Ref: ELT1002101 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEST Time: 45 min.

Directions for questions 1 to 24: Read the given passages carefully and select the best answer for the questions that
follow each passage.
PASSAGE – I
It is something of a paradox that systems of psychology flourish as they do on American soil. Psychology, especially in
the United States, has risked everything on being a science; and science, on principle, refrains from speculation that is
not permeated and stabilized by fact. Yet there is not enough fact in the whole science of psychology to make a single
solid system.

No one knows this better than the psychologists themselves. They see with the eyes of familiar association not only the
undeniable poverty of their science, but the flimsiness and shoddiness of much of the material they are asked to accept
as genuine fact. Psychologists are continually looking upon the work of their colleagues and finding that it is not good.
And with little hesitation, they expose the weaknesses and flaws they discover.
One can hardly cross the threshold of the lively young science without suspecting that all is not peace and harmony
under its roof-tree; that the bands of workers one encounters there, represent not only a necessary division of labour but
a state of internal strife. Perhaps the most assertive of the warring groups is composed of the younger students of
animal and comparative psychology, most of whom pride themselves on being hard-headed and realistic and on having
discarded the airy nothings of a psychology that deals with minds.

A less aggressive group is composed of the experimental psychologists. To these psychologists, the term “experimental” is
applied not in the sense of including all who conduct research by the experimental method common to natural science in
general, but in the special and esoteric sense of designating those who are in the line of descent which derives more or
less directly from the world’s first active psychological laboratory, that was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig. The
typical representatives of experimental psychology are the “trained introspectionists,” who believe that the true task of
psychology is the examination of consciousness. Their work, required special training and extreme care, and because of
the elaborate apparatus they have devised for their assistance, they are sometimes referred to as “brass-instrument
psychologists.” Theirs is the psychology, they are willing to maintain, that has stood and will stand the test of time.
Both these groups look somewhat askance at a third set, those occupied with the testing and measuring of mental traits.
For in the workrooms of the mental-testers, there is little of the paraphernalia of the older sciences  few brass
instruments to suggest the austere dignity of physics, no white rats to suggest the substantial actualities of biology.
There is an abun dance of quantitative data, however. For perhaps more than any other single group of psychologists,
the mental testers have developed the mathematical mode of thinking that science finds so congenial; and operating
with curves of distribution, correlation coefficients, and more recondite statistical devices, they have undertaken the task
of measuring intelligence and other complex mental traits.
Closely associated with this group, are the workers in applied psychology. Among them are those who attack the problems
of commerce and industry  the selection of employees, the management of personnel, the elimination of industrial fatigue.
Here too are the clinical psychologists, who work in schools, in juvenile courts, and in institutions for the feebleminded, the
psychopathic, and the insane, attempting, by contributing to a better understanding of the persons under their care, to help
them to make their adjustments to life. In applied psychology, too, are the educational psychologists, occupied not only with
the many problems of learning and teaching, but more particularly with the attempt to measure the capacities and aptitudes
of pupils, and the effectiveness of various educational procedures. These groups, together with other groups even less
clearly defined and many independent individuals, make up the roll of psychologists.
1. The ‘internal strife’ in psychology refers to 3. If a person you know has attempted suicide, you
(A) the contradiction in the theories proposed by would refer him to
various schools. (A) a clinical psychologist.
(B) the disagreements between different groups of (B) an experimental psychologist.
psychologists over the subject matter of psychology.
(C) a recent discovery in psychology negating (C) a mental tester.
an earlier theory. (D) an educational psychologist.
(D) the conflicts that psychologists encounter when
they study the human mind. 4. What is the ’paradox’ in relation to psychology?
(A) The psychologists themselves are the first to
2. The ‘poverty’ in psychology that the psychologists
find flaws in the work of their colleagues.
are aware of, refers to
(B) There are different groups of psychologists who
(A) the scarcity of theories and new findings.
only agree to disagree.
(B) the paucity of funds to carry out research.
(C) It expounds a number of theories, but hardly
(C) the dearth of evidence to support theories that
any of them have practical applications.
are proposed.
(D) While it wishes to be a science, it is not based
(D) the absence of interest in the subject among
on indisputable facts.
laypersons.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.), 95B, Siddamsetty Complex, Park Lane, Secunderabad – 500 003.
All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing.
This course material is only for the use of bonafide students of Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. and its
licensees/franchisees and is not for sale. (7 pages) (agcu/agcv) ELT1002101/1
5. Pick the option where the psychologists are correctly matched with the traits associated with their group.

