ANGLE MODULATION 2.1_DEFINITION 24 DF Angle Modulation is defined as the angle (Frequency & Phase) of the carrier signa is varied in accordance with the message signal. The combination of Frequency modulation & Phase modulation is called as angle modulation. ‘Types of angle modulation i, Frequency Modulation (FM) ii, Phase Modulation (PM) Timing parameters - Frequency & Phase. Frequency Modulation (FM) V Frequency Modulation is defined asthe process of changing the frequency of the cartier signal in accordance with the message signal. Y Amplitude of the signal is maintained as constant shase Modulation (PM) V Phase Modulation is defined as the process of changing the signal in accordance with the message signal. phase of the carrier ‘Amplitude of the signal is maintained as constant. NTATION OF FREQUENCY MODULATION [FM] REPRESE! i. Single - tone FM (Single message signal) ji, Multi - tone FM (More than one message signal)— # Communication 1, Cory | Message Htetabé Phase signal 5 Modulator [-—*FM Way, ¢ I Carrier signal Figure 2.1 Generation of FM wave using PM V_ Phase modulation is not used in the communication system for transm; isso purpose. V PMs used to obtain frequency modulation 2.2.1 Representation of FM - Single Tone Modulation = Vy COS@p,f ) 0) Message signal, Vj, (0) Carrier signal, V-(#) = Ve sin(@,t + 8) Total Phase angle $= @,¢ +6 -.G) Angul: it = ngular velocity > Differentiate equation (3) with respect to time. db aes AA) B= 0, (4) ‘Time dependent angular velocity is instantaneous angular velocity (@;) ab So ime iy 5 at. = o, 6) ay dt Jou 6;=fo,ae (6) 0; = 0, +KV,() (7D) Substitute equation (1) in equation (7) (8) 0; = 0, +K(V_.C080p 1)4 Angle Modulation « aa] a a | Here, K -> Proportionality constant (or) Frequency Sensitivity. (Hz/V) If COS®_¢ = +1 then @, = +KV,, — Max Frequency deviation (Af) coS@ pf = —1 then @; = @, —KV,, — Minimum Frequency deviation (Af) from equation (6), substitute equation (8) in equation (6) (On 9 = J@c+KV,,cose,,t)dt S KV, (Sit@nt fees -( Om 9) Expression for FM Vinod) = Vem( = Vesing; 116) Substitute equation (9) in equation (10) (10)... Vem = Vesa Kasten!) ; KVp ).. rs KV, son «vias (Sela) vay = Vint) = Vesin(@et + mysin ©, t) (ll) Volt) = Ve [sin (1) 008(m, sin Op, f) + c0s(0, 1) sin(m, sin @y, o} a2) From equation (8) @; = @, +KVq (13) Omax = Se +KVns Onin = S¢ —KVn KY, one ol) iioa 4) Ky _ (x28 | of On 2K Sy Sn 9, my = 2 : wn15) Hee ay 5 Frequency Deviation, Jf, > Modulating Frequency, m, ~» Modulation Index for FMCommunication ty, on Og = Omax — Pe = Pc ~ Omin og = (@. + KVn)~ og = KVn 2nfy = KVm KVn a ae K) of Eom Su (16) ‘To simplify Vea; () (01) Voy (Ds we use Bessel Function. Vpoa() = Vem) = V,[sin (@, f)e0s(m 7 SiN ®m, Vaal) = Velo(ms)sin(@e + Jol )Isin(act Om)! = sin@e+ Om toed fal quency Modulated (FM) Signal. Second ... order for the Bessel Fun 1) + c0s(, 1)sin(m,-sino, i D+ Alm, [sin + Om)é —Sin(@.