Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 549–555

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jece

Magnetically modified peanut husks as an effective sorbent of heavy

metals
Lucia Rozumováa , Ondrej Životskýb , Jana Seidlerováa , Oldrich Motykaa,c,* , Ivo Šafaríkd ,
Mirka Šafaríkovád
a
VŠB – Technical University Ostrava, Nanotechnology Centre, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
b
VŠB – Technical University Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, 17. listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
c
VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava IT4, Innovations National Supercomputing Center, 17. listopadu 15/2172 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
d 
Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Nanobiology and Structural Biology of GCRC, Na Sádkach 7, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech republic

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article history: Magnetically modified peanut husks were used as an adsorbent of cadmium and lead ions from aqueous
Received 16 July 2015 solutions. Sorption and desorption experiments were carried out and adsorption isotherm models were
Received in revised form 14 October 2015 calculated to assess the sorption capacity of the material. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was the best
Accepted 26 October 2015
fitting model both in one-metal ion and two-metal ions solutions suggesting monolayer adsorption
Available online 30 October 2015
taking place. The observed desorption rate was very low, metals are therefore strongly bound on the
surface of the adsorbent. Magnetically modified peanut husks were found to be suitable adsorbent for
Keywords:
removal of heavy metal ions from water.
Magnetic modification
Peanut husks
ã 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cadmium
Lead
Ions sorption
Waste water

1. Introduction
Despite the recent reduction of industry-related pollution in
many countries, the use of metals and chemicals in various
industries still results in production of large quantities of wastes
(i.e. fly ash, liquid effluents or sludge) with high heavy metal
content. Since the elements in wastes are often bio-available,
mobile and thus toxic ionic species, heavy metal pollution is still
one of the most important environmental problems [8].
A number of new technologies for removal of heavy metals from
waste water have been developed. The predominant applied
methods are coagulation [39], flocculation, precipitation
[9,10,15,39], electrochemical processes, ion exchange, extraction
etc. [12,15]; using a suitable sorbent is another favourable way of
removing pollutants from waste water. Price, availability, adsorption
capacity and strong affinity to pollutants are limiting factors for
sorbent application in waste water treatment [1,23,37] hence new
materials to be used as sorbents are evaluated constantly.
Apart from inorganic or organic sorbents, it is also viable to use
certain biological materials (bio-sorbents). Various bio-sorbents were
* Corresponding author at: VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Nanotechnol-
ogy centre, 17. listopadu 15, 70833 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
E-mail address: oldrich.motyka@vsb.cz (O. Motyka).
tested for the ability to remove heavy metal ions from water solution.
Most of the studies focused on the bio-sorbents based on unprocessed
plant waste such as waste tea, already-used ground coffee, nut and
walnut shells [31], papaya wood [34], peanut hull pellets [20], teak leaf
powder [22], lalang (Imperata cylindrica) leaf powder [17],Corian-
drum sativum [21], grape stalks wastes generated in the wine
production process [44], hazelnut shells [7] etc.
Some processed biological materials – for example rice husk ash
(which is a solid obtained by burning rice husks) [3], peanut husk
carbon [33], leaf powder [16], saltbush (Atriplex canescens) leaves
[38], rubber maize (Hevea brasiliensis) leaves [2], etc. were also
used as sorbents of various pollutants.
Since production of peanuts leads to vast amount of organic
waste, the peanut husks were subject of various studies regarding
their possible utilization in metal sorption from aqueous solutions.
Peanut husks, either ground [45] or in the form of pellets were used
and it was found out that, although their capacity is lower than that of
commercial grade ion-exchange resins, their low cost makes them an
attractive adsorbent for metal ions removal [5]. Carbon prepared
from peanut husks (PHC) was also assessed in the adsorption of Pb2+,
Zn2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+. The results show that Pb2+ has better affinity to
prepared carbon than other investigated ions [33].
Modified peanut husks were used as well – Charmathy et al.
used citric and phosphoric acid modified husks [6] and found

