CHAPTER 1: Functions

Fungsi

PBD 1.1 Functions Textbook: pp. 2 – 11

Fungsi
NOTES
1. A relation from set A to set B is a function if each element in set A is mapped onto only one element in set B.
Suatu hubungan dari set A kepada set B ialah satu fungsi jika setiap unsur dalam set A dipetakan kepada hanya satu unsur dalam
set B.
2. Only one-to-one relations and many-to-one relations are functions.
Hanya hubungan satu dengan satu dan hubungan banyak dengan satu ialah fungsi.

A. Determine whether each of the following relations is a function. Give your reasons.
Tentukan sama ada setiap hubungan berikut ialah fungsi atau bukan. Beri alasan anda. LS1.1.1 PL1

(a) Set A Set B (b) Set B

3 2
9
4 1
16
5 Set A
25 0 1 2 3 4
6 –1

Not a function. Because the element 6 in A function. Because each element in set A has
set A has no image. only one image in set B.
Bukan fungsi. Kerana unsur 6 dalam set A tidak Fungsi. Kerana setiap unsur dalam set A mempunyai
mempunyai imej. hanya satu imej dalam set B.

1. Set A Set B 2. Set B

5
a p
4
b q
3
c r
2
1
Set A
0 1 2 3 4 5
Not a function. Because the element c in set A has A function. Because each element in set A has only
two images. one image in set B.
Bukan fungsi. Kerana unsur c dalam set A mempunyai Fungsi. Kerana setiap unsur dalam set A mempunyai
dua imej. hanya satu imej dalam set B.

3. Set A Set B 4. Set B

2 2
4 1
–2
Set A
3 0 1 2 3 4
9 –1
–3
–2

A function. Because each element in set A has only Not a function. Because both the elements 2 and 3
one image in set B. in set A have two images.
Fungsi. Kerana setiap unsur dalam set A mempunyai Bukan fungsi. Kerana kedua-dua unsur 2 dan 3
hanya satu imej dalam set B. dalam set A mempunyai dua imej.

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 B. Determine whether each of the following graphs is a function by using the vertical line test.
Tentukan sama ada setiap graf berikut ialah fungsi atau bukan dengan menggunakan ujian garis mencancang. LS1.1.1 PL1

NOTES
y y
(a) (b) Vertical line test Vertical line test:
Ujian garis Ujian garis mencancang:
Vertical line test mencancang If the vertical line drawn cuts
Ujian garis
x the graph at only one point,
mencancang O then the graph is a function.
Jika garis mencancang yang
x dilukis memotong graf hanya
O pada satu titik, maka graf itu
merupakan fungsi.

A function. The vertical line cuts Not a function. The vertical line
the graph at only one point. cuts the graph at two points.
Fungsi. Garis mencancang memotong Bukan fungsi. Garis mencancang
graf itu hanya pada satu titik. memotong graf itu pada dua titik.

1. 2.
y y

Not a function x A function

x O
O Bukan fungsi Fungsi

3. y 4. y

A function x Not a function

O
Fungsi Bukan fungsi
x
O

C. Determine the domain, codomain and range of each of the following functions.
Tentukan domain, kodomain dan julat bagi setiap fungsi berikut. LS1.1.2 PL1

1. f(x) 2. f(x)
f
x y
4
5
5 3
–2 x
9 O 3 7
2 –4
2
14 1
3 19 x
–2 –1 0 1 2 –11

Domain/Domain = {–2, 2, 3} Domain/Domain Domain/Domain

= {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} = {0 艋 x 艋 7}
Codomain/Kodomain
= {5, 9, 14, 19} Codomain/Kodomain Codomain/Kodomain
= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} = {–11 艋 f(x) 艋 5}
Range/Julat = {9, 19} Range/Julat Range/Julat
= {0, 2, 4} = {–11 艋 f(x) 艋 5}

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 D. Sketch each of the following graphs f(x). Then, state the corresponding range of f(x) for the given
domain.
Lakar setiap graf f(x) berikut. Kemudian, nyatakan julat bagi f(x) yang sepadan dengan domain yang diberi. LS1.1.2 PL1

1. f(x) = | x – 3 | for the domain –1 艋 x 艋 6. 2. f(x) = | 2x – 8 | for the domain 0 艋 x 艋 8.

f(x) = | x – 3 | untuk domain –1 艋 x 艋 6. f(x) = | 2x – 8 | untuk domain 0 艋 x 艋 8.

The range of f(x) = | x – 3 | is 0 艋 f(x) 艋 4. The range of f(x) = | 2x – 8 | is 0 艋 f(x) 艋 8.

Julat bagi f(x) = | x – 3 | ialah 0 艋 f(x) 艋 4. Julat bagi f(x) = | 2x – 8 | ialah 0 艋 f(x) 艋 8.

