ ¼ f ðj‘ Þ; j‘ 2 ½a; b; ‘ ¼ 1; . . .; n þ 1:
ð23Þ
|‘þ4  2|‘þ3 þ |‘þ2 |‘þ5  2|‘þ4 þ |‘þ3
@‘þ3 ¼ ; @‘þ4 ¼ : Using Eqs. (3), (5), (7), (9), (11), (13), (14), (15) and (16) in Eq.
h2 h2
(23), we have
So Eq. (19) becomes  
  1
2h9
|‘þ5  8|‘þ4 þ 27|‘þ3  48|‘þ2 þ 42|‘þ1  42|‘1 þ 48|‘2  27|‘3 þ 8|‘4  |‘5 þ
1 |  2|‘þ4 þ |‘þ3 |‘þ4  2|‘þ3 þ |‘þ2  
wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ 7 ‘þ5  a1 ðj‘ Þ h8 |‘þ4  8|‘þ3 þ 28|‘þ2  56|‘þ1 þ 70|‘  56|‘1 þ 28|‘2  8|‘3 þ |‘4 þ a2 ðj‘ Þ
1
6  
2h h2 h2 1
|‘þ4  6|‘þ3 þ 14|‘þ2  14|‘þ1 þ 14|‘1  14|‘2 þ 6|‘3  |‘4 þ b3 ðj‘ Þ
  2h7
 
|‘þ3  2|‘þ2 þ |‘þ1 |‘þ2  2|‘þ1 þ |‘ 1
|‘þ3  6|‘þ2 þ 15|‘þ1  20|‘ þ 15|‘1  6|‘2 þ |‘3
þ 14  14 h6
 
h2 h2 þb4 ðj‘ Þ 2h15 |‘þ3  4|‘þ2 þ 5|‘þ1  5|‘1 þ 4|‘2  |‘3
 
þb5 ðj‘ Þ h4 |‘þ2  4|‘þ1 þ 6|‘  4|‘1 þ |‘2 þ b6 ðj‘ Þ
1
       
|  2|‘1 þ |‘2 |‘1  2|‘2 þ |‘3 1
|‘þ2  2|‘þ1 þ 2|‘1  |‘2 þ b7 ðj‘ Þ h12 |‘þ1  2|‘ þ |‘1 þ b8 ðj‘ Þ 2h1 |‘þ1  |‘1
þ 14 ‘  14 2h3
 
h2 h2 þb9 ðj‘ Þ 16 |‘1 þ 4|‘ þ |‘þ1 ¼ f‘ ; j‘ 2 ½a; b; ‘ ¼ 1; . .. ; n þ 1:

|  2|‘3 þ |‘4 |‘3  2|‘4 þ |‘5
þ 6 ‘2  : after simplifying, we have
h2 h2  
3 |‘þ5  8|‘þ4 þ 27|‘þ3  48|‘þ2 þ 42|‘þ1  42|‘1 þ 48|‘2  27|‘3 þ 8|‘4  |‘5 þ 6h
We obtain,  
a1 ðj‘ Þ |‘þ4  8|‘þ3 þ 28|‘þ2  56|‘þ1 þ 70|‘  56|‘1 þ 28|‘2  8|‘3 þ |‘4 þ 3h2 a2 ðj‘ Þ
 
1    |‘þ4  6|‘þ3 þ 14|‘þ2  14|‘þ1 þ 14|‘1  14|‘2 þ 6|‘3  |‘4
wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ 9
|‘þ5  2|‘þ4 þ |‘þ3  6 |‘þ4  2|‘þ3 þ |‘þ2 
þ6h a3 ðj‘ Þ |‘þ3  6|‘þ2 þ 15|‘þ1  20|‘ þ 15|‘1  6|‘2 þ |‘3
3

2h     
þ3h4 a4 ðj‘ Þ |‘þ3  4|‘þ2 þ 5|‘þ1 þ 5|‘1 þ 4|‘2  |‘3
þ 14 |‘þ3  2|‘þ2 þ |‘þ1  14 |‘þ2  2|‘þ1 þ |‘    
þ6h5 a4 ðj‘ Þ |‘þ2  4|‘þ1 þ 6|‘  4|‘1 þ |‘2 þ 3h6 a6 ðj‘ Þ |‘þ2  2|‘þ1 þ 2|‘1  |‘2 þ
     
6h a7 ðj‘ Þ |‘þ1  2|‘ þ |‘þ1 þ 3h a8 ðj‘ Þ |‘þ1  |‘1 þ h a9 ðj‘ Þ |‘1 þ 4|‘ þ |‘þ1 ¼ 6h9 f‘
7 8 9