+ Oq)f] The above expression is the Fres __ > Co- efficients of Zero, First, TJ Jot ni order Bessel Functions, General Expression for of Samp) = 2 ene my Here, | —» Factorial, n —» Number of the side frequency 1m, > Modulation Index for FM a my ? m. 1 2 ENS de J =|“] J=- a) (2) ml (n+ 1! 2i(n+2)! OB To find out amplitude of the side band and amplitude of carrier, it isnect to know the value of the corresponding Bessel function.4 Angle Modulation = Graphical Representation of FM: (@ Carrier Signal “I (O Frequency Modulated (FM) Signal : f- Frequency Figure 2.2 Graphical Representation of FM y 1 Frequency Spectrum Velo(m) Vem) | Velilany) V.Ja(mp) VeIa(omp) VIs(mp) (0,-30,) (©, - 20) (@e-@p) (O¢+m)(@c +20p,)(M, +34) Frequency Figure 2.3 Frequency Spectrum—y * Communicati ‘ation Theo uaa ory Bessel Function Plot: [m,s J,] ae | Jp¢m) ~ Carrier Amplitude 1 Order Sideband Component Amplitude a9 / stm) my Modulation Index Figure 2.4 Bessel Function Plot Observations from FM VY From the equation (FM) ~ only one carrier term. vm, Modulation Index determines how many side bands have significa amplitude. m,<1 > 1 pair of side band. m,> 1 —» Many pairs of side band In Frequency Spectrum —> (One Carrier Signal) + (Infinite no. of Side band) snction vals Amplitude of Sideband & Carrier Signal depends upon Bessel F Due to infinite no. of sidebands, Bandwidth is infinite. ‘Amplitude of the FM which remain constant. v2 a Power is given by, | PYr 4 Angle Modulation # F independent of Modulation Index. y Power In AM, if'm, ? »BW — No change. (Independent of m, ) in EM, m, 1, BW — changing (Dependent of m,) m,<1 > Narrow Band F M (NBFM) m,> 1 -> Wide Band F M (WBFM) im, << 1 (01) 0.6 > NBFM 72.2 Representation of FM-Muli Tone FM carsor signal V,() is modulated by more than one message signal. V, (0) Ve (0) = Vat 608Omtt + Vn2 208%mat (1) Vv.) = v, sin(@,t + ®) (2) 6 = oft0 (3) se byte ‘Angular Velocity = e Ba) 4h a, (3) =a I 6, = Jordt 0; = 0, + KVm() = 06 + K[Vq1 COS@m1! + Vera COS@p2f] ones Maximum Frequency obtained, When COSOpjf = 1 = COSOm2f (9) Minimum Frequency 6080,)f = —1 = COSOm2t (10) Opgy = Og + K [Vg + Vypa]s[sub Equ (9) in (8)] (11) n= ©. —K [Vo + VmoJs{sub Equ (10) in (8)] (12) nel):Ea] Substitute equation (8) in equation (6) ur = fle + KV 208m! + Vq3 60802 Id sin@mit) 4 KVpq{ 2hOmet OF ot Val ra Jo mel ome (14) FM output, Vos) = Vem() = v, sind; KV nt ot KVn2 Vem = yesinlog +5 sina! +5 sinOn24] AS) Kipp RY “a oa yy =H Om 2 Sa Sut Vy Kuz = A - my m2 2n- Sma Sm Vim) = Vesinfogt + mp)sinOqit + mp2SiNOnat] (16) Using Bessel function, Ven =Ve DY Inn) In mt s2)1e08(0, +0 mi +7 m2) 4]... (17) Term Amplitude Frequency Carrier VeJolmp)Jo(my2) | % AsetofSide bands — | VeJq(mp)Jo(mp2) | (@c # Om) m = 123. corresponding to I tone A set of Side bands Ve Jo ongs)In (72) (0, #10 y3) 0 = 123 corresponding to II tone A set of cross VeJm(mp)In(y2) | Og £ mop 20m) modulation termsse Modulation & son of Multi tone AM & FM. one AM Muli Multi Tone FM Each modulating tone (or) signal produces its own sideband No cross modulation terms are produced. this system follow the law of superposition of spectra Hence AM is Linear Modulation. FM does not follow the superposition of spectra due to presence of additional cross modulation frequency terms. Hence FM is Non-Linear Modulation. Bandwidth of multitone FM is obtained by CARSON’s rule. 23 a uENCY MODULATION TYPES OF FREQUENCY MODULATION ‘According to m, (Modulation Index), there are two types, ‘Types of Frequency Modulation (FM) See NBEM (m,< 1) Narrow Band FM Low Index FM WBFM (m,> 1) Wide Band FM High Index FM 23.1 Narrow Band FM (NBFM) Generation (m,<1) (Low Index FM) Y Narrow Band FM is also called as Low Index FM. Y¥ Bandwidth BW depends on the modulation Index (m)). ¥ itm, increases the BW also increases and vice versa. “When m,is small, then bandwidth of FM is narrow. ¥ Lie. small compared to one radian.Let us consider, Message signal V,,(f) = V;,C0S@qf Carrier Signal V,(.) = V,sin(o,¢ + 9) Phase Angle @ = 0,140 Angular Velocity % _ dt & . dt . j& ey 4) = Joy dt ©, = 0, + KV, (0) ©; = 0, +KV,.c050 qf Substitue equation (7) in equation (6) 4; = [. + KV,, 0080, dt a oct + Na sinogt Om = ont + Eoinogt Expression for FM Vem = V,sing; Ven = Vesa (0.10 nog) Vem) = Vesin(ogt +mysino, 1), We know that, sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + cos AsinB Via (t) = Ve sin(a¢t)cos(m sine, 1) + V,cos(o,t)sin(m; sin@,) ~(5) 6) -(J) (8) (9) (10) (uy (2)Modulation & ind FM, assume m,is small. For Narrow 7 go assume the following approximations, cos(mpSiN@_t) = 1 4g Sin(n i001) = mp SiNO mt a substitute equation (13) in equation (12) (12). Vem) = Vesin(@et)-1+ Vecos (at) «(my sino, t) Voult) = Vesinoct + Vemp coset in@yt ih Generation of NBFM 90° Phase [/() Balanced DSB-SC-AM V (1) Shifter Modulator si) V,O+V,0 Integrator 0) FM Output Message Signal V,() Figure 2.5 Generation of NBFM Analysis: Message signal Vpp(‘). = Vy) COS@p f iis Integrator Output g() = [V,,(): dt BU) = JV_ C0804 dt INO yf a) ea a0) = FEsinogt ©Carrier Signal V,() = V.c0s@,t Output of 90° phase Shifter 0) f(t) = -V,sino,t Output of Balanced Modulator = f(0)- g(t) (8) yo = (¥.sna.-[ asin, ‘ On P -KV,V, . VO = rate. sinogt-sinogt ~G) Vi) = V,coso,t (6) Out of Summer V,,(0 = V,()+V, (9) =VnVeK Vem) = 2 sino, tsina,t + V,cose,1 nul) = Veleoso,r a sino. sinioyt) “my = Ne mn = Vem) = V,{coso,t- my + sino,t sino, t] () Equation (7) is the output of NBFM. It has carrier signal with one pair of Sideband. Phasor Diagram of NBFM: Sum of side ~ frequency phasors Lower side Frequency Upper side frequency Figure 2.6 Narrow Band FM WavePr angle Modttation “ » wide Band FM (WBFM) [Generation of WBFM] (m,>4) (High index FM) 23. sodulation Index (m, is large (m,> 1) compared to NBFM. sandwidth of WBFM is too large; ideally infinite, WBFM can be obtained