E. Find the image of the following functions based on the given object.
Cari imej bagi setiap fungsi berikut berdasarkan objek yang diberi. LS1.1.3 PL2

(a) f : x → 3x – 1 ; x = 6 (b) f : x → | 4x + 3 | ; x = –5 (c) f : x → 2x2 – 7x ; x = 2

f(x) = 3x – 1 f(x) = | 4x + 3 | f(x) = 2x2 – 7x

f(6) = 3(6) – 1 f(–5) = | 4(–5) + 3 | f(2) = 2(2)2 – 7(2)
= 18 – 1 = | –17 | = 8 – 14
= 17 = 17 = –6

1. f : x → 4x + 6 ; x = 3 2. f : x → 4 , x ≠ –3 ; x = –1 3. f : x → | 2x – 7 | ; x = 3
x+3
f(x) = 4x + 6 f(x) = | 2x – 7 |
f(3) = 4(3) + 6 4 f(3) = | 2(3) – 7 |
f(x) =
= 12 + 6 x+3 = | –1 |
= 18 4 =1
f(–1) =
–1 + 3
4
=
2
=2

4. f : x → | 3x + 1 | – 9 ; x = –3 5. f : x → x – 3x2 ; x = –2 6. f : x → 5x – 2x2 ; x = –3

f(x) = | 3x + 1 | – 9 f(x) = x – 3x2 f(x) = 5x – 2x2

f(–3) = | 3(–3) + 1 | – 9 f(–2) = (–2) – 3(–2)2 f(–3) = 5(–3) – 2(–3)2
= | –8 | – 9 = –2 – 12 = –15 – 18
= –1 = –14 = –33

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 F. Find the object(s) of the following functions based on the given image.
Cari objek bagi setiap fungsi berikut berdasarkan imej yang diberi. LS1.1.3 PL3

(a) f : x → 2x – 5 ; f(x) = 9 (b) f : x → 2x2 – 5x + 3 ; f(x) = 6 (c) f : x → | 3x – 2 | ; f(x) = 7

f(x) = 2x – 5 f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3 f(x) = | 3x – 2 |

When/Apabila f(x) = 9, When/Apabila f(x) = 6, When/Apabila f(x) = 7,
2x – 5 = 9 2x2 – 5x + 3 = 6 | 3x – 2 | = 7
2x = 14 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0 3x – 2 = 7 or/atau 3x – 2 = –7
x=7 (x – 3)(2x + 1) = 0 3x = 9 3x = –5
x=3
x = 3 or/atau x = – 1 x = –5
2 3

1. f : x → 5 – 3x ; f(x) = 11 2. f : x → x2 – 3x + 1 ; f(x) = 5 3. f : x → | 2 – 3x | ; f(x) = 14

f(x) = 5 – 3x f(x) = x2 – 3x + 1 f(x) = | 2 – 3x |

When/Apabila f(x) = 11, When/Apabila f(x) = 5, When/Apabila f(x) = 14,
5 – 3x = 11 x2 – 3x + 1 = 5 | 2 – 3x | = 14
3x = –6 x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 2 – 3x = 14 or/atau 2 – 3x = –14
x = –2 (x – 4)(x + 1) = 0 3x = –12 3x = 16
x = 4 or/atau x = –1 x = –4 16
x=
3

G. Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah berikut. LS1.1.2, 1.1.3 PL4

y The diagram shows the graph of the function f(x) = | 2x – c | for the domain
0 艋 x 艋 6. Find
y = f(x) Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi f(x) = | 2x – c | untuk domain 0 艋 x 艋 6. Cari
(a) the value of c.
4 nilai c.
(b) the value of h.
nilai h.
x (c) the range of the function.
0 h 6
julat bagi fungsi itu.

(a) When x = 0, f(x) = 4. (b) When x = h, f(x) = 0. (c) When/Apabila x = 6,

Apabila x = 0, f(x) = 4. Apabila x = h, f(x) = 0. f(x) = | 2(6) – 4 |
| 2(0) – c | = 4 | 2h – 4 | = 0 =8
c=4 2h – 4 = 0 Range/Julat: 0 艋 f(x) 艋 8
h=2

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 1. The diagram shows the graph of the function 2. The diagram shows the graph of the function
f(x) = | 3x + p | for the domain –3 艋 x 艋 3. f(x) = | 4x – 2 | for the domain 0 艋 x 艋 m.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi
f(x) = | 3x + p | untuk domain –3 艋 x 艋 3. f(x) = | 4x – 2 | untuk domain 0 艋 x 艋 m.
y
y Find Find
Cari 18 Cari
(a) the value of p. y = f(x) (a) the value of c.
nilai p. nilai c.
(b) the value of k. (b) the value of k.
6 nilai k. nilai k.
y = f(x)
(c) the range of the (c) the domain of the
function. c function.
x
–3 k 0 3 x
julat bagi fungsi itu. 0 k m domain bagi fungsi itu.

(a) When x = 0, f(x) = 6. (a) When x = 0, f(x) = c.

Apabila x = 0, f(x) = 6. Apabila x = 0, f(x) = c.
| 3(0) + p | = 6 | 4(0) – 2 | = c
p=6 c=2
(b) When x = k, f(x) = 0.
(b) When x = k, f(x) = 0.
Apabila x = k, f(x) = 0.
Apabila x = k, f(x) = 0.
| 4k – 2 | = 0
| 3k + 6 | = 0
k = 0.5
3k + 6 = 0
k = –2 (c) When/Apabila f(x) = 18,
| 4x – 2 | = 18
(c) f(–3) = | 3(–3) + 6 | 4x – 2 = 18 or/atau 4x – 2 = –18
=3 x=5 x = –4
f(3) = | 3(3) + 6 | Since m ⬎ 0, the domain of the function is
= 15 0 艋 x 艋 5.
Oleh sebab m ⬎ 0, maka domain bagi fungsi itu
Range/Julat: 0 艋 f(x) 艋 15
ialah 0 艋 x 艋 5.