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.10.039
2213-3437/ ã 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
550 L. Rozumová et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 549–555
preference (among other metal ions) for Cu2+ and Pb2+. Peanut
husks modified by formalin (about 40 vol.% water solution of
formaldehyde) – in order to reduce organic pigment – were found
to be favourable sorbent of Pb2+, Cr3+ and Cu2+ with both Langmuir
and Freundlich equations describing the process [26].
Magnetic derivatization of adsorbents is a very important
modification which was proven to improve the manipulation and
increase their adsorption capacity – magnetically modified
montmorillonite [29], zeolite [4]; [28], or bentonite [30,43] have
been already used for adsorption of heavy metal ions. Biological
materials are mainly diamagnetic, which means they do not
interact significantly with an external magnetic field; however,
their magnetic modification significantly improves the whole
adsorption and separation process. Uzun et al. [42] described the
adsorption of Cu2+ on magnetized Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp.
uvarum (bottom-brewer’s yeast). Magnetically modified yeast cells
were also used for bio-sorption of mercury [47] and removal of
water-soluble dyes [36]. Magnetic modification has been applied
on peanut husks already [35], nevertheless, only adsorption of
organic dyes was considered, adsorption of heavy metals has never
been assessed before.
The present study focuses on description of the sorption
properties of both unmodified and magnetically modified peanut
husks and their comparison with other sorbents. The experiments
were focused on the removal of Cd, Pb and Zn ions from aqueous
solutions as well as on their desorption from the sorbent.
2. Experimental
2.1. Adsorbent preparation
Peanut husks (sample A) were collected from locally available
roasted peanuts and were ground in a coffee mill. The particles
with diameter less than 0.5 mm were prepared. Water-based ionic
magnetic fluid stabilized with perchloric acid (analytical grade)
was prepared using a standard procedure [27]. The ferrofluid was
composed of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with diameters
ranging between 10 and 20 nm (measured by electron microsco-
py). The relative magnetic fluid concentration (25.2 mg/ml) is
given as the iron (II, III) oxide content determined by a colorimetric
method [11]. Three grams of powdered peanut husk in a 50 ml
polypropylene centrifuge tube were suspended in 40 ml of
methanol and then 6 ml of ferrofluid was added. The suspension
was mixed in a rotary mixer (Dynal, Norway) for one hour. Then the
sample was rinsed by methanol and dried at laboratory tempera-
ture [35].
2.2. Chemical analyses and material characterization
Chemical compositions of samples were determined using X-
ray fluorescence spectrometry (SPECTRO XEPOS, Germany). Iron
oxides in samples were detected by power X-ray difractometry
(BRUCKER D8 ADVANCE, USA). The surfaces of the samples were
characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined
with energy dispersive X-ray (QUANTA 450 FEG, FEI, Netherlands).
Specific surface area was measured using nitrogen (Sorptomatic
1990, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) and calculated by the
Table 1
Chemical composition of original peanut husks (OPH) and magnetically modified peanut husks (MMPH). Content of elements expressed as oxides (wt.%).
Sample Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2
OPH 0.73 0.19 0.09 0.08
MMPH 0.67 0.17 0.08 0.07
Advance Data Processing software according to the BET isotherm.
Particle size was measured by Laser Scattering Particle Size
Distribution Analyzer (Horiba LA-950, France). Vibrating sample
magnetometer (VSM) EV 9 (MICROSENSE Company, USA) was used
to measure magnetic properties of the magnetically modified
peanut husks.
The Cd, Pb, Zn and Fe concentration in aquatic solution was
determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame
atomization F-AAS (UNICAM 969, United Kingdom).
2.3. Reagents
The preparation of adsorbate was carried out by preparing stock
solutions containing 1 g/l of Cd, Pb, or Zn. The stock solutions were
prepared from Cd(NO3)2
4H2O, Pb(NO3)2, and Zn(NO3)2
6H2O,
respectively. Concentrations in the range of 1–700 mg/l were
prepared by serial dilution in deionized water and then conserved
with concentrated nitric acid, analytical grade (5 ml of 65 wt% acid
added per one liter of solution).
Adsorption studies were carried out using the batch technique to
obtain the equilibrium data. 0.2 g of magnetically modified peanut
husks was suspended in 50 ml of metal solutionwith defined initial ion
concentration. The adsorption isotherms were obtained with Pb2+ and
Cd2+ ions separately as well as with the mixture of the two ions.
Samples were stirred for 60 min at laboratory temperature using
overturn shaker (Heidolph Reax 20 Heidolph, Germany); according to
the preliminary study, the ions adsorption has reached equilibrium at
that time. The adsorbent was then separated using 0.40 mm pore size
membrane filter or using a magnetic separator and, after conservation,
ion concentrations were determined. Adsorbent material was dried at
laboratory temperature and studied by electron scanning microscopy;
desorption experiment was carried out using the same apparatus as in
adsorption study.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Material characterization
Chemical compositions of peanut husks and their magnetic
form (expressed as oxides) are shown in Table 1. As is apparent,
process of magnetic modification lead to distinctively enhanced Fe
content. Ignition loss of the magnetic peanut husks was 92.3%.
From the results of X-ray diffraction analysis (Fig. 1), it can be
concluded that iron in the magnetically modified peanut husks
took forms of magnetite (FeO
Fe2O3) or maghemite (which are
difficult to distinguish), wüstite (FeO) and non-stoichiometric iron
oxide g-Fe21.34O32.
Fig. 2 shows the surface structures of magnetically modified
peanut husks. The images were taken using electron scanning
microscope. By mapping, magnetically modified material was
proven to have adsorbed particles of iron oxides on the surface of
peanut husks. The results of surface chemical analyses are in very
good agreement with the results of phase analyses. Specific surface
area was 7.99 m2/g and the median particle size was 136 mm.
The SEM images of magnetically modified peanut husks after
sorption of metal ions are shown in Fig 3. It is apparent that there
were no significant visual changes in the surface structure.
P2O5 SO3 K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3
0.11 0.25 0.48 0.31 0.01 0.01 <0.01
0.10 0.23 0.44 0.28 0.01 0.01 6.22
 L. Rozumová et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 549–555 551