1. Experimental Psychologists A. involved in commerce and industry

2. Comparative Psychologists B. operate with statistical devices
3. Mental Testers C. probe into the depths of matter and muscle
4. Applied Psychologists D. examine consciousness

(A) (B) (C) (D)

1. A 1. D 1. C 1. B
2. B 2. C 2. D 2. A
3. C 3. B 3. A 3. D
4. D 4. A 4. B 4. C

PASSAGE – II
Nearly all the artistic remains of ancient India are of a religious nature, or were at least made for religious purposes.
Secular art certainly exists, for literature shows that kings dwelt in sumptuous palaces, decorated with lovely wall-
paintings and sculpture, though all these have vanished. Much has been said and written about Indian art since. Some
sixty years ago, European taste began to doubt the established canons of the 19 th century and looked to Asia and Africa
for fresh aesthetic experience. From that time to this, most authorities on the subject, have stressed the religious and
mystical aspects of Indian art. While admitting the realism and earthiness of the earliest sculpture, they have read the
truths of Vedanta or Buddhism into the artistic remains of our period, and have interpreted them as expressions of deep
religious experience, sermons in stone on the oneness of all things in the Universal Spirit.

One student at least disagrees with this interpretation. There are indeed a few remains which seem imbued with
an intensity of religious feeling rare in the art of the world, but it is the full and active life of the times which is chiefly
reflected in the art of ancient India, at first directly, then with a gentle idealism, and finally in the multitude of figures,
divine and human, carved on the many temples of the Middle Ages. In all these places, there is a horror vacui and an
intense vitality, which remind us rather of this world than the next and suggest to us the warm bustle of the Indian city
and the turbulent pullulation of the Indian forest.

Gothic architecture and sculpture are vertical. Spire and arch point upwards, and as the style develops, the spire
becomes taller and the arch more pointed. The Christs, saints and angels of the Middle Ages in Europe are often
disproportionately tall, and their tallness is accentuated by long garments reaching to the ankles. Their poses are
generally restful, and they rarely smile. Medieval European art was truly religious; its conventions seem to have been
deliberately designed to lead the worshipper's thoughts away from the world of flesh to the things of the spirit. Much of it
was the work of pious monks, or of men with deep religious vocations.

The tendency of Indian art is diametrically opposite to that of medieval Europe. The temple towers, though tall, are
solidly based on earth. The ideal type is not abnormally tall, but rather short and stocky. Gods are young and
handsome; their bodies are rounded and well nourished. Occasionally they are depicted as grim or wrathful, but
generally they smile, and sorrow is rarely portrayed. With the exception of the type of the dancing Siva, the sacred icon
is firmly grounded, either seated or with both feet flat on the ground. We need hardly mention that all Indian temple
sculpture, made full use of the female form as a decorative motif, always scantily dressed, and nearly always in
accordance with Indian standards of beauty.

Asceticism and self-denial in various forms are praised in much Indian religious literature, but the ascetics who appear
in sculpture are usually well-fed and cheerful.

Ancient India's religious art differs strikingly from her religious literature. The latter is the work of men with vocations,
brahmans, monks and ascetics. The former came chiefly from the hands of secular craftsmen, who, though they worked
according to priestly instructions and increasingly rigid iconographical rules, loved the world they knew, with an intensity
which is usually to be seen behind the religious forms in which they expressed themselves. In our opinion, the usual
inspiration of Indian art is not so much a ceaseless quest for the Absolute but as a delight in the world as the artist found
it, a sensual vitality, and a feeling of growth and movement as regular and organic as the growth of living things upon
earth.