þ14ð|‘  2|‘1 þ |‘2 Þ  14ð|‘1  2|‘2 þ |‘3 Þ

ð24Þ
þ 6ð|‘2  2|‘3 þ |‘4 Þ  |‘3  2|‘4 þ |‘5 Þ:
The above linear system in Eq. (24) can be written in matrix
So the above equation becomes, notations
Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and non-linear 11639
2 3
1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 0
0 0 0 . .. 0
6 0 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 0 07 ... 2 3
6 1 7 0 0
6 7 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
6 : : : : : ... : :7
6 7 60 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 07
6
36 : : : : : ... : :7
7 6 0 0 7
6 7 6 7
6 : : : : : ... : :7 6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
4 0 0 .. . 0 0 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 0 5 þ 6h a7 ðji Þ 6 :
7
: : : : ... : :7
6 7
0 0 0 ... 0 0 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7
6 7
40 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 5
2 3 0 0 0 .. . 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
60 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 0 ... 0 07
6 0 1 0 0 7
6 7
6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7
a 6
þ 6h1 ðji Þ 6 : : : : : ...
7
: :7 2 3
6 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
6: : :7 60 0 0 0 0 ... 0 07
6 : : : : ... 7
6 7 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 7
40 0 ... 0 0 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 0 0 5 6 7
6: : : : : ... : :7
0 0 0 ... 0 0 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1 0 6 7
6 7
þ 3h8 a8 ðji Þ 6 : : : : : ... : :7
6 7
6: : : : : ... : :7
2 3 6 7
0 1 6 14 14 0 14 14 6 ... 0 6 7
1 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5
6 0 0 1 6 14 14 0 14 14 6 1 0 0 0 ... 0 07
6 7
6
6: :
7 0 0 0 .. . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
6 : : : ... : :77
6 7
þ 3h a2 ðji Þ 6 : :
2
: : : ... : :7
6 7
6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7
6 7
4 0 0 ... 0 0 1 6 14 14 0 14 14 6 1 0 05 2 3
0 0 0 ... 0 0 1 6 14 14 0 14 14 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0
60 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 7
6 0 0 7
6 7
2 3 6: : : : : ... : :7
0 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 0 ... 0 0 0 6 7
0 0 0 0
6 7
60
6 0 0 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 0 . .. 0 0 7
0 0 7 0 þ h a9 ðji Þ 6 :
9
: : : : ... : :7
6 7 6 7
6:
6 : : : : . .. : :77 6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7 6 7
þ 6h3 a3 ðji Þ 6 : : : : : . .. : :7 6 7
6
6: : : : : . .. : :7
7 40 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 05
6 7
6 7
40 0 .. . 0 0 0 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 0 0
2 3 2 3
j1 f4
6 7 6 7
2 3 6 j07 6 7 f5
0 0 1 4 5 0 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 6 7 6 7
6 :7 6 7 :
6
0 0 1 4 5 0 5 4 1 0 0 0
7
0 ... 0 07
6 7 6 7
60 6 7 96 7
6
6
7
7 6 :7 ¼ 6h 6 : 7
6: : : : : ... : :7 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 : 7 6 : 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
þ 3h a4 ðji Þ 6 :
4
: : : : ... : :7 6 7 6 7
6
6
7
7
4 jn 5 4 fn3 5
6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7 jnþ1 fn4
60 0 ... 0 1 4 5 0 5 4 1 0 0 0 7
4 0 0 5
When we will solve Eq. (24), a linear system will be determined
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 1 4 5 0 5 4 1 0 0
containing linear ð7 þ nÞ equations ð‘ ¼ 4; :::; n  4Þ having
ð3 þ nÞ unknowns |‘ s.t ð‘ ¼ 1; 0; 1; :::; n þ 1Þ, so we need
more ten equations. From boundary conditions at
20 0 1 4 6 4 1 0 0 0 . .. 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 j ¼ j0 ¼ a, other 5 equations can be obtained:
6 7
60 0 0 0 1 4 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 . . . 0 0 7
6
6
7
7 wðj0 Þ ¼ k0 ¼ |1 þ 4|0 þ |1 ¼ 6k0 ;
6: : : : : ... : :7
6
6
7
7 wð1Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k1 ¼ |1 þ |1 ¼ 2k1 h;
þ 6h a5 ðji Þ 6 : :
5
: : : ... : :7
6 7 wð2Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k2 ¼ |1  2|0 þ |1 ¼ k2 h2 ; ð25Þ
6 7
6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7 wð3Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k3 ¼ |2  2|1 þ 2|1  |2 ¼ 2k3 h3 ;
6 7
40 0 ... 0 0 0 0 1 4 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 5
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 1 4 6 4 1 0 0 0
wð4Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k4 ¼ |2  4l1 þ 6l0  4l1 þ |2 ¼ k4 h4 :
On noticing Eq. (25), we came to know that there is a new
unknown |2 , which can be found from Eq. (24) at ‘ ¼ 1, like-
2 3
0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 wise from j ¼ jn ¼ b, there would be other 4 equations
60 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 .. . 0 0 7
6 0 0 1 0 7 wðjn Þ ¼ v0 ¼ |n1 þ 4|n þ |nþ1 ¼ 6v0 ;
6 7
6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7 wð1Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v1 ¼ |n1 þ |nþ1 ¼ 2v1 h;
6 7
þ 3h6 a6 ðji Þ 6 : : : : : ... : :7 ð26Þ
6 7 wð2Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v2 ¼ |n1  2|n þ |nþ1 ¼ v2 h2 ;
6: : : : : ... : :7
6 7
6 7
40 0 ... 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 5 wð3Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v3 ¼ |nþ2  2lnþ1 þ 2ln1  |n2 ¼ 2v3 h3 :
0 0 0 ... 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0
one can notice from Eq. (26) that there is a new unknown |nþ2 ,
which can be found from Eq. (24) taking as ‘ ¼ n  1
11640 X.-Z. Zhang et al.
   
Following the above Eqs. (25) and (26), there will exist nine F‘ ¼ f‘ j‘ ; 6 |‘1 þ 4|‘ þ |‘þ1 ; 2h1 |‘þ1  |‘1 ;
1

equations, so for tenth equation we will reconstruct an approx- 1  1  1

|‘þ1  2|‘ þ |‘1 ; 3 |‘þ2  2|‘þ1 þ 2|‘1  |‘2 Þ; 4
h2 2h h
imate expression from Eq. (24) at j‘ ¼ a.   1
 |‘þ2  4|‘þ1 þ 6|‘  4|‘1 þ |‘2 ; 5
5@0 þ 18@1  24@2 þ 14@3  3@4   2h
¼ wð9Þ ðaÞ þ O h2 :   1
2h5  |‘þ3  4|‘þ2 þ 5|‘þ1 þ 5|‘1 þ 4|‘2  |‘3 ; 6
h
Where we will determined the coefficients by maximizing the   1
 |‘þ3  6|‘þ2 þ 15|‘þ1  20|‘ þ 15|‘1  6|‘2 þ |‘3 ; 7
error order. Neglecting the order of the error terms and by 
2h

placing value we have  |‘þ4  6|‘þ3 þ 14|‘þ2  14|‘þ1 þ 14|‘1  14|‘2 þ 6|‘3  |‘4 ;
1  
|‘þ4  8|‘þ3 þ 28|‘þ2  56|‘þ1 þ 70|‘  56|‘1 þ 28|‘2  8|‘3 þ |‘4 :
18|0  60|1 þ 80|2  55|3 þ 20|4  3|5 h8