5000

4000

3
Lin (Counts)

3000

1
1

1
1

3
2000

1
3

1
1
2

2
3
1000

3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2-Theta - Scale
Fig. 1. X-ray diffraction pattern of magnetically modified peanut husks (1 – magnetite or maghemite; 2 – wustite; 3 – g iron oxide).

indicate typical super-paramagnetic behaviour. The phenomenon

of inter-grain exchange coupling (IGEC) was studied using the
Henkel plot dM(H) which can be obtained from the magnetic
measurements of the initial (virgin) curve, Mvir(H), and of the
characteristics Mup(H) and Mdown(H) of hysteresis loop [40,41]. The
Henkel plot is defined as
1

dM ¼ Mvir ðHÞ  Mup ðHÞ þ Mdown ðHÞ ð6Þ
2
where the Mup(H) and the Mdown(H) describe the increase and
decrease of magnetization in the positive magnetic field of
hysteresis loop. It is known that negligible interactions among
particles correspond to dM(H) = 0 while for dM(H) > 0, the interac-
tion field promotes magnetized state. However, Fig. 4(b) shows the
opposite situation: dM(H) < 0. In such case, the dominance of
negative dipolar interactions produced by the magnetic moment of
each particle is expected. The strongest interactions are visible in
the range of low magnetic fields (20–80) kA/m, where the broad
negative peak at the Henkel plot is observed. Further increase of
magnetic field above the mentioned interval leads to the gradual
decrease of interactions and their complete disappearance (dM
(H) = 0) at H  300 kA/m.

Fig. 2. SEM images of magnetically modified peanut husks before adsorption of 3.3. Adsorption isotherms
metal ions.