by multiplying the NBFM signal by using suitable frequency multipliers. Message Signal Vy, (0) = Vx COS@mt a Carrier Signal Ve(t) = V-cos(@et + 0) (2) o@ = oft (3) Output Signal Vma(®) = Ve 00s; “ Vou) = Veeos (et + mpsin@y, t) sapressing equation (5) in Exponential form, Vnoit) = Re[Ve (Meet tom] rhe Vamos lt) = VoRe ele! eimssnom! inthis equation (7), [edn] is aperiodic fanetion of period can be expanded in the form of Complex Fourier series, a. Napalt) = VeRe[et- Von] a voy = einen! ial Vo = @ltsont s Cyeltont e wet C, + Fourier co-efficient. The complex Fourier co-efficient C, is defined by, +12 7 : J v@-e mnt a C, ; . ." (IL Tin (11)~ = ¢ Communication Theo 5 Me im sno! gin! dt ‘, of] V2 fy . dx Let X= Ont a a dx Then x =2nfiyt of ica aeaer adel Sah Un 7 emule ds i simysinx gn jme OE C= fy | em ae “03 = San "Fp dkeysinx-) ge Se Qi Sy oe . 17°F jemysinx—ns) fail 'r dx . el (ld) This equation represents the n order Bessel Function of the first kin commonly denoted by J, (m,) os C, = I,(my) = x Jerr” ate oll Equation (10) VO = oman C, = Iy(my) At Substitute equation (17) in equation (16) VQ) = eftsinont ¥ ql) elton! (8)... Vinoa(t) = Ve Re[V()-e/¢'] wlljon ¢ ange Moen (17) in equation (18) ube equation " Vol * vere 2 Laaprete ce] +(19) is vont? YRS 2 smpretna | a Vas) = ES, Iulenz) €08(1y 1+ Def) te 20) rrissasion 2D the expression for WBFM. “> I). 24 BESSEL, FUNCTION ~J.(m) F teBesl function J (mean PS expanded in a power series given by nsdn i, Z cong) Inlet) = ey mln + mt) . 44 Properties of Bessel Function 1) om) = 140m) (a= Even) J,(m) = -J,(m) (a Odd) ) Fora small value of m, Jy(my) «1 m J(m,) * Lija0, n>t Fa Zim) = 1+ Communication Theo ‘ 2.4.2 Bessel Function Table T0°0 [ coo] 900 [zrof ico Sea] ceo] ceo [100-] exo] zo] 900] sco] soo] sco- OT --- | 100] £0'0 | 90'0[ zv-o| rz‘o] 1¢°0] €€'0 | 0z0 | 900} Zc'0] 810) PIO} sc°O 60°0- 06 ---- | ----| zo'o | so’o] O10] 810] 8z0 reo | 970 | €0°0] ZO} PTO 90°] £70 0 $98 _. |... | —+ | ¢00] 900] ero zeo] ze0 | reo | sro] oro} ozo} 10} 20 Lv0 os alae zoo] 90°0| cro] eco] ve'0 | seo} 90] £107) OF 07) 000 oso OL | | ne | | | zoo} 900] ero] sco | 9€°0) 9€°0] 110) be 0) szo-| SiO 09 —-| “3 | 10-0} €o°0] 60-0 | 610 | ze"0] oro} 970} ZV0) FEO 0 srs ee see | zoo} soo | ero | 920] 60] 9¢°0] soo] ee'07 81-0" os wee | weer | eee | oo eee zo'0 | soo | elo} 80] €r'0] 960 L0°0-) 0%°0- or — lsh sop --- | 100 10] oro] reo] 9zo- | Of ntti a oer a a= | 7 | 100. to} sro} Os'0 $00 st a ase) ne Pee | aT ozo] evo] zo} 0 re aula S| ret nf aed ae La ero} seo] ss°0} co oz eee et Ts a 10°0| 900} £70 950] Is0 st Searle ah iigd wee | ae | = | | | coro] tro) py0} £40 Ol ee ete tee | acer eee | acs ol ree alee ----| 00] P70] 760 0 cee Pop oom Tp we | | | --] --] cro] seo | seo Se eee lial era pee |e eas re were |e] ee] a] | 2007 000 rtp | Mp up] tp] Se] fe | tel te] te] a saqeg Souanboay op1s Pe lwoneinporl Y>..» Angle Modulation ee COMPARISON