¼ 2h9 wð9Þ ðaÞ þ 5@0 h2 : ð27Þ Then we have

 
|‘þ5  8|‘þ4 þ 27|‘þ3  48|‘þ2 þ 42|‘þ1  42|‘1 þ 48|‘2  27|‘3 þ 8|‘4  |‘5
where @0 ¼ wð2Þ ðaÞ ¼ a2 . Here we will neglect the order of
¼ 2h9 F‘ :
error, the approximate solution wðj‘ Þ ¼ sðj‘ Þ ¼
Pðnþ1Þ ð32Þ
‘¼ð1Þ ð | ‘ ÞQ ‘ ð j‘ Þ will be attained after solving the above
described system containing linear ð5 þ nÞ equations having The above linear system in Eq. (32) can be written in matrix
ð5 þ nÞ unknowns utilizing the equations from (24)–(27). notations
2 3
1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 0 0 ... 0 0 0
6 7
3.2. Non-linear BVP of ninth-order 6 0 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 0 0 0 07
. ..
6 7
6 7
6 : : : : : .. . : :7
6 7
6 7
Focusing on a non-linear BVP of ninth order 6 : : : : : .. . : :7
6 7
6 7
  6
6 : : : : : .. . : :77
wð9Þ ðjÞ ¼ f j; wðjÞ; wðaÞ ðjÞ where a 6
6
7
4 0 0 ... 0 0 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 0 7
5
¼ ð1; 2; . . . ; 8Þ; j 2 ½a; b: ð28Þ 0 0 0 . .. 0 0 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1
2 3 2 3
j1 F4
with boundary conditions 6 7 6 7
6 j0 7 6 F5 7
6 7 6 7
ð1Þ ð2Þ 6 7 6 7
wðaÞ ¼ k0 ; w ðaÞ ¼ k1 ; w ðaÞ ¼ k2 ; 6
6 : 7
7
6 : 7
6 7
6 7 6 7
wð3Þ ðaÞ ¼ k3 ; wð4Þ ðaÞ ¼ k4 ; wðbÞ ¼ v0 ; 6
6 : 7 96
7 ¼ 2h 6 : 7
7
6 7 6 7
6 : 7 6 : 7
wð1Þ ðbÞ ¼ v1 ; wð2Þ ðbÞ ¼ v2 ; wð3Þ ðbÞ ¼ v3 : 6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
6 jn 7 6 Fn3 7
ð29Þ 4 5 4 5
jnþ1 Fn4
where k0 ; k1 ; k2 ; k3 ; k4 and v0 ; v1 ; v2 ; v3 are given real constants, ð33Þ
ða‘ ðjÞ; ‘ ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; 9 areknowncoefficientsÞ and f is a func-
If we solve Eq. (32) there will be a linear system consists of
tion which is continuous in the range of the given interval
ð7 þ nÞ linear equations
½a; b.
Pðnþ1Þ ð‘ ¼ 4; :::; n  4Þ having ð3 þ nÞ unknowns |‘ where
Herewðj‘ Þ ¼ sðj‘ Þ ¼ ‘¼ð1Þ ð|‘ ÞQ‘ ðj‘ Þ is supposed as ð‘ ¼ 1; 0; :::; n þ 1Þ, so we require 10 more equations. So
approximate solution of nonlinear ninth-order BVP looking at (25)–(27), there would be our required 10 equations.
  Here we will neglect the order of error, there will exist the
wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ f j‘ ; wðj‘ Þ; wðaÞ ðj‘ Þ where a ¼ ð1; 2; . . . ; 8Þ; j‘ Pðnþ1Þ
required approximate solution wðj‘ Þ ¼ sðj‘ Þ ¼ ‘¼ð1Þ ð|‘ Þ
2 ½a; b; ‘ ¼ 1; . . . ; n þ 1:
Q‘ ðj‘ Þ will be attained after solving the above described system
 
wð9Þ ðj‘ Þ ¼ f j‘ ; wðj‘ Þ; wð1Þ ðj‘ Þ;wð2Þ ðj‘ Þ; wð3Þ ðj‘ Þ;wð4Þ ðj‘ Þ; wð5Þ ðj‘ Þ;wð6Þ ðj‘ Þ; wð7Þ ðj‘ Þ;wð8Þ ðj‘ Þ :
containing linear ð5 þ nÞ equations having ð5 þ nÞ unknowns
ð30Þ utilizing the equations from (25), (27), (27) and (31).

where j‘ 2 ½a; b; ‘ ¼ 1; . . . ; n þ 1. Using Eqs. (3), (5), (7),

4. Convergence analysis
(9), (11), (13), (14), (15) and (16) in Eq. (30), we have
1  
2h9 
|‘þ5  8|‘þ4 þ 27|‘þ3  48|‘þ2 þ 42|‘þ1  42|‘1 þ 48|‘2  27|‘3 þ 8|‘4  |‘5 Let w~ðjÞ be the precise root of the discussed above Eqs. (28)–