6. The ascetics as seen in Indian sculpture are full of 7. The phrase ‘horror vacui’ as used in the passage
vitality because means
(A) Indian art follows a tradition of realism.
(A) a horrible vacuum.
(B) the sculptors who carved them were very much
men of this world. (B) a dislike for nothingness.
(C) people understood and appreciated only what (C) a passion for horror.
they were familiar with. (D) a dislike for leaving empty spaces.
(D) this is how the sculptors imagined the ascetics
to be.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com ELT1002102/2
8. Which of the following, according to the passage, (b) The art was full of earthy sensuality while not
is/are (a) the difference(s) between European and deviating from canonical rules set by religious
Indian art? literature.
(A) The temple towers, though tall in both, are firmly (c) The former was solely devoted to after life.
based on the earth in the latter. (d) Indian temple sculptures are purely religious
(B) Gods of the former are tall and those of the and mystical.
latter are short and stocky. (A) (a) and (b) (B) (c) and (d)
(C) Only (d) (D) Only (b)
(C) Religiosity is more evident in the former than in
the latter. 10. The passage
(D) Sorrow is seldom portrayed in the former, (A) examines the views of different people
whereas the latter rarely depicts smiling faces. regarding art.
(B) compares and contrasts contemporary Indian
9. Which of the following is / are true of ancient Indian and European art.
religious art and literature? (C) discusses art and sculpture of ancient India.
(a) The arts were the work of craftsmen while the (D) studies mysticism and religiosity in Indian art
literature was the work of monks and Brahmins. and sculpture.

PASSAGE – III
Whether we like it or not, the world we live in has changed a great deal in the last hundred years, and it is likely to
change even more in the next hundred. Some people would like to stop these changes and go back to what they see as
a purer and simpler age. But as history shows, the past was not that wonderful. It was not so bad for a privileged
minority, though even they had to do without modern medicine, and childbirth was highly risky for women. But for the
vast majority of the population, life was nasty, brutish, and short.
Anyway, even if one wanted to, one couldn’t put the clock back to an earlier age. Knowledge and techniques can’t just
be forgotten. Nor can one prevent further advances in the future. Even if all government money for research were cut
off, the force of competition would still bring about advances in technology. Moreover, one cannot stop enquiring minds
from thinking about basic science, whether or not they are paid for it. The only way to prevent further developments
would be a global totalitarian state that suppressed anything new, but human initiative and ingenuity are such that even
this wouldn’t succeed. All it would do is slow down the rate of change.
If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to ensure that the
changes they make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have
a basic understanding of science, so that it can make informed decisions and not leave them in the hands of experts.
At the moment, the public has a rather ambivalent attitude towards science. It has come to expect the steady increase in
the standard of living, that new developments in science and technology have brought, to continue, but it also distrusts
science because it doesn’t understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon figure of the mad scientist working in his
laboratory to produce a Frankenstein. It is also an important element behind the support for the Green parties.
What can be done to harness this interest and give the public the scientific background it needs to make informed
decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons and genetic engineering? Clearly, the
basis must lie in what is taught in schools. But in schools, science is often presented in a dry and uninteresting manner.
Children learn it by rote to pass examinations, and they don’t see its relevance to the world around them. Moreover,
science is often taught in terms of equations. Although equations are a concise and accurate way of describing
mathematical ideas, they frighten most people. When I wrote a popular book recently, I was advised that each equation
I included would halve the sales. I included one equation, Einstein’s famous equation, E = mc 2. Maybe I would have
sold twice as many copies without it.
Scientists and engineers tend to express their ideas in the form of equations because they need to know the precise
values of quantities. But for the rest of us, a qualitative grasp of scientific concepts is sufficient, and this for many
concepts, can be conveyed by words and diagrams, without the use of equations.
The science that people learn in school can provide the basic framework. But the rate of scientific progress is now so
rapid that there are always new developments that have occurred since one was at school or university. I never learned
about molecular biology or transistors at school, but genetic engineering and computers are two of the developments
most likely to change the way we live in the future. Popular books and magazine articles about science can help to put
across new developments, but even the most successful popular book is read by only a small proportion of the
population. Only television can reach a truly mass audience. Producers of television science programmes should realize
that they have a responsibility to educate the public, not just entertain it.
11. Which of the following, according to the author, 12. Which of the following is likely to have contributed to
would be successful in preventing further the ‘distrust’ that people harbour about science?
development in human endeavours? (A) The rapid changes in science which constantly
result in technological obsolescence.
(A) The ceasing of all government support for
(B) Television programmes that present science as
research and development. magic.
(B) A global totalitarian state that suppresses (C) The non-availability of popular science books
anything new. without mathematical equations.
(C) Public scrutiny of all science-related issues. (D) The common perception that science has made
(D) None of the above things worse rather than better.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com ELT1002102/3
13. Which of the following is true, according to the
passage?
. The inclusion of the equation E = mc 2 affected
the sales of the author’s recent book.
. All scientific concepts can be best explained
with words and diagrams alone.
. The public have an unequivocal attitude to
science.
IV. All scientific decisions should be made based
on public opinion and not expert opinion.
(A)  and IV (B) Only 
(C) Only  (D) None of these
14. Which of the following can be inferred as a likely
consequence of educating the public about science?
(A) The support for Green parties is likely to
decline.
(B) People will not be reluctant to purchase science
books that contain mathematical equations.
(C) The use of equations and diagrams to explain
science can be obviated.
(D) Those who reminisce about the ‘pure and
simple age’ will cease to do so.
15. The author’s reference to his not learning about
molecular biology or transistors in school is to
highlight
(A) the pace of scientific progress.
(B) the importance of genetic engineering and
computers.
(C) the need for including these topics in schools.
(D) the fact that these are the subjects of the
future.