The experimental data of bio-sorption can be processed by

3.2. Magnetic measurements
Magnetization curve of the tested sample is presented in
Fig. 4(a). The sample showed low magnetic response to external
magnetic field applied. Compared to the sorbents based on Fe3O4
[19], the value of magnetization in saturation (MS  2.14 emu/g) is
approximately one or two orders lower but still sufficient for
application of magnetic separation. Small values of coercive field
(Hc  292 A/m) and remanence magnetization (Mr  0.011 emu/g)
either two-parameter or three-parameter theoretical models
[18,32,48]. The presented data of bio-sorption of Pb and Cd ions
can be processed by the most commonly applied the Langmuir
[25,45], Freundlich [13], Dubinin-Radushkevich [24] and Temkin
[12] isotherms. The isotherms parameters can be calculated from
adsorption data by converting the equations into linear form,
nevertheless, four different ways how to linearize the Langmuir
isotherms exist [23]. The mathematical expression of used
isotherms and theirs linear forms are summarized in Table 2.
552 L. Rozumová et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 549–555

Fig. 3. SEM images of magnetically modified peanut husks after adsorption of (a) Pb2+ ions, (b) Cd2+ ions.

Fig. 4. (a) Magnetization curve at room temperature; (b) the Henkel plot of the magnetically modified peanut husks.

The amount of the adsorbed metal ion per sorbent unit qe
(expressed in mg/g or mg/ml) was calculated from the metal
concentration in liquid phase before adsorption and the unad-
sorbed metal concentration in solution at equilibrium ce (mg/l).
The coeficients of adsorption isotherm mean: qm (mg/g) is the
maximum amount of the metal ion to form a complete monolayer
on the surface, KL (l/mg) is a constant related to the affinity of the
binding sites, KF (l/mg) and b are the Freundlich constants related
to the adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity respectively, qD
(mol/g) is the Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) constant representing
the theoretical saturation capacity, KD (mol2/J2) is a constant
related to the mean free energy of adsorption per mol of the
adsorbate, bT (J/mol) is the Temkin isotherm constant, AT (l/mg) is
the Temkin isotherm equilibrium binding constant, R (J K1/kmol)
is the ideal gas constant and T(K) is the temperature of adsorption.
Determination coefficient of linear regression analysis (R2)
– representing the proportion of the dependent variable expressed
by the regression line – was used to determine the best
corresponding adsorption isotherm.
The adsorption constants derived from linearizations and their
respective coefficients of determination are summarized in Table 3.
The results show that magnetically modified peanut husks remove
metal ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from water solution effectively. The
higher R2 values for the linearized type II Langmuir adsorption

Table 2
Mathematical expression of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherms and theirs linear forms.

Adsorption isotherms Mathematical formula Linear plot

X-axis Y-axis
Langmuir q K L ce ce ce/qe
qe ¼ m
1 þ K L ce
1/ce 1/qe
qe/ce qe
( qe qe/ce
  )
1 2 ln ce ln qe
qe ¼ qD ,exp K D RT lnð1 þ Þ
Dubinin–Radushkevich ce [RT ln(1+/1/ce)]2 ln qe

Temkin RT ln ce qe
qe ¼ lnðAT ce Þ
bT
 L. Rozumová et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 549–555 553

Table 3
Isotherms parameters obtained by using linear regression.

Adsorption isotherms Isotherm constants Solution Solution Pb + Cd

Pb Cd Pb Cd
Langmuir-type 1 qm 34.4 8.58 29.6 7.68
KL 0.087 0.103 0.042 0.093
R2 0.997 0.999 0.979 0.950

Langmuir-type 2 qm 28.3 7.68 21.1 6.50

KL 0.434 0.148 0.341 0.244
R2 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.999