3. It is given that f : x → 8 , x ≠ k. (a) x – 2 ≠ 0

x–2 x≠2
8
Diberi bahawa f : x → , x ≠ k.
x–2 Thus/Maka, k = 2.
(a) State the value of k. 8
Nyatakan nilai k. (b) f(0) =
0–2
(b) Find f(0). = –4
Cari f(0).
(c) Find the value of x which maps onto itself. (c) f(x) = x
Cari nilai x yang memetakan kepada diri sendiri. 8
=x
x–2
2
x – 2x – 8 = 0
(x – 4)(x + 2) = 0
x = 4 or/atau x = –2

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 PBD 1.2 Composite Functions Textbook: pp. 12 – 19
Fungsi Gubahan
A. Given a function f, find (a) f 2 and (b) f 3.
Diberi fungsi f, cari (a) f 2 dan (b) f 3. LS1.2.2 PL3

NOTES
Digital Resourse

f(x) = 2x – 5 The composite functions of a

2 3 3 function with itself mean repeated
(a) f (x) (b) f (x) f (x) mapping like f 2(x) = ff(x), f 3(x) = fff(x)
= f [f(x)] = f [f 2(x)] or/atau = f 2[f(x)] and so on.
= f(2x – 5) = f(4x – 15) = f 2(2x – 5) Fungsi gubahan bagi suatu fungsi
dengan diri sendiri bermaksud
= 2(2x – 5) – 5 = 2(4x – 15) – 5 = 4(2x – 5) – 15 pemetaan berulang seperti f 2(x) = ff(x),
= 4x – 15 = 8x – 35 = 8x – 35 f 3(x) = fff(x) dan seterusnya.

1. f(x) = 3x + 2 2. f(x) = 2
x+1
(a) f 2(x) (b) f 3(x)
(a) f 2(x) (b) f 3(x)
= f [f(x)] = f [f 2(x)]
= f [f(x)] = f 2[f(x)]
= f(3x + 2) = f(9x + 8)
= 3(3x + 2) + 2 = 3(9x + 8) + 2 =f 冢x+1
2
冣 = f2 冢
2
x+1 冣
= 9x + 8 = 27x + 26
=
2
2 2 冢
x+1
2
+1 冣
+1 =
x+1 2
+3
2(x + 1) x+1
= 2(x + 3)
2 + (x + 1) =
2(x + 1) 3x + 5
=
x+3

B. Find the composite functions and the images of the composite functions.
Cari fungsi gubahan dan imej di bawah fungsi gubahan itu. LS1.2.2, 1.2.3 PL3

Given f(x) = x + 3 and g(x) = 2x2 – x, find

Diberi f(x) = x + 3 dan g(x) = 2x2 – x, cari
(a) fg. (b) gf. (c) fg(2). (d) gf(–1).
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (c) fg(2) (d) gf(–1)
= f [g(x)] = g[f(x)] = 2(22) – 2 + 3 = 2(–1)2 + 11(–1) + 15
= f(2x2 – x) = g(x + 3) =9 =6
= 2x2 – x + 3 2
= 2(x + 3) – (x + 3)
= 2x2 + 12x + 18 – x – 3
= 2x2 + 11x + 15

1. Given f(x) = x – 5 and g(x) = x2 + 3x, find

Diberi f(x) = x – 5 dan g(x) = x2 + 3x, cari
(a) fg. (b) gf. (c) fg(3). (d) gf(–2).
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (c) fg(3) (d) gf(–2)
= f [g(x)] = g[f(x)] = 32 + 3(3) – 5 = (–2)2 – 7(–2) + 10
= f(x2 + 3x) = g(x – 5) = 13 = 4 + 14 + 10
= x2 + 3x – 5 = (x – 5)2 + 3(x – 5) = 28
= x2 – 10x + 25 + 3x – 15
= x2 – 7x + 10

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 2. Given g(x) = 2 , x ≠ 1 and h(x) = 4 – 3x, find
x–1
2
Diberi g(x) = , x ≠ 1 dan h(x) = 4 – 3x, cari
x–1
(a) gh. (b) hg. (c) gh(2). (d) hg(4).

(a) gh(x) (b) hg(x) (c) gh(2) (d) hg(4)

= g[h(x)] = h[g(x)] 2 4(4) – 10
= =
冢 冣
= g(4 – 3x) 2 3 – 3(2) 4–1
=h
2 x–1 2 6
= =– =
(4 – 3x) – 1
2
=4–3 冢 x –2 1 冣 3
=2
3
= ,x≠1
3 – 3x 4(x – 1) – 6
=
x–1
4x – 10
= ,x≠1
x–1

C. Solve each of the following.

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut. LS1.2.2, 1.2.3 PL3

It is given that g(x) = 4 , x ≠ 0 and h(x) = 5 – 2x. Find

x
4
Diberi bahawa g(x) = , x ≠ 0 dan h(x) = 5 – 2x. Cari
x
(a) gh. (b) hg.
(c) the value of x when gh(x) = 4. (d) the value of x when hg(x) = 7.
nilai x apabila gh(x) = 4. nilai x apabila hg(x) = 7.

