Exact 90° viv, Figure 2.24 Greater than 90° | Y The phasor position of V, & V, relative to V, will depends on the tune, | secondary at the resonance (ot) off resonance. Y — At the resonance 1 Ln f Input frequency is equal to resonant frequency. Vea Resultant Voltages are equal in magnitude. Off resonance Less than 99° > f, > f More than 99° > f, Resistive Cireuit (R) — Resonant condition (i) S,>f, > Inductive Circuit (L) ~ Off Resonant Condition (il) fa Capacitive Cireuit (C) + Off Resonant Condition TotalOutputVollage v= |V.,| - |V,| Advantages ¥ — Only 2 tuned circuits are necessary and both are tuned to same frequency. ¥ Linearity is better, Disadvantages ¥ The circuit doesnot provide any amplitude limiting. ¥ Any amplitude variations in the circuit leads to distortion in the output. ¥ This error distortion is reduced using an amplitude limiter circuit in the FM. receiver, 2.16.4 Ratio Detector [ FM — Detector] Introduction ¥ Ration detector is type of FIM detector (or) Demodulator circuit ¥ While comparing with the Foster-seely discriminator, the ratio detector circuit is same as the above except for the following changes: (i) The direction of diode D, is reversed. (ii) A large value capacitor C, has been included in the circuit. (iii) The output is taken somewhere else. ¥ — Thecircuit automatically eliminates the amplitude variations of FM in receiver side. So no need of limiter. Circuit Diagram - Ratio Detector Primary Side L, > Primary Inductance C, > Primary Capacitance4 Communication The, “a ‘ Secondary Side > Secondary Inductance [ C, + Secondary Capacitance C. ~» Coupling Capacitor Fy £+4f m ignal ¢ Fer OF Figure 2.25 Circuit diagram of Ratio detector ‘The output voltage varies with the input signal frequency, which is same as | Foster seely but its magnitude is reduced to half. ; ¥ The polarity of voltage V,, is reversed, since connections of diode D, ue | reversed ¥ — When V,, increases 4, V,, decreases |, and vice — versa, | Vv, sum of | ‘Vou & Vg R Va = 1Vo1 +1, R ca! ¥ The output voltage V, is taken across the terminal Yo = Yaa =!Vial - Mel Qf V; 2 -B) Yo = 1Vool~le Modulation « gubstitute equation (1) in equation (3) Vo = 1Voq]— Warl+1 Vea! 2 Y= Von ~ Suton Vo = 2¥a=Voi~ Von 2 Vo2 - V; VY = —2=Yo. 0 : (4) 1 Yo = 3 Wu -Vo) (3) Merits (oF) Advantages ¥ — Itdoesnot require the limiter cireuit, ¥_ Very good linearity, ¥ Amplitude fluctuations are suppressed compared to Foster-Seely circuit. Demertis (or) Disadvantages ¥__ Theratio detector maynot folerate the long period variation in signal strength. ¥_ Itrequires an AGC [Automatic Gain Control] Signal. 2.17 PLL AS FM DEMODULATOR (OR) FM DEMODULATOR USING PLL (Used in commercial FM receivers) Introduction ¥ Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is a negative feedback system. ¥ A Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is primarily used in tracking the Phase and ‘Srequency of the carrier component of an incoming FM signal. Y — PLLisalso useful for synchronous demodulator of AM-SC signals (or) signals with few eycles of pilot. ¥ PLLisalso useful for demodulating FM signals in presence of large noise and low signal power.ommunication Theory Block Diagram: v FM Wave et) VO Vault) 70) vco Figure 2.26 Block Diagram - PLL Here, V,,(t) > FM Signal V(0) > Output Signal b(t)» Feedback Signal e() > Error Signal ‘A Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is basically a negative feedback system. It consits of three major components. (Multiplier (ii) Loop Filter (ii) VCO — Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCO is a sine wave generator whose frequency is determined by the voltage applied to it from an external source. It means that any frequency modulator can work as a VCO. Functional block diagram of FM demodulator using PLL a ‘The FM Signal is applied to PLL. Phase detector (or) Phase comparator v Itis basically a balanced modulator which produces an average low frequency output voltage that is a linear function of the phase difference between the 2 input signals. Inputs to the phase comparator (or) detector are V,,, (t) Frequency Modulated Signal & Feedback Signal from VCO.2.53 Vall) [Phase ]°) [Tow pass Error a = omparator| filter (LPF) "| Amplifier |” of) Demodulated output signal b(t) VO Voltage Controlled] Fannie Feedback Oscillator VCO signal Figure 2.27 FM Demodulator using PLL Low Pass Filter (LPF) Input of the LPF is from phase comparator. The LPF allows the low frequency components and also removes much of the noise. ¥ This output is given to the amplifier block. Amplifier ¥ Amplifier receives