OF WBFM & NBFM 2.17 26 © Gxo] Parameter [WBFM WideBandFM [NBEMNarrow Hand Characteristies FM 17. | Modulation m> 1 ™m,<1 Index (m,) >] Maximum 75 KHz 5 KHz Deviation |_-+ 3 | Range of 30 Hz to 15 Hz 30 Hz to 3 KHz message frequency (f,,) se 7 | Bandwidth | Large. Small. (BW) BW=2(4f+4,,) BW=2f, 1 Stimes greater than NBFM 5. | Maximum (m) [5 to 2500 Slightly greater than 1 Z| preemphasis [Needed Needed & De-emphasis 1. | Noise More Suppressed Less Suppressed i. | Applications | Broadcasting (Used for high | FM Mobile quality music Transmission) | Communication like Police wireless, ambulances. 3. | Sidebands | Infiniteno. of side bands & | 2 Side bands and Carrer. carrier. 10. | Expression +o : Vim O=Ve & Jay) | Vem O=Vesinod + cos(ogt + nargit)| - My VeCosOe NOt4 Communicatio 7 nication Theo, 2 ‘ 25 fuse NON ee Definition : Y Phase Modulation is defined as the phase of the carrier signal is vay accordance with the message signal. edi Amplitude remains constant, Representation of PM Message Signal Vin (0) = Vp, COS pf Carrier Signal V. (0) = Vesin(@,t + 8) a) 6 = @t+0 (8) Here @ > Total Phase Angle o,f > Frequency 0 + Phase ® =K,-V,O0 (8) 0 = K,V_00sO_t (8) Substitute equation (5) in equation (3) & = Oot + KyVq_ 6080p f (6) Output expression, Vmmoa(t) = Vesing (I) Vem() = Ve sin(oct +K,-V," c0s@,,t) (8) mp = Ky'Vm 0) Vel) = Ve sin(t +i, C080!) (0) Here, _ K, ~Phase sensitivity; m, ~ Modulation Index for PM 2.7_ CONVERSION OF PM TO FM [GENERATION OF FM FROM Pll] Y Frequency Modulated (FM) wave can be obtained from Phase (PM) Mosulat Signal. PM is converted as FM using integrator.4, Angle Modulation 6 - @ Val) Valo Message [Vo atop Let er fy nteerator Fa] PM sari vo Carrier signal Figure 2.7 Conversion of PM to FM Message Signal V(t) = Vp COSOpm t (1) Output of the integrator 8() = [Vn at = [Vp C080, ct ve alt) = Peli EO V,() = V-sin(oet + 8) ..) Carrier Signal after Phase Modulation, 0a Vy); 8=K Vn KVe— o=KsO= iB: SINOmt a ‘The instantaneous value of modulated signal, Vppos(é) = Vesin(@et + 8) Vpoa(t) = Ve sin (0. + Kvn sin, ‘ Voult) = Vnoa() =VeSin (et + mysin@n!) (5) Thus FM is generated from PM. 28_ CONVERSION OF FM TO PM [GENERATION OF PM FROM FMl] Y PMs generated from FM. ’ FMisconyerted as PM.+ Communication Theory ‘ SS Sn d FO = Gn Message | ial V,,() >|Differentiator-—>} FM > PM signal fv.o Carrier signal Figure 2.8 Conversion of FM to PM si Message Signal Vip(t) = Vn CSO qt 0) Output of the differentiator f0 = Zvqo d LO = Fn 0080q!) LO = = Vy Op SiN! FO = Vp OmSiNOyt Qf After FM, = 0, +KV,(0) = 0, +KS(@ 0; = 0, + KE Vy: @q-sino,f] ¢ KV, Op SIND, f 4) Instantaneous Phase angle, 6 = fo;dt (3) Substitute eqn (4) in eqn (5) = J@.