SIMPLB SIMPLE PAST Form of the present perfect:

FORM PAST PARnClPLB havelhcrs + past pam'n'ple

be was, were been
know knew known Irregular verbs have irregular past participles. (See
have had had Chart 10-18 and Appendix 5 for additional lists of
see saw men irregular verbs.)
teach taught tcnrPht The past participle of xegular verbs is the same form
live lived lived as the simple past:
own omd owwd
verb + -ed
work wmM worked
touch touched touched
(a) I have knaun Tom for five years. Notice in the examples:
(b) Sue had had a bad cold for three days. The present perfect is formed by
(c) They have liwd here since 1994. have 1 has + past participle.
(d) We have owned our own home since 1989.

(e) I've Have and has are contracted with subject pronouns
Webe as shown in the examples.
You've
W v e
She's
He's
It's

COMPARE
( f ) She's been here for two months, In (f): she's = she has
In (g): she's = she is

EXERCISE 29: Complete the sentences with the given verbs. Use the PRESENT PBRFFXT.

1. teach Mr. Jackson is a teacher. He 'S taught biology for twenty years.
2. know I Mary Adams since I was a child.
? She a good friend for a long time.
w My parents live in a suburb of Mexico City, They
in the same apartment for twenty-five years.
5 . have Janet and Sam their dog Fido for three years.
6. work My uncle at the automobile factory for
seventeen years.
7. be We in class since nine o'clock this morning.
 8. own Ken is a businessman. He sells car parts. He
his own business since 1994.
9. have Mr. Cook's hair started to turn gray when he was forty. He

gray hair since he was forty years old.

10. see I several movies since I came to this city.

EXERCISE 30-ORAL: Complete the sentences with the given verbs and your own words.
Use the PRESENT PERFECT.

Example: know .
I . . (name of a person) for . . . .
+ I've known Li Ming for three months.

+ M y best friend is Maria Alvarez. I've known h

er forffteen years.
1. be I . . . in this classroom today since . . . .
2. liw Right now I am living (in an apartment, a dorm, etc.). I . . . there since . .
3, haw I have (name of something you own). I . . . it/them for . . . .
4. be I . . . in (name of a place) since . . . .
5. know I . . . (name of a classmate) since . . . .
6. work (name of someone you know) works at (name of a place). He/She . . .
there for . . . .
7. be I . . . awake since . . . .
8. teach Our teacher . . . English since . . . .
9, live My (name of a family member) . . . (name of a place) for . . . .
10. be I . . . afraid of. . . since . . . .

10-14 USING NEVER WlTH THE PRESENT PERFECT

I . I've never touched an elephant.

) I
(b) Anna has never seen the Pacific Ocean.
Never is frequently used with the present perfect. I
In (a): the speaker is saying, "From the beginning of my
Life to the present moment, I have never touched an
elephant. In my entire lifetime, since I was born, I have
never touched an elevhant."

EXERCISE 31-ORAL: Use never with the PRESENT PERFECT.

Example: Name some places you have never lived.

STUDENT A: I've never lived in a small town.
STUDENT B: I've never lived in a dormitory.
STUDENT C: I've never lived in South America.
STUDENT D: E~c.

1. countries you've never been in 4, animals you've never touched

2. cities you've never lived in 5 . things you've never seen
3. pets you've never had 6. things you've never owned

EXPRESSING IDEAS WlTH VERBS 449

 ECT: QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES

( a ) Have you lived here for a long time? Question form of the present perfect:
(b) Has Ken been in this class since the beginning hawelhas + subject +past participle
of the term?
- --

( c ) I have not (haven't) lived here for a long time. Negative form of the present perfect:
( d ) Ken has not (hasn't) been in the class since the haveihas + not + past participle
beginning of the term. Negative contractions:
have not = haven't
has not = hasn't

EXERCISE 32: Complete the sentences with the PRESENT PERFECT.

1. (Mr. Jackson, teach) HOSMClackson tauaht biology for a long time?