(a) gh(x) = g[h(x)] (b) hg(x) = h[g(x)]

= g(5 – 2x)
= h冢 4 冣
x
= 4 ,x≠ 5
5 – 2x 2 = 5 – 2冢 4 冣
x
= 5x – 8 ,x≠0
x

(c) When/Apabila gh(x) = 4, (d) When/Apabila hg(x) = 7,

4 =4 5x – 8 = 7
5 – 2x x
4 = 20 – 8x 5x – 8 = 7x
x=2 x = –4

1. It is given that f(x) = 1 x + 3 and g(x) = 2x2 – 3. Find

2
1
Diberi bahawa f(x) = x + 3 dan g(x) = 2x2 – 3. Cari
2
(a) fg. (b) gf.
(d) the values of x when gf(x) = 5.
(c) the values of x when fg(x) = 10 1 . nilai-nilai x apabila gf(x) = 5.
2
1
nilai-nilai x apabila fg(x) = 10 .
2

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 (a) fg(x) = f [g(x)] (b) gf(x) = g[f(x)]
= f(2x2 – 3)
1
1
=g x+3
2冢 冣
= (2x2 – 3) + 3 2
2
1
1
冢
=2 x+3 –3
2 冣
= (2x2 + 3)
2 1
冢
= 2 x2 + 3x + 9 – 3
4 冣
1 2
= (x + 12x + 30)
2

1 (d) gf(x) = 5
(c) fg(x) = 10
2 1 2
(x + 12x + 30) = 5
1 2 21 2
(2x + 3) =
2 2 x2 + 12x + 30 = 10
2x2 + 3 = 21 x2 + 12x + 20 = 0
2x2 = 18 (x + 2)(x + 10) = 0
x2 = 9 x = –2 or/atau x = –10
x = ±3

2. It is given that g(x) = 5 – x2 and h(x) = 3 , x ≠ 1. Find

1–x
3
Diberi bahawa g(x) = 5 – x2 dan h(x) = , x ≠ 1. Cari
1–x
(a) gh. (b) hg.
(c) the values of x when gh(x) = 4. (d) the values of x when hg(x) = 6.
nilai-nilai x apabila gh(x) = 4. nilai-nilai x apabila hg(x) = 6.

(a) gh(x) = g[h(x)] (b) hg(x) = h[g(x)]

= h(5 – x2)
=g 冢
3
1–x 冣 3
=
3 2 1 – (5 – x2)
=5–
1–x冢 冣 3
= 2 , x ≠ ±2
9 x –4
=5–
(1 – x)2
5(1 – x)2 – 9
=
(1 – x)2
2
5x – 10x – 4
= ,x≠1
(1 – x)2

(c) gh(x) = 4 (d) hg(x) = 6

5x2 – 10x – 4 3
=4 =6
(1 – x)2 x2 – 4
5x – 10x – 4 = 4(1 – x)2
2
3 = 6(x2 – 4)
5x2 – 10x – 4 = 4x2 – 8x + 4 2x2 = 9
x2 – 2x – 8 = 0 9
x2 =
(x + 2)(x – 4) = 0 2
x = –2 or/atau x = 4
x=± 9
2
3 2
=±
2

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 D. Find the images of the composite functions based on the given objects.
Cari imej bagi fungsi gubahan berdasarkan objek yang diberi. LS1.2.3 PL3

TIPS
Given f(x) = x2 + 3x – 5 and g(x) = 2x – 1, find The question does not require to
Diberi f(x) = x2 + 3x – 5 dan g(x) = 2x – 1, cari find fg(x) in general. So, just find
(a) fg(4). (b) gf(4). the image of the given object.
Note that fg(x) ≠ gf(x) in general
and fg(4) ≠ gf(4) in particular.
(a) fg(4) = f [g(4)] (b) gf(4) = g[f(4)] Soalan itu tidak diminta untuk mencari
= f [2(4) – 1] = g[42 + 3(4) – 5] fg(x) secara am. Maka, terus mencari
imej bagi objek yang diberi. Perhatikan
= f(7) = g(23) bahawa fg(x) ≠ gf (x) secara amnya dan
= 72 + 3(7) – 5 = 2(23) – 1 fg(4) ≠ gf (4) khususnya.
= 65 = 45

1. Given f(x) = 2x2 – 3x and g(x) = 3x + 2, find 2. Given g(x) = 5 , x ≠ 3 and h(x) = x2 – 1, find
Diberi f(x) = 2x2 – 3x dan g(x) = 3x + 2, cari 3 – 2x 2
5 3
(a) fg(1). (b) gf(1). Diberi g(x) = ,x≠ dan h(x) = x2 – 1, cari
3 – 2x 2

(a) fg(1) = f [g(1)] (a) gh(0). (b) hg(3).

= f [3(1) + 2]
= f(5) (a) gh(0) = g[h(0)]
= 2(52) – 3(5) = g(02 – 1)
= 35 = g(–1)
5
=
3 – 2(–1)
(b) gf(1) = g[f(1)] =1
= g[2(1)2 – 3(1)]
= g(–1)
= 3(–1) + 2 (b) hg(3) = h[g(3)]
= –1 =h 冤 5
冥
3 – 2(3)
=h–5 冢 冣
3
2
= – 5
3
冢 冣 –1
16
=
9

E. Given fg and f, find g.

Diberi fg dan f, cari g. LS1.2.4 PL3

1. fg(x) = 2x2 – 5x, f(x) = x + 3 2. fg(x) = | 2x – 7 |, f(x) = 3x + 1

fg(x) = 10x + 13, f(x) = 2x – 1
fg(x) = 2x2 – 5x fg(x) = | 2x – 7 |
fg(x) = 10x + 13 f [g(x)] = 2x2 – 5x f [g(x)] = | 2x – 7 |
f [g(x)] = 10x + 13 g(x) + 3 = 2x2 – 5x 3[g(x)] + 1 = | 2x – 7 |
2[g(x)] – 1 = 10x + 13 g(x) = 2x2 – 5x – 3 1
g(x) = (| 2x – 7 | – 1)
2[g(x)] = 10x + 14 3
g(x) = 5x + 7