Langmuir-type 3 qm 30.6 8.45 23.0 7.11

KL 0.367 0.127 0.294 0.218
R2 0.900 0.982 0.777 0.642

Langmuir-type 4 qm 31.3 8.50 24.6 7.87

KL 0.331 0.125 0.229 0.140
R2 0.900 0.982 0.777 0.642

Freundlich KF 4.69 0.746 2.04 0.626

n 2.784 2.088 1.995 2.177
R2 0.877 0.894 0.926 0.962

Temkin bT 9767 3034 7962 3280

AT 6.1 105 0.169 0.0005 0.557
R2 0.985 0.942 0.912 0.769

Dubinin–Radushevic qD 26.3 6.15 20.1 6.72

KD 8.5  108 1.5  107 6.3  108 2.0  107
R2 0.917 0.867 0.970 0.958

isotherms show that the experimental equilibrium data follow the
Langmuir isotherms equation. The values of coefficient of
determination derived from linearized type II of the Langmuir
isotherms are very similar to the coefficients of determination
derived from linearized type I Langmuir isotherms only when the
adsorption occurred from one-metal-ion system (solution con-
taining only Pb2+ or Cd2+ ions). Fig. 5 presents the amount of Pb and
Cd ions sorbed per unit mass of material (qe) plotted against the
concentration of Cd and Pb remaining in one-metal-ion solution
(ce) after reaching equilibrium. The same figure also shows the
correlation of Langmuir isotherms with experimental data for
sorption of Cd, and Pb on magnetically modified peanut husks.
The equilibrium parameter (R), also referred to as separation
factor, is a dimensionless constant [46]. The values of equilibrium
parameter were calculated according to equation:
1
R¼
1 þ K c0
where c0 [mg/L] is the initial concentration, K constant of
adsorption. The isotherms are unfavourable if R > 1; linear if
R = 1; favourable if 0 < R < 1 and irreversible if R = 0. The result of
calculation using K = KL (calculated from linearized Langmuir
isotherm – type II) is shown in Fig. 6. The values of equilibrium
indicate that sorption is more favourable for higher initial
concentrations of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions than for their lower
concentrations.
The results indicate that adsorbate forms a monolayer on the
outer surface of adsorbent while no further adsorption takes place.
Maximum monolayer coverage capacities calculated from linearized
Langmuir isotherm – type II of Pb and Cd ions are 28.3 mg/g and
7.68 mg/g, respectively. The Langmuir constant (or affinity constant –
KL) expresses how strongly are the adsorbed ions attracted to a
surface. Pb2+ (KL = 0.434) ions form stronger bonds on surface than
Cd2+ ions (KL = 0.148). The maximum leached portion of both ions
was 7% of all ions adsorbed onto the mentioned material.