-KV_-Oq- sino, t) de 4 = Of KV, 0, £2080a!) On 4; = f+ KVy- cos, t (6) Output expression, Vem(t) = V,sing; A4 Angle Modulation 6 2.21 Substitute eqn (6) in eqn (7) Vom) = Vesin(oet + KV, C080p,f) Vem(t) = Vesin(et + My C0SMqt) KV, ‘Thus PM is generated using FM. 2.9 TRANSMISSION BAND WIDTH (BW) OF FM ¥_BWof the FM wave is infinite. ‘According to significant sidebands we can get infinite bandwidth. v Significant Bands (Sidebands): Y Sidebands having amplitude, more than (or) equal to 1% of carrier amplitude are known as significant sidebands. ¥ Sidebands with amplitude less than 1% of carrier amplitude are considered negligible. Example: Consider V, = 10V 1 1% of V.= 10x75 = OV If V,J,(m) = 0.08 V 0.08 < 0.1 Hence V, J, (m) is neglected. Before to V, J, (m) is considered. ie., up to V, J, (m) . G Pairs of side bands), (n= 3). Bandwidth = 2xnxf, BW = 2x3xf, BW = 6f, Here, n —> number of significant sidebands, obtained from Bessel function table.~ . Communi cation 1, Bap eee oe They ¥ ifm, t number of sidebands 1, Hence BW 7. ¥ BW % by increasing m, Y — m,increased by ¥ Increasing V,, by keeping f,, fixed. V Decreasing f, by keeping amplitude of V, fixed ¥ Forn> m,.the values ofJ,(m,) are negligible, particularly when the numberof significant sidebands produced in WBFM may be coy, a si be an integer, it is approximately equal to m, ‘ty n= my, mp>>1 BW = 2no,radisee BW = 2nf,Hz BW = 2nO, =2m;Op BW = BW = BW = BW = Bandwidth of FM = 2KV,, (01)2A/ Hz(or)2Ae rad/ see The above is approximate bandwidth of WBEM. v For small value of m,(m,< 1), BW is more than 240. 2.9.4 Carson’s Rule or a Rule of Thumb [Bandwidth of FM] ¥ — Itis the method to find practical BW. ¥ Bandwidth of single tone WBFM is calculated by CARSON'S RUL BW 2(Ao + @,,)radian i BW 0 2(Af + fn)Hz.2.23 «Angle Modulation « (). BW = [0.22] = 2do [r+ mp m; Q.. BW = {a-] = ry || my my a. A ny eee = = 40 oa 3) Ao Jn = my wf) Af -> Frequency Deviation (Hz) Here f, > Message Signal Frequency (Hz) m, —» Modulation Index Special Cases: 1, When Ao<<,, (NBFM), m,<<1 BW = 20, rad/sec BW = 2f, Hz 2. When Ao>>0,, (WBFM), m,>>1 BW = 2Ao rad/sec Deviation Ration (DR) ¥ Deviation Ration (DR) is the worst ~ case (widest — bandwidth) Modulation index. pr = Maximum Frequeney Deviation (Hz) ‘Maximum Message Frequency (Hz) Maas) DR Sri)nication Theory v InFM broadcasting, Mina limited to 75 KH2- Frag) Vtnited to 15 KH. 75KH2 _ 5 1SKHz DR=Sisthe maximum allowed in col of FM [ Percent M DR = mercially broadcast FM. Percentage Modulation dulation)- Modulation = foc 100 fas) Deviation 100 ‘Actual Frequency equeney Deviation ‘eodulton = Fam allowable 740 BANDWIDTH OF PML This given by CARSON'S Rules (BW = 249) = 2Kp Vn Om (1) (hoon > Frequency Jeviation produced in PM. K, > Phasesensitiv cendously with the change in the On - ty (or) Deviation Sensitivity. Y_ BW of PM signal varies trem BW of FM varies slightly with ©» - (bode = Ky Vn (2) (Aodpn = Kp Vn On (3) my = %% (4) mp = Kym (3) Here 64 -> Phase Deviation Modulation Index (m, also equal to Phase Deviation in PM InPM, BW changes considerably wi i ges con: rably witha change in, but m, remains unchange (BW) =