1
¼ f‘ j‘ ; |‘1 þ 4|‘ þ |‘þ1 ;
 1
| |
 1
;
 1 
|  2|‘ þ |‘1 ; 3 |‘þ2  2|‘þ1 þ 2|‘1  |‘2 ; (30) and likewise s~ðjÞ be the Proposed spline estimation to
6 2h ‘þ1 ‘1 h2 ‘þ1 2h
1  1   ~ðjÞ. Consequently, we have
w
|‘þ2  4|‘þ1 þ 6|‘  4|‘1 þ |‘2 ; 5 |‘þ3  4|‘þ2 þ 5|‘þ1 þ 5|‘1 þ 4|‘2  |‘3 ;
h4 2h
ðX
nþ1Þ
1 
h6
|‘þ3  6|‘þ2 þ 15|‘þ1  20|‘ þ 15|‘1  6|‘2 þ |‘3 ; ~ðj‘ Þ ¼ s~ðj‘ Þ ¼
w |~‘ Q‘ ðj‘ Þ; ð34Þ
‘¼ð1Þ
1  
|‘þ4  6|‘þ3 þ 14|‘þ2  14|‘þ1 þ 14|‘1  14|‘2 þ 6|‘3  |‘4 ;
2h7
and wðjÞ be the precise root of the discussed above Eqs. (28)–
1 
h8
|‘þ4  8|‘þ3 þ 28|‘þ2  56|‘þ1 þ 70|‘  56|‘1 þ 28|‘2  8|‘3 þ |‘4 ;j 2 ½a;b: ð31Þ (30) and likewise sðjÞ be the Proposed spline estimation to
ðjÞ. Hence, we have
w
Let us consider
Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and non-linear 11641

ðX
nþ1Þ
Xnþ1

ðj‘ Þ ¼ sðj‘ Þ ¼
w |‘ Q‘ ðj‘ Þ; ð35Þ
~|Q‘ ðj‘ Þ
6 1:

i¼1

‘¼ð1Þ

For matrix stability of this spline taking Eqs. (26), (27) and Using [33]
(32) together we get ðn  2Þ linear equations with
kA1 k1 k Fe  Fk
 6 [h2 ;
1
~|ð‘ ¼ 4; 5; . . . ; n þ 1Þ as unknown ~|1 ; ~|0 ; ~|1 ; ~|2 ; ~|3 have been
yielded from Eq. (25). Let ~| ¼ ½~|4 ; ~|5 ; ~|6 ; :::; ~|nþ1 T ; kð~|  |Þk1 6 [h2 ; ð40Þ
| ¼ ½|4 ; |5 ; |6 ; :::; |nþ1 T then we get
e X
nþ1
A~| ¼ F: ð36Þ sðj‘ ÞÞ  
~ sðj‘ Þ ¼ ð~|  |Þ Q‘ ðj‘ Þ;
i¼1
and

A| ¼ F: ð37Þ X
nþ1
sðj‘ Þ  
k~ sðj‘ Þk1 ¼ kð~|  |Þ Q‘ ðj‘ Þk1 ;
where i¼1
2 3
0 42 48 27 8 1 0 0 .. . 0 0 0
6 7 X
nþ1
6 42
6
0 42 48 27 8 1 0 0 ... 0 0 7
7
sðj‘ Þ  
k~ sðj‘ Þk1 6 kð~|  |Þk1 j Q‘ ðj‘ Þ j6 [h2 ; ð41Þ
6 .. . : : 7 i¼1
6 7
6 7
6 .. . : : 7
6 7 ðj‘ Þ  s~ðj‘ Þk1 6 qh4 ;
kw ð42Þ
6 7
6 .. . : : 7
6 7
6 7
6 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 0 7 ðj‘ Þ  sðj‘ Þk1 6 kw
kw ðj‘ Þ  s~ðj‘ Þk1 þ k~
sðj‘ Þ
A¼6
6
7
6 0 1 8 27 48 42 0 42 48 27 8 1 77 
sðj‘ Þk1 : ð43Þ
6 7
6 20 3 0 0 : : : 0 0 0 0 0 7
6 7 Using Eqs. (41) and (42) in Eq. (43)
6 7
6 1 4 1 7
6 7
6
6 1 0 1 7
7 ðj‘ Þ  sðj‘ Þk1 6 [h2 þ qh4 ¼ ‘h2 :
kw
6 7
6 1 2 1 7
4 5 that authenticate that this method is 2nd -order convergent and
1 2 0 2; kwðjÞ  sðjÞk1 6 ‘h2 .
2 3 2 3
2h F~4
9
2h F49

6 7 6 7 5. Results & discussions

6 2h9 F~5 7 6 2h9 F5 7
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
6 : 7 6 : 7
6 7 6 7 For testing the quality our scheme CBS, 4 examples are consid-
6 : 7 6 : 7
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 ered here and for to authenticate the efficiency of our method
6 : 7 6 : 7
6 7 6 7 in comparison with different numerical methods results are
6 9~ 7 6 9 7
6 2h Fn3 7 6 2h Fn3 7 compared in tables in this section at h ¼ 101 .
F~ ¼ 6
6 9 ~ 7;
7 F ¼ 6
6 9 7
7
6 2h Fn4 7 6 2h Fn4 7
6 7 6 7
6 2h9 w9 ðaÞ 7 6 2h9 w9 ðaÞ 7 5.1. Problem 4.1
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
6 6v0 7 6 6v0 7
6 7 6 7
6
6 2v1 h 7
7 6
6 2v1 h 7
7 wð9Þ ðjÞ  wðjÞ ¼ 9ej ; 0 6 j 6 1. subject to
6 7 6 7
6 v h2 7 6 v h2 7 wðj0 Þ ¼ k0 ¼ 1; wðjn Þ ¼ v0 ¼ 0; wð1Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k1 ¼ 0;
4 2 5 4 2 5
3 3
2v3 h 2v3 h
ð38Þ wð1Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v1 ¼ e; wð2Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k2 ¼ 1;
ð2Þ
Now, by subtracting Eqs. (36) and (37), we obtain w ðjn Þ ¼ v2 ¼ 2e;

Að~|  |Þ ¼ Fe  F:

wð3Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k3 ¼ 2; wð3Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v3 ¼ 3e;
We can compose from above equation wð4Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k4 ¼ 3:
 
ð~|  |Þ ¼ A1 Fe  F : ð39Þ The accurate solution is wðjÞ ¼ ð1  jÞej . The graphical con-
nection in-between absolute errors(AEs) at h ¼ 121 ; h ¼ 101 and
Taking the infinity norm of the given above Eq. (39), we
h ¼ 16 is demonstrated in Fig. 1.
acquire
At n ¼ 12, there will exist 7 Eqs. (24), 5 equations from Eq.
kð~|  |Þk1 ¼ kA1 k1 k Fe  Fk
 :
1 (25), 4 equations from Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq.
(27), numerical results attained from Proposed spline for this
A is invertible, and if we assume that
discussed above problem are disclosed in Table 2 for h ¼ 121 .
kA1 k1 k Fe  Fk
 61
1 Solving the linear system of 17 equations authors have used
The Cubic B spline Q ¼ Q‘ =

 MATLAB 2019rb with fsolve function, there would be the val-
Q1 ; Q0 ; Q1 ; . . . ; Qnþ1 meet the undermentioned ues of 17 unknowns |‘ where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 14Þ.
attribute
11642 X.-Z. Zhang et al.