2. Ms. Smith is a new teacher. She (teach, not) hasn't t a ~ s h t

biology for a long time.

3. (you, know) Mary Adams since you were a child?

4. I met Mary Adams only two months ago. I (know, not)

her for a long time. I've known her for only a short time.

5 . (she, be) a good friend of yours for a long time?

6. She (be, not) a friend of mine for a long time.

7 . (your parents, live) near

Mexico City for a long time?

8. I came here only a couple of months ago. I Piw, not)

here for a long time.

9. (Janet and Sam, have)

their dog Fido for a long time?

10. Pedro got his new bicycle a few months ago. He (haw, not)

his bicycle for a long time.

11. (your uncle, work) at the

automobile factory for a long time?

12. My aunt has a new job at a candy factory. She (work, not)
there for a long time.

450 W CHAPTER 10
 10-16 USING EVER WlTH THE PRESENT PERFEC

(a) Have you ever been in Hawaii? In (a): ever means "in your lifetime, from the time
(b) Has Pedro ever had a job (in his lifetime)? you were born to the present moment."
Questions with ever frequently use the present
perfect.

( c ) A: Have you ever been in London? In a short answer to a yes1110 question with the
B: Yes, I have. (I have been in London.) present perfect, the helping verb (have or has) is
(d) A: Has Tom ever lived in Chicago? used.
B: Yes, he has. (He has lived in Chicago.) In (c): Speaker B is saying that he has been in
(e) A: Have you ever been in Korea? London at some time in his lifetime.
B: No, I haven't. (I haven't ever been in
Korea.)
( f ) A: Has Sue ever lived in Paris?
B: No, she hasn't. (She hasn't ever lived
in Paris.)

(g) I haven't ever been in Korea. (g) and (h) have the same meaning.
(h) I've never been in Korea. haven't ever been = have never been
( i ) She hasn't ever lived in Paris. (i) and ( j ) have the same meaning.
( j ) She's never liwed in Paris. hasn't ever lived = has never lived

EXERCISE 33: Answer the questions. Use short answers.

1. A: (you, be, ever) Have vou ever been in Russia?

B: NO, I haven't . I (be, never) 've never been in Russia.

2 . A: (you, be, ever) in Turkey?

B: Yes, I . I (be) in Turkey several times.

3. A: (you, visit, ever) the

Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City?

B: No, I . I (visit, never)

that museum.

4 . A: (Sam, be, ever) in Argentina?

B: No, he . He (be, never)

in Argentina.

5. A: (Carmen, be, ever) in Canada?

B: Yes, she . She (be) there many times.

EXPRESSING IDEASWlTH VERBS 6 1

 "
I*, 0-
.:6. A: (you, have, evw) a serious illness?
A,

'.J B: No, I . I (haw, never)

a serious illness. I've been very lucky.
7. A: (yoour brother, live, ever)
in an apartment by himself?
B: No, he . He still lives with my parents.
I / , ' 1
,, ,-..8. A: (you, rolk, ever) to a famous
person?
B: No, I . I don't know any famous people.
9 . A: (you, see, ever)
a hummingbird?
B: Yes, I

EXERCISE 34-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Answer the questions. Use short answers.
Several people should answer the same question.
Example: Have you ever been in (Africa)?
STUDENT A: NO, I haven't.
STUDENT B: NO, I haven't.
STUDENT C: Yes, I have. . :
. .r.: , ,
1. Have you ever been in (Egypt)? (Italy)?
' . ,.,.*' T!
' '2. Have you ever been to (Indonesia)? (Venezuela)?* I

3. Have you ever been in (Washington, D.C.)? (Tokyo)?

4. Have you ever been to (Toronto)? (Istanbul)?
:5. Have you ever had a pet? ,. ..I
6. Have you ever had a bicycle?
, !T . , t, '
7. Have you ever had a (kind of car)? , , , . . .
'4, ~~-
, .., . . ,
8. Have you ever had a purple umbrella?
9. Have you ever lived in an apartment? a dormitory? I .:'

