Disorder of perception

DR VIKAS PUNIA
PG 1ST YEAR
Sensation, Perception and Imagery

 Transmission of raw and disparate sensory data from

peripheral receptors to the central nervous system. The
transformation of raw sensory stimuli into sensory information
that is then decoded into meaningful perception at the cortical
level involves active processes that are influenced by attention,
affect, cultural expectations, context, prior experiences,
memory and, most importantly, prior concepts.
 a 51-year-old man who had been blind since infancy. He had a
cataract extraction, but the return of visual sensation was
unaccompanied by uncomplicated perception. he would see a
paw, the nose, the tail, an ear, but could not see all of them
together, see the cat as a whole
Imagery…

 Imagery is the internal mental representation of the world and is actively

drawn from memory.
 Imagery underlies our capacity for many crucial cognitive activities, such
as mental arithmetic, map reading, visualizing and imagining places
previously visited and recollecting spoken speech.
 1. images are figurative and have a character of subjectivity;
 2. they appear in inner subjective space;
 3. they are not clearly delineated and come before us incomplete;
 4. although sensory elements are individually the equal of those in
perception, mostly they are insufficient;
 5. images dissipate and always have to be recreated; and
 6. images are actively created and are dependent on our will
 Disorders of perception can be divided into sensory
distortions and sensory deceptions
 Sensory Distortions :These are changes in perception that
are the result of a change in the intensity and quality of
the stimulus or the spatial form of the perception.
 Sensory Deceptions : These can be divided into –
illusions, which are misinterpretations of stimuli arising
from an external object, and
hallucinations, which are perceptions without an adequate
external stimulus.
Sensory Distortions

 Changes in Intensity (Hyper- or Hypo-aesthesia).

 Changes in Quality : In derealisation everything appears
unreal and strange, while in mania objects look perfect and
beautiful.
 Distortions of the Experience of Time : the manic patient feels
that time speeds by and that the days are not long enough to
do everything. Some patients with schizophrenia believe that
time moves in fits and starts and may have a delusional
elaboration that clocks are being interfered with.
stimuli from a perceived object are combined
with a mental image to produce a false
perception.
The Ponzo illusion is an optical
illusion where a pair of
converging lines distorts the
perception of two identically
sized lines.
Müller-Lyer illusion The Zöllner illusion
The orientation of the is a classic optical
arrowheads affects illusion where a
one's ability to pattern surrounding
accurately perceive parallel lines creates
the length of the lines the illusion that they
are not parallel.
Mirage
Hermann grid illusion
An optical phenomenon, especially
in the desert or at sea, by which the
image of some object appears
displaced above, below, or to one
side of its true position as a result
of spatial variations of the index of
refraction of air.
Visiual haluusinations

 VHs are more common in acute organic states with clouding

of consciousness than in functional psychosis.
 Charles Bonnet syndrome -VHs occur in the absence of any
psychopathology or brain disease
: e.g., a cold wind blowing across the face
: e.g., feeling a hand brushing against the skin
: e.g., feeling fluid such as water running from the
head into the stomach
: pins and needles