Fig. 1 Problem 5.1 at h ¼ 121 ; h ¼ 101 and h ¼ 16.

At n ¼ 10, there would be 5 equations will be attained from

Table 2 Analysis of accurate and Proposed solution of Eq. (24), 5 equations will be attained from Eq. (25), 4 equa-
Problem 5.1 at h ¼ 121 . tions from Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27), numerical
j Accurate solution Cubic B-Spline wðjÞ Absolute error results attained from Proposed spline for this discussed above
0.083 0.9963287 0.9963228 5.89E-06 problem are disclosed in Table 3 for h ¼ 101 . The values of fif-
0.167 0.9844670 0.9844442 2.28E-05 teen unknowns |‘ where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 12Þ are.
0.250 0.9630191 0.9629690 5.01E-05
0.333 0.9304083 0.9303235 8.48E-05
0.417 0.8848565 0.8847352 1.21E-04 |2 = |1 = 0.9966666667, |0 = 1.0016666667,
0.500 0.8243606 0.8242103 1.50E-04 0.9835166667,
0.583 0.7466674 0.7465048 1.63E-04 |1 = 0.9966666667, |2 = 0.9795166667, |3 = 0.9477218368,
0.667 0.6492447 0.6490938 1.51E-04 |4 = 0.8984072159, |5 = 0.8282588836, |6 = 0.7334634422,
0.750 0.5292500 0.5291349 1.15E-04 |7 = 0.6096198379, |8 = 0.4516524205, |9 = 0.2537063040,
0.833 0.3834960 0.3834313 6.47E-05 |10 = |11 = |12 =
0.917 0.2084117 0.2083927 1.90E-05 0.0090609394, 0.2899500617, 0.6519700019.

Numerical results attained from proposed spline for this

discussed above problem are demonstrated in Table 4 for
h ¼ 16. At n ¼ 6, in total, there will exist eleven equations and
|2 = |1 = 0.9976851851, |0 = 1.0011574074,
eleven unknowns. At h ¼ 16, there would be unknowns |‘ where
0.9883535879,
|1 = 0.9976851851, |2 = 0.9860387731, |3 = 0.9648251508, ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; n þ 2Þ. The values of eleven unknowns |‘
|4 =0.9324745012, |5 = 0.8872176731, |6 = 0.8270659510, where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 7; 8Þ are.
|7 = 0.7497802174, |8 = 0.6528420059, |9 = 0.5334146992,
|10 = |11 = 0.2139388476, |12 = 0.0062923190,
0.3883085371, |2 = 0.9571759259, |1 = 0.9907407407, |0 = 1.0046296296,
|13 = |14 = |1 = 0.9907407407, |2 =0.9386574074, |3 =0.8351726762,
0.2391081237, 0.5272238842. |4 = 0.6636127431, |5 = 0.4027084190, |6 = 0.0251692761,
|7 = 0.5033855237, |8 = 1.2240829710.

Table 3 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline root of Problem 5.1 at h ¼ 101 .
j accurate solution proposed spline solution absolute error [46,49]
0.1 0.99465382626808 0.99464166666667 1.22E-05 1.07E-06
0.2 0.97712220652814 0.97707586168834 4.63E-05 5.18E-06
0.3 0.94490116530320 0.94480187163335 9.93E-05 6.12E-06
0.4 0.89509481858476 0.89493493070066 1.60E-04 1.23E-05
0.5 0.82436063535006 0.82415103209628 2.10E-04 1.06E-05
0.6 0.72884752015620 0.72862208169512 2.25E-04 4.91E-06
0.7 0.60412581224114 0.60393253573565 1.93E-04 9.95E-06
0.8 0.44510818569849 0.44498930396707 1.19E-04 1.65E-06
0.9 0.24596031111570 0.24592309597535 3.72E-05 2.00E-06
Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and non-linear 11643