10. Have you ever lived in a one-room apartment? , I.::*;

,

11. Have you ever lived in (name of a city or country)?

12. Have you ever touched an elephant? a snake? a cow?
.
13. Have you ever called ( . . ) on the phone? :I.,,I,<

,
)!
14. Have you ever stayed in a hotel in this city? !:,.,. T f

15. Have you ever watched (name of a program) on TV?

, , , , ,. ' ;
16. Have you ever been to (name of apkace in this city)?' '
17. Have you ever seen a whale? , i! ,

*Haveyou ever been in Indonesia and Haw you ever been to Indonesia have the same meaning.
 THE PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG
-

B: For five months.

you been in h a LILY?
I Guss;on form of ~ L S

haue + subject + part participle

perfect:

(b) A:
B:
( c ) A:
How long has Ali had a mustache?
Since he was twenty-one years old.
How long have you known Maria?
I
B: Since the beginning of the school term.

EXERCISE 35: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.

I. A: HOW long (YOU, be) have ,mu been at this school?

B: Since the middle of January.
2. A: How long (you, know) Shelley?
B: For three years.
3. A: How long (Mr. Lake, be) a teacher?
B: Since he graduated from college in 1990.
4. A: How long (you, hate) your car?
B: For a couple of years.
5. A: How long (your roommate, be)
. ..
out of town?
B: Since Friday.
,. . ' I.

,, , , P.
, :

EXERCISE 36-ORAL: Pair up with a classmate,

PART I:
STUDENT A: Ask questions with how long and the PRESENT PERFECT.
STUDENT B: Answer the questions.
Example: have a mustache
STUDENT A: HOWlong have you had a mustache?
STUDENT B: I've had a mustache since I was seventeen years old.
1. be in (this n'tylcounq)
2. be in this class
3. know (name of a classmate)
4. be a student at (this school)
5. be in this room today
6. live at your present address
7, have (something Student B owns)
8. have (something else Student B owns)

EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS . a

 10-18 PAST PARTICIPLES OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERB

(a) I have never touched an elephant. The past participles of regular verbs end in -ed.
(b) Has Jim ever atuyed at a hotel in Bangkok? Examples: tducheit stayed.
(c) Tom has never eaten Thai food. Irregular verbs have iwegulor past partiaples.
(d) Have you evergone to a rock concert? Examples: eaten, gone.

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF SOME COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS

Simple Simple Past
Form Past Participle
& was, were been
sat ate eaten
go went gone
have had had
know knew known
lose lost lost
meet met met
read read* read*
see saw seen
speak spoke spoken
roke took taken
teoch taught taught
tell told rold
wear wore worn
write wrote m'tten

* The simple past and the past pdciple of the verb read are both pronounced "red" -the same pronunaation as the
color red.

EXERCISE 37-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED): Add the PAST PARTICIPLE.

Example: eat, ate, . . . '7

Response: eaten * %

1. eat, ate, . . . 8. see, saw, . . .

2. go, went, . . . 9. speak, spoke, . . .
3. have, had, . . . 10. take, took, . . .
4. know, knew, . . . 11. tell, told,. . .
5. lose, lost, . . . 12. wear, wore, . . .
6. meet, met, . . . 13. write, wrote, . . .
7. read, read, . . .

EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS W 455

EXERCISE 38: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the list.
PART I:

go
lose tell
meet write

1. I've never taken a physics class.

2. Have you ever Maria's sister?
3. Have you ever the keys to your apartment?
4. I've never to a rock concert in my whole life.
5. Have you ever a lie?
6. Have you ever a poem?

PART 11:

time?
8. I've never
-
7. How long have you

I
Abdul? Have you been friends for a long

the movie Gone with the Wind.

GONE WITH . , . I .

9. Have you ever the book Gone with the Wind?

10. Ann has never raw meat.