PASSAGE – IV
Totemism is a system of belief in which man is believed to have kinship with a totem or a mystical relationship is said to
exist between a group or an individual and a totem. A totem is an object, such as an animal or plant that serves as the
emblem or symbol of a kinship group or a person. The term totemism has been used to characterize a cluster of traits in
the religion and in the social organization of many primitive people.

Totemism is manifested in various forms and types in different contexts, especially among populations with a mixed
economy (farming and hunting) and among hunting communities (especially in Australia); it is also found among tribes
who breed cattle. Totemism can in no way be viewed as a general stage in man's cultural development; but totemism
has certainly had an effect on the psychological behaviour of ethnic groups, on the manner of their socialization, and on
the formation of the human personality.

The term totem is derived from ‘ototeman’ from the language of the Algonkian tribe of the Ojibwa (in the area of the
Great Lakes in eastern North America); it originally meant "his brother-sister kin" The grammatical root, ote, signifies
a blood relationship between brothers and sisters who have the same mother and who may not marry each other.
In English, the word totem was introduced in 1791 by a British merchant and translator who gave it a false meaning in
the belief that it designated the guardian spirit of an individual, who appeared in the form of an animal, an idea which the
Ojibwa clans do indeed portray by their wearing of animal skins. It was reported at the end of the 18th century that the
Ojibwa name their clans after those animals that live in the area in which they live and appear to be either friendly or
fearful. The first accurate report about totemism in North America was written by a Methodist missionary, Peter Jones,
himself an Ojibwa chief, who died in 1856 and whose report was published posthumously. According to Jones, the
Great Spirit had given ‘toodaims’ (totems) to their clans; and because of this act, it should never be forgotten that
members of the group are related to one another and on this account may not marry among themselves.

Generally speaking, totemistic forms are based on the psychomental habits of the so-called primitives, on a distinctive
"thought style" which is characterized, above all by an "anthropopsychic" apprehension of nature and natural beings, for
instance, ascribing to them a soul like man's. Beasts and the things of nature are again and again thought of as
"persons," but mostly as persons with superhuman qualities.

It is advisable to define totemism as broadly as possible but concretely enough so that some justice can be done to its
many forms. Totemism is, then, a complex of varied ideas and ways of behaviour based on a world view drawn from
nature. There are ideological, mystical, emotional, reverential, and genealogical relationships of social groups or specific
persons with animals or natural objects, the so-called totems. It is necessary to differentiate between group and
individual totemism. These forms exhibit common basic characteristics, which occur with different emphases and not
always in a complete form. The general characteristics are essentially the following: (A) viewing the totem as
a companion, relative, protector, progenitor, or helper superhuman powers and abilities are ascribed to totems and
totems are not only offered respect or occasional veneration but also can become objects of awe and fear; (B) use of
special names and emblems to refer to the totem; (C) partial identification with the totem or symbolic assimilation to it;
(D) prohibition against killing, eating, or touching the totem, even as a rule to shun it; and (E) totemistic rituals.

Though it is generally agreed that totemism is not a religion, in certain cases it can contain religious elements in varying
degrees, just as totemism can appear conjoined with magic. Totemism is frequently mixed with different kinds of other
beliefs – the cult of ancestors, ideas of the soul, beliefs in powers and the spirits. Such mixtures make the
understanding of particular totemistic forms difficult. The cultic veneration of definite animals and natural things and
powers by all those who belong to an ethnic unit do not belong to totemism itself.