3.4. Effect of metal ions

The curves of the Langmuir isotherms compared to the results

Fig. 5. The amount of Pb2+ ions (solid line) and Cd2+ ions (dashed line) adsorbed per
unit mass of material in one-metal-ion solution.
of sorption from solution containing both Pb and Cd ions are
plotted in Fig. 7. In the case of adsorption from solution containing
Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions, the maximum monolayer coverage capacity of
Pb2+ ions was reduced by approximately 25% (21.1 mg/g) and the
maximum monolayer coverage capacity of Cd2+ ions was reduced
by 16% (6.5 mg/g). The sum of maximum monolayer coverage
capacity of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions in the adsorption process from
solution containing both Pb and Cd ions (27.6 mg/g) was very
554 L. Rozumová et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 549–555
Fig. 6. Separation factor ( cadmium, * lead).
similar to maximum monolayer coverage capacity of Pb2+
(28.3 mg/g). The KL value of Pb2+ ions (0.341 dm3/g) was decreased
by approximately 21% compared to the KL value of the sorption
from mono-ion solution (KL(Pb2+) = 0.434 dm3/g). However, the KL
value for Cd2+ ions increased approximately by 39% (KL(Cd2
+
) = 0.244 dm3/g) compared to the Langmuir constant for sorption
from mono-ion solution (KL(Cd2+) = 0.148 dm3/g). Such results
could be caused by ionic mobility, diffusion coefficient, ionic radii
and hydration energy. Although the ionic mobility and diffusion
coefficients of Pb2+ ions are higher than those of Cd2+ ions, the
hydration energy of Pb2+ ions is smaller than that of Cd2+ ions.
Fig. 7. The amount of Pb2+ ions (solid line) and Cd2+ ions (dashed line) adsorbed per
unit mass of material in two-metal-ion solution.
Consequently, Pb2+ ions have a greater accessibility to the surface
than Cd2+ ions.
3.5. Stability of an adsorbent
Negligible leaching of iron was observed during sorption
experiments. The concentration of iron in solution was determined
after sorption and desorption of metal ions. The concentration of
iron in solution after sorption and desorption was low and the
portion of dissolved iron did not exceed 0.20% of iron content in
magnetically modified peanut husks. The adsorbed amount of
metal ions was not affected by the loss of iron from magnetic
material. This means that the iron oxides are very strongly fixed
onto the surface and that the material could be used as Pb2+ and
Cd2+ ion sorbent.
4. Conclusion
The magnetically modified peanut husks were used to prepare a
bio-sorbent the sorption properties of which were studied. The
results of experiments show that it is a suitable material for
sorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions from water solution. Adsorption data
corresponded with linearized form of the Langmuir, Freundlich,
Temkin and Dubinin–Radushevich isotherms. The best model
describing the bio-sorption of lead and cadmium ions on
magnetically modified peanut husks was the two-parameter
Langmuir isotherm. The results indicate that the adsorbate formed
a monolayer on the outer surface of adsorbent, and that no further
adsorption took place. Maximum monolayer coverage capacity of
Pb2+ ions was 28.3 mg/g, and Cd2+ ions 7.68 mg/g respectively.
During the sorption from two-ion solution, the maximum
monolayer coverage capacity of Pb2+ and Cd2+ decreased. The
affinity of Pb2+ ions to the surface were better than that of Cd2+ ions
as a consequence of ionic mobility, diffusion coefficient, ionic radii
and hydration energy. Desorption experiments proved that both
ions are strongly bound onto the surface of material as well as the
magnetic particles of iron oxides.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank to the financial support of the Grant Agency of
the Czech Republic (Project No. 13-13709S/P503). This paper has
been elaborated in the framework of the project New creative
teams in priorities of scientific research, reg. no. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/
30.0055, supported by Operational Programme Education for
Competitiveness and co-financed by the European Social Fund and
the state budget of the Czech Republic.
References