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 F. Given fg and g, find f.
Diberi fg dan g, cari f. LS1.2.4 PL3

1. fg(x) = 2x – 4, g(x) = 1 x + 3 2. fg(x) = 2x2 + 3x, g(x) = 4 – x

fg(x) = 3x + 1, g(x) = 3x + 5 2
fg(x) = 2x2 + 3x
fg(x) = 3x + 1 fg(x) = 2x – 4
f [g(x)] = 2x2 + 3x
f [g(x)] = 3x + 1 f [g(x)] = 2x – 4
f(4 – x) = 2x2 + 3x …… ➀
f(3x + 5) = 3x + 1 …… ➀ 冢
1
冣
f x + 3 = 2x – 4 …… ➀
2 Let/Katakan t = 4 – x.
Let/Katakan t = 3x + 5. 1 x=4–t
Let/Katakan t = x + 3
x = 1 (t – 5) 2
Substitute x = 4 – t into ➀.
3 x = 2(t – 3)
1 Gantikan x = 4 – t ke dalam ➀.
Substitute x = (t – 5) into ➀. Substitute x = 2(t – 3) into ➀.
3 f(t) = 2(4 – t)2 + 3(4 – t)
1 Gantikan x = 2(t – 3) ke dalam ➀.
Gantikan x = (t – 5) ke dalam ➀. = 32 – 16t + 2t2 + 12 – 3t
3 f(t) = 2 × 2(t – 3) – 4 = 2t2 – 19t + 44
f(t) = 3 × 1 (t – 5) + 1 = 4t – 16
∴ f(x) = 2x2 – 19x + 44
3
=t–5+1 ∴ f(x) = 4x – 16
=t–4
∴ f(x) = x – 4

G. Solve the following problems.

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut. LS1.2.5 PL5

It is given that f : x → x – 1 , x ≠ –1. Find (a) f 2, (b) f 3 and (c) f 4. Hence, deduce f 23.
x+1
x–1
Diberi bahawa f : x → , x ≠ –1. Cari (a) f 2, (b) f 3 dan (c) f 4. Seterusnya, deduksikan f 23.
x+1
(a) f 2(x) (b) f 3(x) (c) f 4(x) f 23(x)
= f [f(x)] = f [f 2(x)] = f 2[f 2(x)] = f 19[f 4(x)]
= f 19(x)
= f冢x – 1冣 = f 冢– 1 冣 = f 2冢– 1 冣
x+1 x x =…
x–1 –1 1 =– 1 = f 3(x)
– –1
x+1 x =1+x
=
x–1 +1
=
1 冢– 1x 冣 1–x
– +1
x+1 x =x
= –1–x–1
x = +x
1
x–1+x+1 1–x TIPS
Note that f 4(x) = x is the identity function which maps x to x.
= –1 Perhatikan bahawa f 4(x) = x ialah fungsi identiti yang memetakan x kepada x.
x

1. It is given that f(x) = 3 , x ≠ 0. Find (a) f 2(x) and (b) f 3(x). Hence, deduce f 11(x).
2x
3
Diberi bahawa f(x) = , x ≠ 0. Cari (a) f 2(x) dan (b) f 3(x). Seterusnya, deduksikan f 11(x).
2x
(a) f 2(x) = f [f(x)] (b) f 3(x) = f [f 2(x)] f 11(x) = f 9[f 2(x)]
= f 9(x)
冢 冣
3 = f(x)
=f
2x 3 =…
=
3 2x = f(x)
= =x
3
2 冢 冣
3
2x
=
2x

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 2. It is given that g(x) = x – 2. Find (a) g2(x), (b) g3(x) and (c) g4(x). Hence, deduce gn(x), where
n is a positive integer.
Diberi bahawa g(x) = x – 2. Cari (a) g2(x), (b) g3(x) dan (c) g4(x). Seterusnya, deduksikan gn(x), dengan keadaan
n ialah integer positif.
(a) g2(x) = g[g(x)] (b) g3(x) = g[g2(x)] (c) g4(x) = g[g3(x)] ∴ gn(x) = x – 2n,
= g(x – 2) = g(x – 4) = g(x – 6) n = 1, 2, 3, …
= (x – 2) – 2 = (x – 4) – 2 = (x – 6) – 2
=x–4 =x–6 =x–8

3. It is given that h(x) = x – 1 , x ≠ 0. Find (a) h2(x), (b) h3(x) and (c) h4(x). Hence, deduce h35(x).
x
x–1
Diberi bahawa h(x) = , x ≠ 0. Cari (a) h2(x), (b) h3(x) dan (c) h4(x). Seterusnya, deduksikan h35(x).
x
(a) h2(x) = h[h(x)] (b) h3(x) = h[h2(x)] (c) h4(x) = h[h3(x)] h35(x) = h32[h3(x)]
x–1 1 = h(x) = h32(x)
= h冢
x 冣
= h冢
x 冣 x–1 =…
1 =
x–1
–1 –1 x = h2(x)
x 1–x 1
= = =
x–1 1 1–x
x 1–x
x–1–x 1 – (1 – x)
= =
x–1 1
1 =x
=
1–x

PBD 1.3 Inverse Functions Textbook: pp. 20 – 30

Fungsi Songsang
A. Use the horizontal line test, determine whether the inverse function exists for each function.
Gunakan ujian garis mengufuk, tentukan sama ada fungsi songsang wujud bagi setiap fungsi. LS1.3.2 PL1

NOTES
(a) f(x) = x2 – 3x (b) f(x) = x3 – 2 A horizontal line is drawn on the plane of the
y y graph. If the horizontal line intersects the
y = f(x) graph at
y = f(x) Satu garis mengufuk dilukis pada satah graf.
Horizontal
x Jika garis mengufuk itu menyilang graf itu pada
line test O
Ujian garis Horizontal • a single point, then the inverse function
mengufuk line test exists.
x Ujian garis
O satu titik tunggal, maka fungsi songsang
mengufuk wujud.
• more than one point, then the inverse
Inverse function does not exist. Inverse function exists. function does not exist.
Fungsi songsang tidak wujud. Fungsi songsang wujud. lebih daripada satu titik, maka fungsi
songsang tidak wujud.

