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Presentation on flood

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 Presented by
NUSRAT JAHAN SIFA (17 CDM 005)
MD OMAR FARUK ( 17 CDM 006)
MD SHORIF (17 CDM 018)
SUSMITA BANIK (17 CDM 009)
Department of Coastal Studies and Disaster Management;
University of Barishal.
 Flood means an overflow of a large amount of
water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is
normally dry land. Flooding may occur as an overflow
of water from water bodies in which the water overtops
or breaks levees, such as a river, lake, or ocean,
accumulation of rainwater.
1. River Flood
2. Flash Flood
3. Rain-fed Flood
4. Tidal Flood
5. Urban Flood
6. Catastrophic Flood
7. Downstream Flood
 A flood occurs when a
river or stream overflows its
banks. Seasonal floods are
the norm in many rivers,
for example when spring
rains or snowmelt increase
the flow.
 A flash flood is a rapid
flooding of low-lying areas:
washes, rivers, dry lakes
and depressions. It may be
caused by heavy rain
associated with, a severe
thunderstorm, hurricane,
tropical storm, or melt
water from ice or snow
flowing over ice sheets or
snowfields.
 During monsoon
period, some areas are
inundated by heavy rain
fall. Rain fed flood
interconnected with
river flood.
 Tidal flooding is capable of majorly inhibiting
natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying
areas when it reaches levels that are below visible
inundation of the surface, but which are high enough
to incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system.
 There are many physical and human causes that allowed the floods to be worse.
The Physical Causes of the Floods:
 Most of the country area consists of a huge flood plain and delta.
 Geographical feature.
 Snowmelt from the Himalayas takes place in late spring & summer.
 70% of the total area is less than 1 meter above sea level.
 10% of the land area is made up of Lakes and Rivers.
 Bangladesh experiences heavy monsoon rains, especially over the highlands.
 Tropical storms bring heavy rains and coastal flooding.
 The main cause was the above average & long period of heavy rain which caused
all 3 rivers to have their peak flow at the same time.
 In the spring, melting snow from the Himalayas further increases the flood
risks as torrents of melt water enter the rivers at their source.
The Human Causes of the Floods:
 Deforestation in Nepal and the Himalayas increases run off and add to
deposition and flooding downstream.
 Urbanization of the flood plain has increased magnitude & frequency of
floods.
 Global warming is blamed for sea level rise, increased snow melt &
increased rainfall in the region.
 The building of dams in India has increased the problem of sedimentation
in Bangladesh.
 Poorly maintained embankments (levees) leak & collapse in times of high
discharge.
 Increasing population pressure in Bangladesh itself has resulted in the
sinking of many new wells resulting in the lowering of the water table and
the subsequent subsidence of land making it even more prone to flooding.
Primary Impact:
 Injury and loss of life.
 Damage caused by swift current.
 Debris and sediment to firms, homes, building,
railroads, bridges, road and communication system.
 Loss of considerable soil and vegetation due to
erosion and deposition of sediment in the rural and
urban landscape.
Secondary Impact:
 Short-term pollution of water in river.
 Hunger and disease
 Fires by short circuit or between gas pipelines
 Displacement of person who lost homes.
Tertiary And Long-Term Impact:
 Economic: decline in tourism, rebuilding cost,
increasing of food price due to shortage.
 Urban flooding can lead to chronically wet
house, which are linked to an increase
respiratory problems and other illnesses.
 Psychological.
Floods (in particular more frequent or smaller floods) can also
bring many benefits, such as:
 Recharging ground water,
 Making soil more fertile and increasing nutrients in some
soils.
 Flood waters provide much needed water resources in
arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation can be
very unevenly distributed throughout the year and kills
pests in the farming land.
 Freshwater floods particularly play an important role in
maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and are a key
factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity.
 Flooding can spread nutrients to lakes and rivers, which
can lead to increased biomass and improved fisheries for a
few years.
 For some fish species, an inundated floodplain may form a
highly suitable location for spawning with few predators
and enhanced levels of nutrients or food.
 Fish, such as the weather fish, make use of floods in order
to reach new habitats.
 Bird populations may also profit from the boost in food
production caused by flooding (WMO/GWP, 2007).
 Bangladesh is a flood prone area. The flood problem in
Bangladesh is extremely complex. The country is an active delta; it has
numerous networks of rivers, canals and coast creeks with extensive
flood plains through which surface water of about 1.7 million sq-km
drains annually. Floods are normal monsoon phenomena in the deltaic
plains of Bangladesh. Although the livelihood of the people in
Bangladesh is well adapted to normal monsoon flood, the damages due
to inundation, riverbank erosion or breach of embankment, etc. still
occur in various regions in almost every monsoon.
Year Death
1987 1657
1988 1708
1998 918
2004 747
2007 800

