SUBJECT NAME = BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR

REGISTRATION NUMBER = 12107669

SUBMITTED BY = SHIVANJALI PILLAY

SUBJECT CODE = PSY535

SUBMITTED TO = Dr. KALPANA SHARMA

SUBIMISSION DATE = 10/04/2021

CONTINOUS ASSESMENT : CA2

SECTION : U2105

ROLL NO : RU2105A06

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

PHAGWARA, PUNJAB

Q1 : WHAT IS ILLUSION ?
Illusions are special perceptual experiences in which information arising from “real” external stimuli
leads to an incorrect perception, or false impression, of the object or event from which the
stimulation comes. a misleading image presented as a visual stimulus. 2a : perception of something
objectively existing in such a way as to cause misinterpretation of its actual nature especially : optical
illusion — compare delusion sense 2. b : hallucination sense 1. c : a pattern capable of reversible
perspective.
An illusion is a sensory distortion that can fool a person's senses. Illusions can involve any of the
senses, but visual (optical) illusions are the best understood by science.

For instance, if a person is watching a magician perform it can truly appear that the magician is doing
things that are impossible. Illusions occur when a situation distorts a person's capacity for depth and
motion perception and perceptual constancy.

For example, when I was younger I was taken to an attraction at an amusement park that was called
the "Dutchman's Shack." This was a room that was constructed in such a way, with sloping floors
and tilted walls, That there was actually the appearance of water of running uphill. This was an
example of how the senses can be tricked when it tries to apply the rules of normal reality to a
distorted situation.

Psychologists have analyzed perceptual systems for more than a century. Vision and hearing have
received the most attention by far, but other perceptual systems, like those for smell taste
movement, balance, touch, and pain, have also been studied extensively. Perception scientists use a
variety of approaches to study these systems—they design experiments, study neurological patients
with damaged brain regions, and create perceptual illusions that toy with the brain’s efforts to
interpret the sensory world.

illusion, a misrepresentation of a “real” sensory stimulus—that is, an interpretation that contradicts

objective “reality” as defined by general agreement. For example, a child who perceives tree
branches at night as if they are goblins may be said to be having an illusion. An illusion is
distinguished from a hallucination, an experience that seems to originate without an external source
of stimulation. Neither experience is necessarily a sign of psychiatric disturbance, and both are
regularly and consistently reported by virtually everyone. An illusion is a distortion of the senses,
which can reveal how the human brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation.
Although illusions distort our perception of reality, they are generally shared by most people.
Creation and testing of perceptual illusions has been a fruitful approach to the study of perception—
particularly visual perception—since the early days of psychology. People often think that visual
illusions are simply amusing tricks that provide us with entertainment. "Illusions of Reality" shows
how deception is used in psychological research to create illusions of reality—situations that involve
research Ss without revealing the true purpose of the experiment.

II}

The three main types of illusion include optical illusions, auditory illusions, and tactile
illusions.

1: OPTICAL ILLUSION
- A misleading image presented to the vision Zebras look like optical illusions to me. Within visual
perception, an optical illusion (also called a visual illusion is an illusion caused by the visual system
and characterized by a visual percept that arguably appears to differ from reality. Illusions come in a
wide variety; their categorization is difficult because the underlying cause is often not clear but a
classification proposed by Richard Gregory is useful as an orientation. According to that, there are
three main classes: physical, physiological, and cognitive illusions, and in each class there are four
kinds: Ambiguities, distortions, paradoxes, and fictions. A classical example for a physical distortion
would be the apparent bending of a stick half immerged in water; an example for a physiological
paradox is the motion aftereffect where, despite movement, position remains unchanged. An
example for a physiological fiction is an afterimage. Three typical cognitive distortions are the Ponzo,
Poggendorff, and Müller-Lyer illusion. Physical illusions are caused by the physical environment, e.g.
by the optical properties of water.Physiological illusions arise in the eye or the visual pathway, e.g.
from the effects of excessive stimulation of a specific receptor type. Cognitive visual illusions are the
result of unconscious inferences and are perhaps those most widely known.

2: AUDITORY ILLUSIONS
- Auditory illusions are false perceptions of a real sound or outside stimulus. These false perceptions
are the equivalent of an optical illusion: the listener hears either sounds which are not present in the
stimulus, or sounds that should not be possible given the circumstance on how they were created.

Humans are fairly susceptible to illusions, despite an innate ability to process complex stimuli.
Confirmation bias is believed to be largely responsible for the inaccurate judgments that people
make when evaluating information, given that humans typically interpret and recall information that
appeals to their own biases. Amongst these misinterpretations, known as illusions, falls the category
of auditory illusions. The brain uses multiple senses simultaneously to process information, spatial
information is processed with greater detail and accuracy in vision than in hearing.

Auditory illusions highlight areas where the human ear and brain, as organic survival tools,
differentiate from perfect audio receptors; this shows that it is possible for a human being to hear
something that is not there and be able to react to the sound they supposedly heard. When
someone is experiencing an auditory illusion, their brain is falsely interpreting its surroundings and
distorting their perception of the world around them.
3: TACTILE ILLUSION
- A tactile illusion is an illusion that affects the sense of touch. Some tactile illusions require active
touch (e.g., movement of the fingers or hands), whereas others can be evoked passively (e.g., with
external stimuli that press against the skin). In recent years, a growing interest among perceptual
researchers has led to the discovery of new tactile illusions and to the celebration of tactile illusions
in the popular science press. Some tactile illusions are analogous to visual and auditory illusions,
suggesting that these sensory systems may process information in similar ways; other tactile illusions
don't have obvious visual or auditory analogs.