Table 4 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of

Problem 5.1 at h ¼ 16.
|2 = |1 = |0 =
j Accurate proposed spline absolute
0.20553471319, 0.15894077484, 0.01057999688,
solution solution error
|1 = |2 = |3 =
0.17 0.984467010721 0.984375000000 9.20E-05 0.20126076239, 0.43810317848, 0.66454202785,
0.33 0.930408283391 0.930090507772 3.18E-04 |4 =-0.84990073292, |5 = |6 =
0.50 0.824360635350 0.823826809265 5.34E-04 0.97099343346, 1.01296510094,
0.67 0.649244680352 0.648722011301 5.23E-04 |7 = |8 = |9 =
0.83 0.383495981815 0.383269282573 2.27E-04 0.97099343454, 0.84990073446, 0.66454202903,
|10 = |11 = |12 =
0.43810317894, 0.20126076239, 0.01057999688,
|13 = |14 =
0.15894077484, 0.20553471273.
This problem is discussed in [50] maximum absolute error
obtained by the proposed method is 1.23E-05 and in [51] where
maximum absolute error was up-to 2 decimal places.
At h ¼ 15, there will exist unknowns |‘ where
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; n þ 2Þ . At n ¼ 10, there would be 5
5.2. Problem 4.2
equations will be attained from Eq. (24), 5 equations will be
attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will be determined from
wð9Þ ðjÞ þ wðjÞ ¼
    Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27), numerical results
1 þ 18j þ ðjÞ2 cosðjÞ  73 þ ðjÞ2 sinðjÞ; 1 6 j 6 1. attained from CBS for this discussed above problem are pre-
subject to sented in Table 6. The values of fifteen unknowns |‘ where
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 12Þ are.
wðj0 Þ ¼ k0 ¼ wðjn Þ ¼ v0 ¼ 0; wð1Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k1 ¼ 2cosð1Þ
¼ wð1Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v1 ;
|2 = |1 = |0 = 0.01523519552,
0.19852808823, 0.18565053131,
wð2Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k2 ¼ wð2Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v2 ¼ 2cosð1Þ  4sinð1Þ; |1 = |2 = |3 =
0.24659131338, 0.53330536526, 0.78610004648,
|4 = |5 = |6 =
wð3Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k3 ¼ 6cosð1Þ þ 6sinðjn Þ ¼ wð3Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v3 ;
0.95766031395, 1.01844297252, 0.95766031644,
|7 = |8 = |9 =
wð4Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k4 ¼ 12cosð1Þ þ 8sinð1Þ: 0.78610004942, 0.53330536669, 0.24659131338,
  |10 = |11 = |12 =
The precise solution is wðjÞ ¼ ðjÞ2  1 cosðjÞ. The graphical 0.01523519552, 0.18565053131, 0.19852808679.

connection of the absolute errors at h ¼ 16 ; h ¼ 15 and h ¼ 13 is

demonstrated in Fig. 2. At n ¼ 6, there would be 7 Eqs. (24),
numerical results attained from CBS for this discussed above
5 equations will be attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will
problem are demonstrated in Table 7 for h ¼ 13. At n ¼ 6, there
be determined from Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq.
would be one equation from Eq. (24), 5 equations will be
(27), numerical results attained from CBS for this discussed
above problem are presented in Table 5. The values of seven- attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will be determined from
teen unknowns |‘ where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 14Þ are Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27). At h ¼ 13, there will

Fig. 2 Problem 5.2 at h ¼ 16 ; h ¼ 15 and h ¼ 13.

11644 X.-Z. Zhang et al.

5.3. Problem 4.3

Table 5 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of
Problem 5.2 at h ¼ 16.
wð9Þ ðjÞ  wðjÞwð2Þ ðjÞ ¼ cos3 ðjÞ; 0 6 j 6 1, subject to
j Accurate proposed spline solution Absolute
solution wðjÞ error wðj0 Þ ¼ k0 ¼ 0; wðjn Þ ¼ v0 ¼ sinð1Þ;
0.833 0.205428 0.205459 3.16E-05 ð1Þ
w ðj0 Þ ¼ k1 ¼ 1;
0.667 0.436369 0.436604 2.35E-04
0.500 0.657695 0.658187 4.92E-04
0.333 0.839190 0.839962 7.72E-04
0.167 0.957807 0.958750 9.44E-04 wð1Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v1 ¼ cosð1Þ; wð2Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k2 ¼ 0;
ð2Þ
0.000 0.998975 1.000000 1.03E-03 w ðjn Þ ¼ v2 ¼ sinð1Þ;
0.167 0.957807 0.958750 9.44E-04
0.333 0.839190 0.839962 7.72E-04
0.500 0.657695 0.658187 4.92E-04
wð3Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k3 ¼ 1; wð3Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v3 ¼ cosð1Þ;
0.667 0.436369 0.436604 2.35E-04
0.833 0.205428 0.205459 3.16E-05 wð4Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k4 ¼ 0:
The precise solution is wðjÞ ¼ sinðjÞ. The graphical connec-
tion of the absolute errors at h ¼ 101 and h ¼ 16 is demonstrated
Table 6 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of in Fig. 3.
Problem 5.2 at h ¼ 15. At n ¼ 12, there will exist 7 Eqs. (24), 5 equations will be
j Precise solution proposed spline solution absolute error attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will be determined from
Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27), numerical results
-0.80 0.25081441536 0.25073923721 7.52E-05
-0.60 0.52821479354 0.52765213682 5.63E-04
attained from CBS for this discussed above problem are dis-
-0.40 0.77369123496 0.77256097752 1.13E-03 closed in Table 8.
-0.20 0.94086391473 0.93919737914 1.67E-03 The values of seventeen unknowns |‘ where
0.00 1.00000000000 0.99818208675 1.82E-03 ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 14Þ are.
0.2 0.94086391473 0.93919738128 1.67E-03
0.4 0.77369123496 0.77256098014 1.13E-03
0.6 0.52821479354 0.52765213826 5.63E-04 |2 = |1 = |0 = 2.991070251e-
0.8 0.25081441536 0.25073923745 7.52E-05 0.1660879629, 0.0833333333, 24,
|1 = 0.0833333333, |2 = |3 = 0.2476901792,
0.16608796296,
|4 = 0.3275739396, |5 = 0.4051853244, |6 = 0.4799851635,
|7 = 0.5514537366, |8 = 0.6190937351, |9 = 0.6824351865,
Table 7 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of |10 = 0.7410383300, |11 = 0.7944979431, |12 = 0.8424449095,
Problem 5.2 at h ¼ 13. |13 = 0.8845483274, |14 = 0.9205137487.

j Precise solution proposed spline solution absolute error

-0.67 0.43660403376 0.43572942306 8.75E-04 At h ¼ 101 , there will be unknowns |‘ where
-0.33 0.83996173006 0.83380470532 6.16E-03
0.00 1.00000000000 0.99155415212 8.45E-03
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; n þ 2Þ and numerical results attained
0.33 0.83996173006 0.83380784273 6.15E-03 from CBS for this discussed above problem are demonstrated
0.67 0.43660403376 0.43573020741 8.74E-04 in Table 9 for h ¼ 121 .. At n ¼ 10, there will be 5 equations will
be attained from Eq. (24), 5 equations will be attained from
Eq. (25), 4 equations will be determined from Eq. (26) and
one equation from Eq. (27), numerical results attained from
exist unknowns |‘ where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; n þ 2Þ. The val-
CBS for this discussed above problem are disclosed in Table 9.
ues of eleven unknowns |‘ where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 7; 8Þ are
The values of fifteen unknowns |‘ where
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 12Þ are.