16. The tone of this passage is

(A) analytical. (B) descriptive. (C) argumentative. (D) critical.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com ELT1002102/4
17. According to the author, totemism should be viewed
as
(A) a general stage in man's cultural development.
(B) a dominant religion during the early seventeenth
century.
(C) a system that certainly had an effect on the
psychological behaviour of ethnic groups, on
the formation of the human personality and on
the manner of their socialization.
(D) a system of beliefs which attaches no special
significance to mystical relationship between
group/individual and a totem.
18. As per the passage totemistic forms are based on
(A) brother-sister kinship prevailing among the
so-called primitives.
(B) vague belief based on a striking incident in their
vicinity.
(C) physical habits of the so-called primitives and
their distinctive thought style.
(D) a distinctive thought style characterized by
anthropopsychic apprehension of nature and
natural beings.
19. Members of Ojibwa clans used to wear animal skins
because
(A) animals were around in large numbers hence
their skins were easily available.
(B) they had no other type of clothing.
(C) they believed that the guardian spirit appeared
in the form of an animal.
(D) they firmly believed that wearing animals skins
enhanced their status among the lesser
members of their clans.
20. Which of the following is not the general
characteristic of a totem according to the author?
(A) Viewing the totem as a protector, progenitor,
companion or helper.
(B) Totemistic rituals involving sacrifice of the totem.
(C) Ascribe superhuman powers and abilities to
totems.
(D) Viewing them with respect or occasional
veneration and hence hold them in awe and fear.

PASSAGE – V
Are you worried? Do you have many “what if” thoughts? You are identified with your mind, which is projecting itself into
an imaginary future situation and creating fear. You can stop this health- and life-corroding insanity simply by
acknowledging the present moment. All that you ever have to deal with, cope with, in real life is this moment. Ask
yourself what “problem” you have right now, not next year, tomorrow, or five minutes from now. What is wrong with this
moment? You can always cope with the Now, but you can never cope with the future – nor do you have to. The answer,
the strength, the right action or the resource will be there when you need it, not before, not after. Are you a habitual
“waiter”? How much of your life do you spend waiting? What I call “small-scale waiting” is waiting in line at the post
office, in a traffic jam, at the airport, or waiting for someone to arrive, to finish work, and so on. “Large-scale waiting” is
waiting for the next vacation, for a better job, for the children to grow up, for a truly meaningful relationship, for success,
to make money, to be important, to become enlightened. It is not uncommon for people to spend their whole life waiting
to start living. There is nothing wrong with striving to improve your life situation. You can improve your life situation, but
you cannot improve your life. Life is primary. Life is your deepest inner Being. It is already whole, complete, perfect.
Your life situation consists of your circumstances and your experiences. If you are dissatisfied with what you have got,
or even frustrated or angry about your present lack, that may motivate you to become rich, but even if you do make
millions, you will continue to experience the inner condition of lack, and deep down you will continue to feel unfulfilled.
You may have many exciting experiences that money can buy, but they will come and go and always leave you with
an empty feeling and the need for further physical or psychological gratification. So give up waiting as a state. When
you catch yourself slipping into waiting … snap out of it. Come into the present moment. Just be, and enjoy being. If you
are present, there is never any need for you to wait for anything. So next time somebody says, “Sorry to have kept you
waiting,” you can reply, “That's all right, I wasn't waiting. I was just standing here enjoying myself – in joy in my self.”

21. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose
that
(A) the present moment is its own death.
(B) the self is based on mind identification.
(C) we practise monitoring our inner mental-
emotional state.
(D) we awake out of waiting into the present.
22. According to the author, the future
(A) is a mental phantom.
23. According to the passage, habitual waiting
(A) is reducing the present moment to a means to
an end.
(B) is a perfect recipe for permanent dissatisfaction
and non-fulfillment.
(C) greatly reduces the quality of your life by
making you lose the present.
(D) unconsciously creates inner conflict between
your now and your projected future.
24. According to the author, true prosperity

(B) is an imaginary mind projection. (A) is keeping us trapped in time.

(C) will always seem better. (B) does not abide in Being.