1. f(x) = 3x + 4 2. f(x) = | 5 – x | 3. f(x) = 3x – 2x2 4. f(x) = x(x + 3)(x – 2)

y y y y
y = f(x) y = f(x) y = f(x)

y = f(x) x
O
x x x
O O O

Inverse function does Inverse function does

Inverse function exists. Inverse function does
not exist. not exist.
Fungsi songsang wujud. not exist.
Fungsi songsang tidak Fungsi songsang tidak
Fungsi songsang tidak
wujud. wujud.
wujud.

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 B. Determine the inverse function for each of the following functions.
Tentukan fungsi songsang bagi setiap fungsi berikut. LS1.3.3 PL2

(a) f : x → 3x – 2 Alternative method (b) f(x) = 4 ,x≠3

Kaedah alternatif x–3
f(x) = 3x – 2 Let/Katakan f : x → y
–1 Let/Katakan f –1(x) = y
Let/Katakan f (x) = y y = 3x – 2
f(y) = x
f(y) = x x = 1 (y + 2) 4 =x
3y – 2 = x 3
y–3
y = 1 (x + 2) Since/Oleh sebab f –1 : y → x,
y–3= 4
3
1 then/maka, f –1 : y → 1 (y + 2) x
∴ f (x) = (x + 2) or/atau
–1 3 4
y= +3
3 x
f : x → 1 (x + 2)
–1 or/atau f –1 : x → 1 (x + 2) 4
3 3 ∴ f (x) = + 3, x ≠ 0
–1
x

1. f : x → 4x 2. g : x → x + 5 3. h : x → 2 – 1 x
4
f(x) = 4x g(x) = x + 5
1
h(x) = 2 – x
Let/Katakan f –1(x) = y Let/Katakan g–1(x) = y 4
f(y) = x g(y) = x
Let/Katakan h–1(x) = y
4y = x y+5=x
h(y) = x
1 y=x–5
y= x 1
4 2– y=x
∴ g–1(x) = x – 5 or/atau 4
1
∴ f –1(x) = x or/atau g–1 : x → x – 5 y = 4(2 – x)
4
1 ∴ h–1(x) = 4(2 – x) or/atau
f –1 : x → x h–1 : x → 4(2 – x)
4

4. f(x) = 5 , x ≠ 0 5. g(x) = 8x3 – 1 6. h(x) = 3 , x ≠ –1

x 2x + 1 2
Let/Katakan g–1(x) = y
Let/Katakan f –1(x) = y Let/Katakan h–1(x) = y
g(y) = x
f(y) = x h(y) = x
8y3 – 1 = x
5 3
=x 1 =x
y y = 冢3 x + 1 冣 2y + 1
2
y=
5
x –1 1 3
∴ g (x) = 冢 x + 1 冣
y= 冢
1 3
2 x
–1 冣
2
5 3–x
∴ f –1(x) = ∴ h–1(x) = ,x≠0
x 2x

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 C. Find the value of f –1(a) for each of the following functions.
Cari nilai f –1(a) bagi setiap fungsi berikut. LS1.3.3 PL2

1. Given f(x) = 10 – 3x, find f –1(–5).

Given f(x) = 6x – 5, find f –1(13). Diberi f(x) = 10 – 3x, cari f –1(– 5).
Diberi f(x) = 6x – 5, cari f –1(13).
Let/Katakan f –1(–5) = t
Let/Katakan f –1(x) = y Alternative method f(t) = –5
f(y) = x Kaedah alternatif
10 – 3t = –5
6y – 5 = x Let/Katakan f –1(13) = t 3t = 15
y = 1 (x + 5) f(t) = 13 t=5
6 6t – 5 = 13
1 ∴ f –1(–5) = 5
∴ f (x) = (x + 5)
–1 6t = 18
6 t=3
f (13) = 1 (13 + 5) = 3
–1
∴ f (13) = 3
–1
6

2. Given f(x) = x3 + 3, find f –1(–24).

Diberi f(x) = x3 + 3, cari f –1(–24).
3. Given f(x) =
x–3 冢 2冣
2 , x ≠ 3, find f –1 – 3 .