|2 = |1 |0 =
0.0506457900995, =0.2755615621531, 0.0423199875462,
|1 = |2 =- |3 =- |2 = 0.19, |1 = |0 = 0, |1 = |2 = 0.19,
0.444841512337, 0.8773304765585, 1.04866481337721, 0.1, 0.1,
|4 =- |5 = |6 = |3 = 0.29601255, |4 = 0.39006907, |5 =
0.87733518267170, 0.44484151233785, 0.04231998754621, 0.48023032,
|7 = |8 = |6 = 0.56559317, |7 = 0.64530266, |8 =
0.27556156215301, 0.05065049621268. 0.71856024,
|9 = 0.78463585, |10 = 0.84287344, |11 =
0.89269631,
|12 = 0.93360056.
The maximal absolute error of the discussed problem in [3]
is 1.43E-05 and in [5] is 5.23E-07 at n ¼ 10.
Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and non-linear 11645

Fig. 3 Problem 5.3 at h ¼ 121 ; h ¼ 101 and h ¼ 16.

Table 8 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of Table 10 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of
Problem 5.3 at h ¼ 121 . Problem 5.3 at h ¼ 16.
j Accurate proposed spline solution Absolute j Precise solution proposed spline solution absolute error
solution wðjÞ error
0.17 0.16589613 0.16589506 1.07E-06
0.083 0.0832369 0.0832369 3.35E-08 0.33 0.32719470 0.32718808 6.62E-06
0.167 0.1658959 0.1658961 2.39E-07 0.50 0.47942554 0.47942508 4.62E-07
0.250 0.2474038 0.2474040 1.89E-07 0.67 0.61836980 0.61838522 1.54E-05
0.333 0.3271952 0.3271947 5.14E-07 0.83 0.74017685 0.74019038 1.35E-05
0.417 0.4047167 0.4047146 2.17E-06
0.500 0.4794300 0.4794255 4.41E-06
0.583 0.5508156 0.5508091 6.54E-06
Numerical results attained from CBS for this discussed
0.667 0.6183773 0.6183698 7.51E-06
0.750 0.6816455 0.6816388 6.71E-06
above problem are demonstrated in Table 10 for h ¼ 16. At
0.833 0.7401811 0.7401769 4.22E-06 n ¼ 6, there will be one equation from Eq. (24), 5 equations
0.917 0.7935792 0.7935778 1.37E-06 will be attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will be determined
from Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27). At h ¼ 16, there
will be unknowns |‘ where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; n þ 2Þ. The
values of eleven unknowns |‘ where
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 7; 8Þ are.
Table 9 Analyzing precise solution, [49,46] and proposed
spline solution of Problem 5.3 at h ¼ 101 .
j Precise proposed spline absolute [49] [46] |2 =- |1 = |0 = 4.669193744e-
solution solution error 0.3287037037, 0.1666666667, 28,
|1 = 0.1666666667, |2 = 0.3287037037, |3 = 0.4816469925,
0.1 0.09983342 0.09983333 8.33E-08 1.94E- 2.85E-
|4 = 0.6212587837, |5 = 0.7436292024, |6 = 0.8453666838,
06 06
|7 = 0.9237299711, |8 = 0.9764575218.
0.2 0.19866933 0.19866876 5.72E-07 2.31E- 1.35E-
06 06
0.3 0.29552021 0.29551988 3.26E-07 2.59E- 4.09E-
06 06 This problem is also discussed in[48] where its convergence
0.4 0.38941834 0.38941986 1.52E-06 1.85E- 1.05E- analysis shown that the Haar Wavelet Collocation Method is
06 06 of order two, in [50] maximum absolute error is 3:44E  05
0.5 0.47942554 0.47943059 5.05E-06 1.15E- 3.45E- and in [62] with absolute error 9:834766E  07.
06 05
0.6 0.56464247 0.56465094 8.47E-06 2.46E- 3.46E-
06 05
5.4. Problem 4.4
0.7 0.64421769 0.64422734 9.66E-06 1.45E- 2.09E-
05 05 wð9Þ ðjÞ ¼ 2835
4
ðj þ wðjÞ þ 1Þ9 ; 0 6 j 6 1. subject to
0.8 0.71735609 0.71736325 7.16E-06 2.01E- 2.01E-
1
06 05 wðj0 Þ ¼ k0 ¼ 0; wðjn Þ ¼ v0 ¼ 0; wð1Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k1 ¼  ;
0.9 0.78332691 0.78332951 2.60E-06 1.84E- 3.84E- 2
06 06 1
wð1Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v1 ¼ 1; wð2Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k2 ¼ ;
2
11646 X.-Z. Zhang et al.

Fig. 4 Problem 5.4 at h ¼ 121 ; h ¼ 101 and h ¼ 16.