[1] O.S. Amuda, I.A. Amoo, O.O. Ajayi, Performance optimization of coagulant/
flocculant in the treatment of wastewater from a beverage industry, J. Hazard.
Mater. B 129 (2006) 69–72.
[2] N.A.A. Babarinde, J. Oyebamiji Babalola, R. Adebowale Sanni, Biosorption of
lead ions from aqueous solution by maize leaf, Int. J. Phys. Sci. 1 (2006) 23–26.
[3] A.K. Bhattacharya, S.N. Mandal, S.K. Das, Adsorption of Zn(II) from aqueous
solution by using different adsorbents, Chem. Eng. J. 123 (2006) 43–51.
[4] A.B. Bourlinos, R. Zboril, D. Petridis, A simple route towards magnetically
modified zeolites, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 58 (2003) 155–162.
[5] P. Brown, I.A. Jefcoat, D. Parrish, S. Gil, E. Graham, Evaluation of the adsorptive
capacity of peanut hull pellets for heavy metals in solution, Adv. Environ. Res. 4
(2000) 19–29.
[6] S. Chamarthy, C.W. Seo, W.E. Marshall, Adsorption of selected toxic metals by
modified peanut shells, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 76 (2001) 593–597.
[7] G. Cimino, A. Passerini, G. Toscano, Removal of toxic cations and Cr(VI) from
aqueous solution by hazelnut shell, Water Res. 34 (2000) 2955–2962.
[8] S.C. Costley, F.M. Wallis, Bioremediation of heavy metals in a synthetic
wastewater using a rotating biological contactor, Water Res. 35 (1999)
3715–3723.
 L. Rozumová et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (2016) 549–555
[9] G.C. Cushnie, Removal of Metals from Waste Water: Neutralization and
Precipitation, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J, 1984.
[10] J.C. Dean, F.L. Bosqui, K.H. Lanouette, Removing heavy metals from waste
water, Environ. Sci. Technol. 6 (1972) 518–522.
[11] M.M. Dubinin, E.D. Zaverina, L.V. Radushkevich, Sorption and structure of
active carbons, J. Phys. Chem. 21 (1947) 1351–1362.
[12] S.D. Faustt, A.M. Osman, Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment,
Butterworth, Stoneham, MA, 1987.
[13] H.M.F. Freundlich, Über die adsorption in Lösungen, Z. Phys. Chem. 57 (1906)
385–470.
[15] U. Forstner, G.T.W. Wittmann, Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment,
second ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin heidelberg, 1983.
[16] M.A.K. Hanafiah, S.C. Ibrahim, M.Z.A. Yahya, Equilibrium adsorption study of
lead ions onto sodium hydroxide modified Lalang (Imperata cylindrica) leaf
powder, J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2 (2006) 1169–1174.
[17] M.A.K. Hanafiah, W.S.W. Ngah, H. Zakaria, S.C. Ibrahim, Batch study of liquid-
phase adsorption of lead ions using Lalang (Imperata cylindrica) leaf powder, J.
Biol. Sci. 7 (2007) 222–230.
[18] Y.S. Ho, A.E. Ofomaja, Kinetic and thermodynamics of lead ion sorption on
palm kernel fibre from aqueous solution, Process Biochem. 40 (2005) 3455–
3461.
[19] P. Janoš, M. Kormunda, F. Novák, O. Životský, J. Fuitová, V. Pilarová,
Multifunctional humate-based magnetic sorbent: Preparation, properties
and sorption of Cu (II), phosphates and selected pesticides, React. Funct.
Polym. 73 (2013) 46–52.
[20] P.D. Johnson, M.A. Watson, J. Brown, I.A. Jefcoat, Peanut hull pellets as a single
use sorbent for the capture of Cu(II) from wastewater, Waste Manage. 22
(2002) 471–480.
[21] D. Karunasagar, M.V. Balarama Krishna, S.V. Rao, J. Arunachalam, Removal of
preconcentration of inorganic and methyl mercury from aqueous media using
a sorbent prepared from the plant Coriandrum sativum, J. Hazard. Mater. B118
(2005) 133–139.
[22] P. King, P. Srivinas, Y. Prasanna Kumar, V.S.R.K. Prasad, Sorption of copper(II)
ion from aqueous solution by Tectona grandis l.f. (teak leaves powder), J.
Hazard. Mater. B 136 (2006) 560–566.
[23] A. Kumar, N.N. Rao, S.N. Kaul, Alkali-treated straw and insoluble straw
xanthate as low cost adsorbent for heavy metal removal. Preparation,
characterization and application, Bioresour. Technol. 1 (2007) 133–142.
[24] S. Kundu, A.K. Gupta, Arsenic adsorption onto iron oxide-coated cement:
regression analysis of equilibrium data with several isotherm models and
there optimization, Chem. Eng. J. 122 (2006) 93–106.
[25] J. Langmuir, Adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica, and platinum,