2 3
Let/Katakan f –1(–24) = t
Diberi f(x) =
x–3 冢 冣
, x ≠ 3, cari f –1 – .
2
f(t) = –24
t3 + 3 = –24
t3 = –27
Let/Katakan f –1 – 冢 32 冣 = t
t = –3 3
f(t) = –
2
∴ f –1(–24) = –3 2 3
=–
t–3 2
3t – 9 = –4
5
t=
3

冢 32 冣 = 53
∴ f –1 –

D. Determine the composite function involving inverse function.

Tentukan fungsi gubahan yang melibatkan fungsi songsang. LS1.3.3 PL4

Given f(x) = 3 – 2x, find NOTES

Diberi f(x) = 3 – 2x, cari Identity function:
Fungsi identiti:
(a) f –1. (b) ff –1. (c) (f –1)2.
ff –1(x) = f –1f(x) = x
–1 –1 2
(a) Let/Katakan (b) ff (x) (c) (f ) (x)
= f[f –1(x)] = f –1[f –1(x)]
f –1(x) = y
f(y) = x = f 冤 1 (3 – x)冥 = f –1冤 1 (3 – x)冥
3 – 2y = x 2 2
= 3 – 2 × 1 (3 – x) = 冤3 – 1 (3 – x)冥
1
y = 1 (3 – x) 2 2 2
2 =3–3+x 1
∴ f (x) = 1 (3 – x)
–1 =x = (3 + x)
4
2

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 1. Given f(x) = 2 , x ≠ 1, find
x–1
2
Diberi f(x) = , x ≠ 1, cari
x–1
(a) f –1. (b) ff –1. (c) (f –1)2.

(a) Let/Katakan f –1(x) = y (b) ff –1(x) = f [f –1(x)] (c) (f –1)2(x)

= f –1[f –1(x)]
f(y) = x
=f 冢2
+1 冣
2
y–1
=x
x
2 冢 2
= f –1 + 1
x 冣
=
2
冢 冣
2 2
y= +1 +1 –1 = +1
x x 2
+1
2 x
2 =
∴ f –1(x) = +1 2 2x
x = +1
x 2+x
=x 3x + 2
= , x ≠ –2
2+x

2. Given g(x) = 3 , x ≠ 0 and h(x) = 4 – x, find

x
3
Diberi g(x) = , x ≠ 0 dan h(x) = 4 – x, cari
x
(a) g–1. (b) h–1. (c) g–1h–1.
(d) gh–1. (e) h–1g. (f) (hg)–1.
(a) Let/Katakan g–1(x) = y (b) Let/Katakan h–1(x) = y (c) g–1h–1(x) = g–1[h–1(x)]
g(y) = x h(y) = x = g–1(4 – x)
3 4–y=x 3
=x = ,x≠4
y y=4–x 4–x
3
y= ∴ h–1(x) = 4 – x
x
3
∴ g–1(x) =
x

(d) gh–1(x) = g[h–1(x)] (e) h–1g(x) = h–1[g(x)] (f) hg(x) = h[g(x)]

= g(4 – x)
3
= h–1
3
x 冢 冣 =h 冢 冣
3
x
= ,x≠4
4–x 3 3
=4– ,x≠0 =4– ,x≠0
x x
Let/Katakan
(hg)–1(x) = y
hg(y) = x
3
4– =x
y
3
=4–x
y
3
y=
4–x
3
∴ (hg)–1(x) = ,x≠4
4–x

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 TOWARDS SPM PRACTICE PAPER 1

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.
1. The diagram shows the relation between three sets. 2. Given a function g : x → 3x – 7, find
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara tiga set. Diberi fungsi g : x → 3x – 7, cari
g h–1
(a) g–1 (x). [2]
(b) the value of k such that
nilai k dengan keadaan

g 2冢
3冣
4k
4 k 6 =8
[3]

It is given that g : x → 4x – 2 and (a) Let/Katakan g–1(x) = y

4 g(y) = x
h–1g : x → + 5, x ≠ 0. 3y – 7 = x
x
Diberi bahawa g : x → 4x – 2 dan
3y = x + 7
4 1
h–1g : x → + 5, x ≠ 0. y = (x + 7)
x 3
(a) If a student write k = 15, determine whether 1
∴ g–1(x) = (x + 7)
the value is correct or wrong. Give your reason. 3
Jika seorang murid menulis k = 15, tentukan sama ada
nilai itu betul atau salah. Berikan sebab anda. (b) g2 冢 4k3 冣 = 8
[2]
(b) Find h–1(x).
–1
Cari h (x).
冤 冢 4k3 冣冥 = 8
g g

[2] 冤 冢 4k3 冣 – 7冥 = 8
g 3

(a) g(x) = 4x – 2 g (4k – 7) = 8

g(4) = 4(4) – 2 = 14 3(4k – 7) – 7 = 8
∴ k = 14 12k – 21 – 7 = 8
Thus, the student’s answer is wrong. 12k = 36
Maka, jawapan murid itu adalah salah. k=3

4
(b) h–1g (x) = +5 3. Given the functions g : x → mx + 3, h : x → 2x – 7
x
4 and gh(x) = 2mx + n. Express m in terms of n.
h–1(4x – 2) = +5 Diberi fungsi g : x → mx + 3, h : x → 2x – 7 dan
x
gh(x) = 2mx + n. Ungkapkan m dalam sebutan n.
Let/Katakan t = 4x – 2
[4]
t+2 gh(x) = g[h(x)]
x=
4 = g(2x – 7)
4 = m(2x – 7) + 3
h–1(t) = t + 2 + 5
= 2mx – 7m + 3
4
16
= +5 Compare with gh(x) = 2mx + n.
t+2
Bandingkan dengan gh(x) = 2mx + n.
16
∴ h–1(x) = + 5, x ≠ –2
t+2
∴ n = –7m + 3
7m = 3 – n
1
m = (3 – n)
7