Source: Disaster Management Bureau, 2008

Source: Choudhury, 2009
Figure: Extent of flood in Bangladesh: 1954-2007 (source:
springer.com).
 1987 flooding incident(July to August)
 1988 flooding incident (August to September)
 1998 Flooding Incident (July – September).
 1999 flooding incident (July – September)
 2004 Flooding Incident (July - August)
 2005 flooding incident
 2012 Flooding Incident (June - August)
 2015 flooding incident
 2017 flooding incident
 2020 flooding incident
 Structural Method: Protection of the vulnerable area
up-to certain level of flooding. Preferred by engineers
and local people.
 Non-structural Method: Reduction of loss or damage.
Preferred by social scientists and conservationist.
 Integration Method: Integration of structural and
non-structural measures is essential for effective
disaster management.
 It is a measure to control the physical process of flooding. It also
prevents inundation which protects vulnerable areas up-to certain level
of flooding.
 The Structural Options:
1. Dams and Reservoirs for impounding excess runoff.
2. Detention basin, Retention Pond to lower the level of flooding
downstream. (Not feasible due to topographical limitation).
3. Embankment, Dyke, Polder, Levee, Bund, or Flood wall to block
the movement of water from rivers to floodplain. (Most preferred
option).
4. Improvement of Conveyance Capacity (planned but not done due
to cost element)
5. Flood bye pass, flood diversion (Not feasible)
6. Watershed Management and afforestation (not practiced)
They are of following types:
A. Storage Reservoirs: It is the most effective
measure of flood disaster mitigation measures.
The modern reservoirs are mostly multipurpose.
The aim of reservoir is to store excess water during
flood period and release it when flood subsides.
B. Generally, the reservoirs are formed on the
upstream of the area to be protected or on the
head reach of the river.
 Measure to reduce loss or damage by
administrative measures. It does not control or affect
the process of inundation. It does not foster any
economic growth. It must be linked up with structural
measures and vice-versa.
 Non-structural Options:
 Flood forecasting (done) and warning.(poor practice)
 Flood fighting (a success around cities)
 Flood proofing (traditional practice)
 Evacuation and shelter management (a success story,
standing order of GoB)
 Flood insurance
 Floodplain zoning
 Changes in cropping pattern
 An area goes under and remains under water for some
times, it is inundation. When inundation causes damage to
property and crops, disrupts communication and brings
harmful effects to human beings as well as to flora and
fauna, we call it flood. Inundation supports fish,
navigation, soil fertility, ecosystems, ground water recharge
etc. Flood Management measures are aimed at reduction of
damage and harmful effects, and creation of an
environment for enhanced economic activity. Urban flood
vs. flood in rural areas need to be treated differently. Total
Flood Control is neither possible nor desirable.
 Advance Science Service Society:
Anna Weber, 2019: January 15, 2019 Anna Weber
D. Madson, 2017: Diana Madson (May 10, 2017). "Miami Beach spends millions
to hold back the sea". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
WMO/GWP, 2007: WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management,
"Environmental Aspects of Integrated Flood Management", 2007.
Wolman and Miller, 1960: Wolman, M. G., and Miller, J. P., 1960. Magnitude
and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes. Journal of Geology, 68,
54–74. Google Scholar
Britannica: https://www,britannica.com>Flood

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