(D) accelerates ageing by accumulating the past in (C) is the fullness of life now.
your psyche. (D) is the background static of perpetual discontent.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com ELT1002102/5
Directions for questions 25 to 28: The sentences 27. (1) Some countries wanted to use the International
given in each of the following questions, when properly Telecommunication Union (ITU) to gain
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence intergovernmental control of the World Wide Web.
is indicated with a number. Select the most logical order (2) The World Conference on International
of sentences that constructs a coherent paragraph and Telecommunication (WCIT) that concluded on
indicate the correct sequence in the box provided below recently saw much heated debate.
each question. (3) Others insisted that the Internet must be left alone.
(4) Some saw it as an opportunity to democratise
25. (1) Cultural beliefs and ideas – or what some call the Internet, by replacing U.S. and corporate
"memes", the cultural counterpart of the genes domination of Internet policy, with a more
– pass from individual to individual or from intergovernmental process.
group to group or are selected for survival and (5) The result was that after many days’
particularly in the case of homosapiens, that deliberations, there was no consensus.
process of cultural evolution deserves at least
an equal place alongside those of biological
evolution.
28. (1) An important part of their brain – the frontal lobe
(2) Human beings are not born into this world with
– that governs their capacity to make rational
minds like blank pages, waiting to be written on
judgements, seems to shut down.
by others – family, church, politicians,
(2) The ironical thing is that the research study on
advertising executives.
which this story is based was first published in
(3) These are rules of thumb that allow organisms
September 2000, by Andreas Bartels and Semir
to find rapid solutions in the environment and
Zeki.
predispose individuals to view the world in a
(3) A recent story in The Daily Mail explained how,
particular innate way and automatically to make
when in the presence of or shown a picture of
certain choices as opposed to others.
someone they were passionately in love with,
(4) We emerged as a species a half-million years
most people have a fairly characteristic
ago, during the Pleistocene, and ever since we
response.
have followed what Wilson calls 'epigenetic
(4) Obviously, it was not considered hot enough
rules', which he defines as "innate operations in
then to be reported, but with the increasing
the sensory system of the brain."
interest on the part of the general public in the
(5) This is not to say that our genes explain every
findings of scientific research concerning love,
bit of human behaviour: in many species
and relationships, it’s evidently more saleable
evolution can be cultural as well as biological,
now.
as Darwin himself realised and modern
(5) Since its publication, the story has been echoed
scientists agree.
by a large number of news sources all over the
world, both online and in print.

26. (1) In response, the Ministry of Home Affairs has

decreed that no foreign tourist with a long-term, Directions for questions 29 to 31: The passages given
multiple-entry visa should be allowed to re-enter below are followed by four summaries. Choose the
India within two months of his or her option that best captures the author’s position and mark
departure. the number corresponding with it in the box provided
(2) What has most alarmed our sleepy sleuths is below the question.
the fact that Headley usually combines his visits
29. The concept of individual self is seen as an integral
to India with onward trips to Pakistan, where he
assumption of American psychology that is ordinarily
is said to have received instructions from his
unquestioned. It appears that Americans naturally
handlers.
assume that each person has his own separate
(3) When a number of countries protested and
identity that should be recognized. Knowledge of
threatened reciprocal restrictions on Indians
oneself is a path to better individual value choices
holding long-term multiple-entry visas, this rule
and to knowledge of universal human nature as well.
was relaxed by exempting 'bonafide tourists'
It is noted that in this mainstream culture, there is
from this category.
a paradoxical nature that tends to reflect tension
(4) The discovery that David Headley – the alleged
between knowing oneself and 'knowing' others.
Lashkar-e-Taiba operative now arraigned in
(1) The basic assumptions of psychology about self
Chicago for his involvement in multiple terror
make the discipline vulnerable to criticism.
plots against India – had travelled to Mumbai as
(2) One's proper perception of self might help
many as eight times sent shockwaves through
develop appreciation of universal human self,
the security establishment not so much because
but the attempt may also result in conflict
he had visited but because he had done so on a
between the two.
valid visa.
(3) Individual self is a part of the universal concept
(5) That he stayed at the Taj and Oberoi Trident
of self, which might have tended to result in
hotels in Mumbai, presumably as part of a
a paradox.
reconnaissance team for the LeT's Nov 2008
(4) The paradox of American psychology is that it
attack on the city, is of course the cherry atop
presupposes the concept of individual self, but
this wholesome confection.
does not reconcile it with universal human nature.

Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com ELT1002102/6
30. Theories are perspectives with which people make
sense of their world experiences. Theory is a
systematic grouping of interdependent concepts
(mental images of anything formed by generalization
from particulars) and principles (generalizations or
hypotheses that are tested for accuracy and appear
to be true to reflect or explain reality) that give a
framework to, or tie together, significant areas of
knowledge. Scattered data are not information
unless the observer has knowledge of the theory
that will explain relationships. Hawking rightly says
that theory is, “in its lowest form of classification, a
set of pigeonholes, a filing cabinet in which facts can
accumulate. Nothing is more lost than a loose fact”.
(1) Theoretical knowledge seldom forms the
crux of any significant area of knowledge.
(2) Data from world experiences can form a
loose fact.
(3) Conceptual foundation makes world
experiences knit to form a coherent academic
discipline.
(4) Theories, being perspectives, may vary
depending on persons' perceptions of world
experiences.
31. We think of hierarchies as vertically structured
organizations characterized by centralized and
top-down command, control, and communication.
Far from being the opposite of a network, a
hierarchy is just a special kind of network. There is
only one path connecting any two nodes, which
clarifies chains of command and communication.
More importantly, the top node has the highest
betweenness and closeness centrality – that is, the
system is designed to maximize that node's ability
both to access and to control information. Think of a
pure hierarchy as in some sense 'anti-random', in
that the promiscuous connectivity associated with
networks – above all, clustering – is prohibited.
(1) Information flow in networks is rather
uncontrolled and thus needs control.
(2) Flow of information is more effective in networks
than it is in hierarchy.
(3) Though centralized, hierarchy presents a
limited, yet more refined form of networking.
(4) While not exactly opposites, network and
hierarchy have divergent purposes.
Directions for questions 32 to 34: Each of the following
questions presents 5 statements of which 4, when placed in
appropriate order, would form a contextually complete
paragraph. Pick the statement that is not a part of that
context and mark the number corresponding with it in the
box provided below the question.
32. (1) The other category is 'cognitive failure', in which
actors took bad risks unintentionally based on
poorly specified models.
Triumphant Institute of Management Education Pvt. Ltd. (T.I.M.E.) HO: 95B, 2nd Floor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad – 500 003.
Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email : info@time4education.com website : www.time4education.com
(2) Explanations for any financial crisis tend to fall
into two broad categories.
(3) One category is 'moral failure', in which
actors took bad risks because they faced
perverse incentives that encouraged them to do
so.
(4) Most economists seem to prefer the 'moral
failure' explanations, but some believe that
cognitive failure is the primary factor.
(5) When economic actors make decisions that
require forecasts, they make optimal use of the
available information.
33. (1) Helping others takes countless forms and
springs from countless motivations, from deep-
rooted empathy to a more calculated desire for
public recognition.
(2) Social scientists have identified a host of ways
in which this charitable behavior can lead to
benefits to the giver, whether economically via
tax exemptions, socially via signaling one's
wealth or status, or psychologically, via
experiencing well-being from helping.
(3) While lay intuitions and popular psychology
suggest that helping others leads to higher
levels of happiness, the existing evidence only
weakly supports this causal claim.
(4) Indeed, if giving feels good, why not
advertise the benefits of 'self-interested
giving,' allowing people to experience that
good feeling while increasing contributions to
charity at the same time?
(5) Charitable organizations have traditionally
capitalized on all these motivations for giving,
with a recently emerging focus on highlighting
the mood benefits of giving – the feelings of joy
and inspiration that giving engenders.
34. (1) Now, in the opening years of the new
millennium, Mead believes that it is time to
clear up the philosophical and practical
confusion of contemporary physics.
(2) He spent ten years exploring the intricacies of
quantum tunneling and tunnel diodes, the first
electron devices based on an exclusively
quantum process.
(3) He sees it as an intelligible wave phenomenon,
resembling, on the microcosmic level, the
movement of radio waves through walls.
(4) Perhaps more than any other man, Carver
Mead, a Noble Laureate in physics, has spent
his professional life working on intimate terms
with matter at the atomic and subatomic levels.
(5) Unlike most analysts, Mead does not regard
tunneling as a mysterious movement of
particles through impenetrable barriers.
ELT1002102/7