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 4. Given the functions g : x → 2x + 5 and fg : x → 6. The diagram shows the relation between set A,
4x2 + 8x – 2. Find set B and set C.
Diberi fungsi g : x → 2x + 5 dan fg : x → 4x2 + 8x – 2. Cari Rajah di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara set A, set B
(a) g–1(x). dan set C.
(b) f(x). B
[4]
(a) Let/Katakan g–1(x) = y
g(y) = x A C
2y + 5 = x fg : x → x2 – 4x – 12
1
y = (x – 5) It is given that set A maps to set B by the function
2
1 x – 3 and maps to set C by fg : x → x2 – 4x – 12.
∴ g (x) = (x – 5)
–1
2 2
Diberi bahawa set A dipetakan kepada set B oleh fungsi
(b) f(x) = fgg–1(x) x–3
dan dipetakan kepada set C oleh fg : x → x2 – 4x – 12.
2
1
冤
= fg (x – 5)
2 冥 (a) Write the function which maps set A to set B
2 by using the function notation.
1
冤 冥1
= 4 × (x – 5) + 8 × (x – 5) – 2
2 2 Tulis fungsi yang memetakan set A kepada set B
= x2 – 10x + 25 + 4x – 20 – 2 dengan menggunakan tatatanda fungsi.
= x2 – 6x + 3 [1]
(b) Find the function which maps set B to set C.
Cari fungsi yang memetakan set B kepada set C.
[4]
x–3
(a) g : x →
2

(b) fg(x) = x2 – 4x – 12
5. The diagram shows the graph of the function f [g(x)] = x2 – 4x – 12
f : x → | 3 – 4x | for the domain –1 艋 x 艋 5.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan graf bagi fungsi f : x → | 3 – 4x | f冢 x–3
2 冣 = x2 – 4x – 12 …… ➀
untuk domain –1 艋 x 艋 5.
State x–3
f(x)
Let/Katakan t =
Nyatakan 2
17 (a) the object of 17. x = 2t + 3
objek bagi 17. Substitute x = 2t + 3 into ➀.
(b) the image of 4. Gantikan x = 2t + 3 ke dalam ➀.
imej bagi 4.
(–1, 7)
(c) the domain of f(t) = (2t + 3)2 – 4(2t + 3) – 12
0 艋 f(x) 艋 7. = 4t2 + 4t – 15
x domain bagi
O 5 0 艋 f(x) 艋 7. The function which maps set B to set C is
[3] f : x → 4x2 + 4x – 15.
(a) 5 Fungsi yang memetakan set B kepada set C ialah
f : x → 4x2 + 4x – 15.
(b) f(4) = | 3 – 4(4) |
= | –13 |
= 13
5
(c) –1 艋 x 艋
2

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 TOWARDS SPM PRACTICE PAPER 2

Answer all the questions.

Jawab semua soalan.
1. In the diagram, the function f maps set A to set B 2. It is given that f : x → 4x – 7 and g : x → 2 – 5x.
and the function g maps set B to set C. Diberi bahawa f : x → 4x – 7 dan g : x → 2 – 5x.
Dalam rajah di bawah, fungsi f memetakan set A kepada (a) Find
set B dan fungsi g memetakan set B kepada set C. Cari
f g (i) g(2).
A B C
x 5 – 4x 16x – 10 (ii) the value of k if f(k + 3) = 1 g(4).
6
1
nilai k jika f(k + 3) = g(4).
Find 6
Cari (iii) gf(x).
(a) in terms of x, the function [5]
dalam sebutan x, fungsi (b) Hence, sketch the graph of y = | g(x) | for
(i) which maps set B to set A. –2 艋 x 艋 4. State the range of y.
yang memetakan set B kepada set A. Seterusnya, lakarkan graf y = | g(x) | untuk –2 艋 x 艋 4.
(ii) g(x). Nyatakan julat bagi y.
[5] [3]
(b) the value of x such that fg(x) = 6x – 5. (a) (i) g(2) = 2 – 5(2)
nilai x dengan keadaan fg(x) = 6x – 5. = –8
[2] 1
(ii) f(k + 3) = g(4)
(a) (i) f(x) = 5 – 4x 6
1
Let/Katakan f –1(x) = y 4(k + 3) – 7 = [2 – 5(4)]
6
f(y) = x
4k + 12 – 7 = –3
5 – 4y = x
4k = –8
1
y = (5 – x) k = –2
4
1 (iii) gf(x) = g[f(x)]
–1
f (x) = (5 – x) is the function which maps = g(4x – 7)
4
set B to set A. = 2 – 5(4x – 7)
1 = 37 – 20x
f –1(x) = (5 – x) ialah fungsi yang memetakan
4 (b) y = | 2 – 5x |
set B kepada set A.
When/Apabila y = 0, | 2 – 5x | = 0
(ii) g(5 – 4x) = 16x – 10 …… ➀ 2
x=
Let/Katakan t = 5 – 4x 5
1 When/Apabila x = –2, y = | 2 + 10 |
x = (5 – t) = 12
4
1 When/Apabila x = 4, y = | 2 – 20 |
Substitute x = (5 – t) into ➀. = 18
4
1
Gantikan x = (5 – t) ke dalam ➀.
4
1
g(t) = 16 × (5 – t) – 10
4
= 10 – 4t
∴ g(x) = 10 – 4x

(b) fg(x) fg(x) = 6x – 5

= f [g(x)] 16x – 35 = 6x – 5
= f(10 – 4x) 10x = 30
= 5 – 4(10 – 4x) x=3 The range of y is 0 艋 y 艋 18.
= 16x – 35 Julat bagi y ialah 0 艋 y 艋 18.

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