signal from LPF. ¥ The filtered signal is amplified and the amplifier voltage is fed as the control voltage to the VCO. YCO [Voltage Controlled Oscillator] Y¥ VCO isan electronic sine wave generator. ¥ Its frequency is controlled by the control voltage. Thus, VCO is a kind of frequency modulator. PLL The operation of a PLL, is similar to any other feedback system. Y — Inany feedback system, the feedback signal tends to follow the input signal, Y Ifthe signal feedback is not equal to the input signal, the error signal will change the value of the feedback signal until it is equal to the input signal. Y — The difference signal between V,,, (#) & b() is called an error signal.Communication Theop, ‘ v The error signal (or) difference signal e(1) is utilised to adjust the Veo frequency, in such a way that the instantaneous phase angle Comes close a angle of the incoming signal Vj, (0. At this point, the 2 signals V,y (4) & b(t) are in synchronism and the PLL a locked to the incoming signal V,,, (0. Operation of FM Detector using PLL Steps 1. The FM Signal is applied to PLL. 2. Asthe PLL is locked the FM Signal, the VCO starts tracking the instantaneo,, frequency in the input FM signal. 3. The error voltage produced at the output of the error amplifier is diteyy Propotional to the frequency deviation, Error Voltage « Frequency deviation 4. Demodulated FM output is obatined at the output of the error amplifier. Assume that the VCO is adjusted initially so that when the control voltage comes to zero, the following 2 conditions are satisfied. (The frequency of the VCO is precisely set at the unmodulated Carrier Frequency (f). Gi) The VCO output has a 90° phase - shift with respect to the unmodblated cartier wave, Y The amount of frequency change per unit input voltage is defined as the sensitivity (K,co) of the VCO is expressed as Rae set rad !v ol) doyeg > Change in the instantaneous frequency Key Sensitivity of the VCO. Y The frequency change for an external voltage V,(0) will be Kycg. Vy() and the instantaneous frequency of VCO output becomes ®yco = ® +Kyco Vol) Y — Interms of frequency, fyeo = fy +Kvoo Vol®) f, > free running frequency.Modulation 4 The instantaneous frequency of an FM wave is, fi = £+KV qr AA) For the VCO frequeney to track the instantaneous incoming frequency i then, f= from equations (3) and (4) Equation (3) = Equation (4) L* Kyo Vo = £+K,V, (0 Ky, vo) = Re Vn) (8) veo Vo (0) a V(t) ¥ Thus the control voltage to the VCO is propotional to modulating signal. 2.18 COMPARISON OF FM DEMODULATORS (FM RECEIVERS) S. | Parameter | Balanced Slope | RatioFM — | Phase FM No FM Detector Detector Discriminator Foster- Seeley 1 | Linearityof — | Poor Good Very Good Output Characteristics 2 | Output Primary & Primary & | Primary & characteristies | Secondary Secondary | Secondary | depends on | Frequency relation | Phase relation | Phase relation | 3 | Amplitude ‘Not provided provided ‘Not provided , Limiting inherently inherently _| inherently 4 | Timing Circuit as 3 tuned | Noteritical | Not critical Procedure circuit at different frequencies 5 | Applications | Not used in Narrow band | Commercial FM practice FMreceiver | radio receiver TV receiver | satellite receiver tuned sectionJ ea ¢ Communication Theon a 2.19 COMPARISON BETWEEN AM AND FM [S:No] Parameter | AM (Amplitude Modulation) pee ee Met 1 | Definition | The process of changing the] The process of changin, al amplitude of the cartier signal in | frequency of the carrer, *| accordance with the message | inaccordance with theese a signal. | Efficiency _| Low High a Operating | Low Cartier frequency (HF & | Higher Carrier frequen Carrier | MF Band). (Above 30 NHz) | Frequency | No, of available channels -too | Bandwidth — Large less. | cea al pee Large bandwidth, Bandwidth | Channel bandwidth—>15 KHz. | In broadcast system, cag, More numberof channels | channel BW 150 KHz 1, no. of channels 5 | Noise High noise. Adjacent signals | NBFM ~ Noise performang, Performance] producing noise. equivalent to AM. WBFM_ Noise is less, because of high} bandwidth. 6 | Fidelity [Poor fidelity due to narrow | Bandwidth is large. Fidelity bandwidth. better. 7 | Power Power depends on the sideband. | Total power remains constant. Terms Carrier + LSB + USB. Many frequency components.| Modulation | Modulation index m, isdirectly| Modulation index m, is Index (m) | proportional to modulating] proportional to amplitude as voltage & inversely proportional | well as phase. to frequency, 10 | Noise Noise interference is more. _ | Noise interference is less. Interference L