Table 11 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of Table 12 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of
Problem 5.4 at h ¼ 121 . Problem 5.4 at h ¼ 101 .
j Accurate proposed spline solution Absolute j Precise solution proposed spline solution absolute error
solution Solution wðjÞ error
0.1 0.04736842 0.04736250 5.92E-06
0.083 0.0398551 0.0398522 2.88E-06 0.2 0.08888889 0.08885991 2.90E-05
0.167 0.0757576 0.0757441 1.34E-05 0.3 0.12352941 0.12342488 1.05E-04
0.250 0.1071429 0.1070973 4.56E-05 0.4 0.15000000 0.14973700 2.63E-04
0.333 0.1333333 0.1332173 1.16E-04 0.5 0.16666667 0.16618997 4.77E-04
0.417 0.1535088 0.1532799 2.29E-04 0.6 0.17142857 0.17078100 6.48E-04
0.500 0.1666667 0.1663039 3.63E-04 0.7 0.16153846 0.16088371 6.55E-04
0.583 0.1715686 0.1710958 4.73E-04 0.8 0.13333333 0.13288302 4.50E-04
0.667 0.1666667 0.1661608 5.06E-04 0.9 0.08181818 0.08167103 1.47E-04
0.750 0.1500000 0.1495708 4.29E-04
0.833 0.1190476 0.1187884 2.59E-04
0.917 0.0705128 0.0704353 7.75E-05
At h ¼ 101 , there will be unknowns |‘ where
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; n þ 2Þ . At n ¼ 10, there will be 5 equa-
3 tions will be attained from Eq. (24), 5 equations will be
wð2Þ ðjn Þ ¼ v2 ¼ 4; wð3Þ ðj0 Þ ¼ k3 ¼ ;
4 attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will be determined from
ð3Þ ð4Þ 3 Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27), numerical results
w ðjn Þ ¼ v3 ¼ 12; w ðj0 Þ ¼ k4 ¼ :
2 attained from CBS for this discussed above problem are pre-
 2  sented in Table 12. The values of fifteen unknowns |‘ where
The precise solution is wðjÞ ¼ 2  j  j  1. The graphical
connection of the absolute errors at h ¼ 101 and h ¼ 16 is demon- ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 12Þ are.
strated in Fig. 4. At n ¼ 12, there would be 7 Eqs. (24), 5 equa-
tions will be attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will be
determined from Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27), |2 = 0.10849167, |1 = 0.05166667, |0 = 0.00083333,
algebraic outcomes presented in Table 11. |1 = 0.04833333, |2 = 0.09000833, |3 = 0.12479280,
|4 = 0.15136972, |5 = 0.16815031, |6 = 0.17316889,
The values of seventeen unknowns |‘ where
|7 = 0.16386014, |8 = 0.13669284, |9 = 0.08666667,
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 11; 14Þ are. |10 = 0.00666667, |11 = 0.11333333, |12 = 0.28730716.

|2 = 0.089301215, |1 = 0.0428240, |0 = 0.000578703,

Numerical results attained from CBS for this discussed
|1 = 0.040509259, |2 = 0.076497395, |3 = 0.107965916,
|4 = 0.134222713, |5 = 0.154447274, |6 = 0.167667818, above problem are demonstrated in Table 13 for h ¼ 16. At
|7 = 0.172705100, |8 = 0.168086597, |9 = 0.151913171, n ¼ 6, there will be one equation from Eq. (24), 5 equations
|10 = |11 = |12 = will be attained from Eq. (25), 4 equations will be determined
0.121685720, 0.074074074, 0.004629629, from Eq. (26) and one equation from Eq. (27). At h ¼ 16, there
|13 = 0.092592592, |14 = 0.225536501. will be unknowns |‘ where ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; n þ 2Þ. The
values of eleven unknowns |‘ where
ð‘ ¼ 2; 1; 0; 1; . . . ; 7; 8Þ are.
Cubic spline solutions of the ninth order linear and non-linear
Table 13 Analysis of accurate and proposed spline solution of
Problem 5.4 at h ¼ 16.
j Precise solution proposed spline solution absolute error
0.17 0.07575758 0.07571373 4.38E-05
0.33 0.13333333 0.13311388 2.19E-04
0.50 0.16666667 0.16589551 7.71E-04
0.67 0.16666667 0.16533060 1.34E-03
0.83 0.11904762 0.11829723 7.50E-04
|2 = 0.189236111, |1 = 0.087962962, |0 = 0.002314814,
|1 = 0.078703703, |2 = 0.137152777, |3 = 0.171368482,
|4 = 0.172746367, |5 = 0.129629629, |6 = 0.018518518,
|7 = 0.203703703, |8 = 0.605031410.
6. Conclusion and discussion
This study indicates that the Cubic B Spline(CBS) is an utili-
tarian course of action for the numerical solutions of ninth-
order boundary value problems. In the present work, ninth
order BVPs of both Linear & non-linear types are numerically
solved using CBS. Four numerical examples are contemplated
to reveal the credibility of our spline CBS. The results support
the fact that the CBS provides outstanding estimate to the
exact solutions. The similar examinations show that the out-
comes accomplished by proposed strategy are acceptable than
those gotten by HPT, MVIT, 9th -order non polynomial spline
method, DTM, OHAM, Quintic B-spline, Sextic B-spline and
Petrov–Galerkin technique.
The above discussion concludes that the proposed scheme
gives better results as compared to existing methods
[3,5,46,48–51,62] at h ¼ 101 . It works well for higher order prob-
lems and represents the fastest convergence as well as a
remarkable low error. It is also obvious from the Problems
(1, 2, 3 & 4) that the solution is very near to the analytical solu-
tion and obtained more accurate results in comparison to
existing methods [3,5,46,48–51,62] at h ¼ 101 . Authors are look-
ing CPU time for this spline is 3.2467 s for n = 10 in
MATLAB and fsolve function was used for linear and nonlin-
ear cases. The CPU time for ADM is 5.949 s, VIM is 383.469 s,
DTM is 4.375 s, OHAM is 0.188 s for m = 1, 1.157 s for
m = 2 and 100.969 s for m = 3.
The main aim of utilizing the mentioned above strategy is
that it provides a spline function on every new time line which
will be disbursed to achieve the numerical roots at any phase in
the space direction. The calculations related to the models
talked about above were performed by utilizing MATLAB
R2019b. We recommend that Cubic-B spline method can also
be helpful when we consider further higher order BVPs like
11th ; 12th ; 13th -order and so on. It works soundly for higher
order problems and signifies the fastest convergence as well
as a notably low error. The authors have already solved sixth,
seventh, eighth and tenth order BVPs by using this spline and
future work on higher order linear and nonlinear BVPs like
11th ; 12th ; 13th -order is in progress.
11647
Funding
Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan
Province (No. NSFRF210311).
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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