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40 (1918) 1361–1403.
[26] Q. Li, J. Zhai, W. Zhang, M. Wang, J. Zhou, Kinetic studies of adsorption of Pb(II),
Cr(III) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution by sawdust and modified peanut husk,
J. Hazard. Mater. 141 (2007) 163–167.
[27] R.A. Massart, Preparation of aqueous magnetic liquids in alkaline and acidic
media, IEEE Trans. Magn. 17 (1981) 1247–1248.
[28] M. Matik, M. Vaclavikova, S. Hredzak, M. Lovas, S. Jakabsky, Úprava
odpadových vôd obsahujúcich tažké kovy použitím magnetických
nano9 castíc, Acta Montanistica Slovaca 9 (2004) 418–422.
[29] A. Mockovciakova, Z. Orolova, J. Škvarla, Enhacement of the bentonite sorption
properties, J. Hazard. Mater. 180 (2010) 274–281.
555
[30] L.C.A. Oliviera, R.V.R.A. Rios, J.D. Fabris, K. Sapag, V.K. Garg, R.M. Lago, Clay–iron
oxide magnetic composites for the adsorption of contaminants in water, Appl.
Clay Sci. 22 (2003) 169–177.
[31] Y. Orhan, H. Buyukgungor, The removal of heavy metals by using agricultural
wastes, Water Sci. Technol. 28 (1993) 247–255.
[32] S.Y. Quek, D.A.J. Wase, C.F. Forster, The use of sago waste for the sorption of lead
and copper, Water S.A 24 (1998) 251–256.
[33] S. Ricordel, S. Taha, I. Cisse, G. Dorange, Heavy metals removal by adsorption
onto peanut husks carbon: characterization, kinetic study and modelling, Sep.
Purif. Technol. 24 (2001) 389–401.
[34] A. Saeed, A.M. Waheed, M. Iqbal, Removal and recovery of heavy metals from
aqueous solution using papaya wood as a new biosorbents, Sep. Purif. Technol.
45 (2005) 25–31.
[35] I. Safarik, M. Safarikova, Magnetic fluid modified peanut husks as an adsorbent
for organic dyes removal, Phys. Procedia 9 (2010) 274–278.
[36] I. Safarik, L.F. Teixeria Rego, M. Borovska, D.E. Mosiniewicz-Szablewska, F.
Weyda, M. Safarikova, New magnetically responsive yeast-based biosorbent
for the efficient removal of water-soluble dyes, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 40
(2007) 1551–1556.
[37] A. Sari, M. Tuzen, M. Soylak, Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cr(III) from aqueous
solution on Celtex clay, J. Hazard. Mater. 144 (2007) 41–46.
[38] M.F. Sawalha, J.R. Peralta-Videa, J. Romero-Gonzalez, M. Duarte-Gardea, J.L.
Gardea-Torresdey, Thermodynamic and isotherm studies of the biosorption of
Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) by leaves of saltbush (Atriplex canescens), J. Chem.
Thermodyn. 39 (2007) 488–492.
[39] A. Shukla, Y.-H. Zhang, P. Dubey, J.L. Margrave, S.S. Shukla, The role of sawdust
in the removal of unwanted materials from water, J. Hazard. Mater. 95 (2002)
137–152.
[40] S. Thamm, J.A. Hesse, Simple plot indicating interactions between single-
domain particles, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 154 (1996) 254–262.
[41] S. Thamm, J. Hesse, The remanence of a Stoner–Wohlfarth particle ensemble as
a function of the demagnetisation process, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 184 (1998)
245–255.
[42] L. Uzun, N. Saglam, M. Safarikova, I. Safarik, A. Denizli, Copper biosorption on
magnetically modified yeast cells under magnetic field, Sep. Sci. Technol. 46
(2011) 1045–1051.
[43] J. Veres, Z. Orolinova, Study of the treated and magnetically modified bentonite
as possible sorbents of heavy metals, Acta Montanistica Slovaca 14 (2009)
152–153.
[44] I. Villaescusa, N. Fiol, M. Martinéz, N. Miralles, J. Pocj, J. Serarols, Removal of
copper and nickel ions from aqueous solutions by grape stalks wastes, Water
Res. 38 (2004) 992–1002.
[45] W. Wafwoyo, C.W. Seo, W.E. Marshall, Utilization of peanut shells as
adsorbents for selected metals, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 74 (1999)
1117–1121.
[46] T.W. Webi, R.K. Chakravort, Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed-bed
adsorbers, AIChE J. 20 (1974) 228–238.
[47] H. Yavuz, A. Denizli, H. Gungunes, M. Safarikova, I. Safarik, Biosorption of
mercury on magnetically modified yeast cells, Sep. Purif. Technol. 52 (2006)
253–260.
[48] D. Zhou, L. Zhang, J. Zhou, S. Guo, Cellulose/chitin beads for adsorption of heavy
metals in aqueous solution, Water Res. 38 (2004) 2643–2650.