A tactile illusion is an illusion that affects the sense of touch. Some tactile illusions require active
touch, whereas others can be evoked passively.
In order to understand how illusions are caused the psychologist have studied illusion by making use
of a number of geometrical figures which cause illusions.

Muller lyer illusion :-

In the illusion there are two straight lines of equal length one is bound with a pair of arrow heads at
both the ends and another line has feather heads at both the ends. Though both the lines are equal
in length, the line with arrow heads appears shorter than the line with feather heads. This is nothing
but optical illusion. This illusion is due to the context of the arrow heads and feather heads attached
to the lines.

Generally there is a tendency to under estimate their feather head line. This is due to the fact that
while perceiving the arrow head line our vision is restricted on the other hand we tend to extend our
vision beyond what is given while seeing the feather heads line.

Horizontal vertical illusion : -

In this the verticals line is always drawn from the midpoint of the horizontal line in a right angle
position. Though the two lines are of equal length the vertical line appears longer than the horizontal
line by virtue of its position. This is because the movement of eyes along the vertical line is more tired
than the movement on the horizontal line.

Naturally the vertical line looks shorter than what it is. Example the horizontal line looks shorter than
what it is. Another reason is that the horizontal line is cut at the intersection which makes it look
shorter than vertical line.

Illusion of movement or ( Phi- phenomenan ):-

Perceiving movement is one of the characteristic of perception. It is an innade nature of human
vision though perceiving movement is natural perceiving apparent movement of an object is known
as illusion of movement or phi- phenomenon. What we see on the screen in a cinema theatre is not
the real movement but a series of still pictures projected on the screen at a particular speed that is
20 to 25 pictures per second the neon light advertisement are also based on this principles.

Q2:} What are gestalt principles of perception? Explain any five of them
The classic principles of the gestalt theory of visual perception include similarity, continuation,
closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry & order (also known as prägnanz).
Gestalt principles are the different ways individuals group stimuli together in order to make a whole
that makes sense to them. These principles are divided up into five categories: proximity, similarity,
continuity, connectedness, and closure. Developed by German psychologists, the Gestalt laws
describe how we interpret the complex world around us. They explain why a series of flashing lights
appear to be moving. And why we read a sentence like this, notli ket his ort hat. These are just a few
real-lie examples of the Gestalt laws.

History of the Gestalt Laws :

Have you noticed how alternately flashing lights, such as neon signs or strands of lights, can look like
a single light that was moving back and forth? This optical illusion is known as the phi phenomenon.
Discovered by German psychologist Max Wertheimer, this illusion of movement became a basis for
Gestalt psychology. According to Gestalt psychology, this apparent movement happens because our
minds fill in missing information. Motion pictures are based on this principle, with a series of still
images appearing in rapid succession to form a seamless visual experience.

Gestalt psychology focuses on how our minds organize and interpret visual data.2 It emphasizes that
the whole of anything is greater than its parts.

Based upon this belief, Wertheimer along with Gestalt psychologists Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt
Koffka, developed a set of rules to explain how we group smaller objects to form larger ones
(perceptual organization). They called these rules the Gestalt Laws.

It's important to note that while Gestalt psychologists call these phenomena "laws," a more accurate
term would be "principles." These principles are much like heuristics, which are mental shortcuts for
solving problems.

These shortcuts are known as the Gestalt principles of visual perception, and they detail how our
brains create structure by default. But why is understanding this important for web and mobile
design?

Gestalt principles and examples

In this article, we’ll discuss seven Gestalt laws or principles that directly apply to modern design, and
share some examples of how they’re used in UI design. This isn’t an exhaustive list, but you’ll quickly
begin to notice that there’s an overlap between many of the principles and that they all work
together fluidly. Now let’s dive in.

Figure-ground

Similarity

Proximity

Common region

Continuity

Closure
Focal point

Please find below 5 principles of Gestalt :-

Principle #1: figure-ground

The figure-ground principle states that people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the
foreground or the background. They either stand out prominently in the front (the figure) or recede
into the back (the ground).

In the image above, for example, your eye instantly sees a white apple sitting on a black background.

Principle #2: Similarity

The principle of similarity states that when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them
together. And we also tend to think they have the same function.

For instance, in this image, there appear to be two separate and distinct groups based on shape: the
circles and the squares.
A variety of design elements, like color and organization, can be used to establish similar groups. In
the image below, for example, even though all of the shapes are the same, it’s clear that each
column represents a distinct group:

Principle #3: Proximity

The principle of proximity states that things that are close together appear to be more related than
things that are spaced farther apart.

Proximity is so powerful that it overrides similarity of color, shape, and other factors that might
differentiate a group of objects.

Notice the three groups of black and red dots above? The relative nearness of the objects has an
even stronger influence on grouping than color does.

Principle #4: Common Region

The principle of common region is highly related to proximity. It states that when objects are located
within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together.

Adding borders or other visible barriers is a great way to create a perceived separation between
groups of objects—even if they have the same proximity, shape, color, etc.

Principle #5: Continuity

The principle of continuity states that elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to
be more related than elements not on the line or curve.

In the image above, for example, the red dots in the curved line seem to be more related to the black
dots on the curved line than to the red dots on the straight horizontal line. That’s because your eye
naturally follows a line or a curve, making continuation a stronger signal of relatedness than the
similarity of color.

Thank You:-