SOLAR ENERGY

A
Project-3 Report
On

SOLAR ENERGY
By

Mr. MAHESH A MAHAJAN.

Under The Guidance of

Prof. PRAVIN PATIL

GF’s Godavari College of Engineering, Jalgaon.
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For
T.Y.
In
MECHANICAL

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,Lonere.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

GF’s GCOE, Jalgaon
As per

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Curriculum

2021-2022

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CERTIFICATE
GF’s
Godavari College of Engineering, Jalgaon

This is to certify that,

Mr. MAHESH A MAHAJAN.
has successfully completed his project-3 on the topic

SOLAR ENERGY

Under the guidance of

Prof. PRAVIN PATIL

Towards the partial fulfillment of

T.Y. Mechanical Engineering

As per

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University Curriculum

During academic year 2021-2022

Prof. PRAVIN PATIL Prof. T. A. Koli Dr. V. H. Patil

[Guide] [H.M.E.D.] [Principal]

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled, “GREEN MANAGEMENT was

carried out and written by me under the guidance of Prof. P. S. Patil,
Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GFs Godavari
College of Engineering, Jalgaon. This work has not been previously
formed the basis for the award of any degree or diploma or certificate
nor has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or
diploma.

Place: Jalgaon MAHESH A MAHAJAN.

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I thank the God Almighty for his grace that enabled me in
the finalization of this seminar. Secondly, I would like to thank my
parents who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.

Every seminar is successfully largely due to efforts of a number of

wonderful people who have always given their valuable advice or lent a
helping hand. I sincerely appreciate the inspiration, support and
guidance of all those people who have been instrumental in making this
seminar a successful.

I wish to express gratitude to my guide Prof. Pravin Patil, Mechanical

Engineering Department to give me guidance at every moment and
valuable suggestion.

I am also grateful to Prof. Tushar Koli, Head of the Department,

Mechanical Engineering for giving me the support and encouragement
that was necessary for the completion of this seminar

MAHESH A MAHAJAN.

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INDEX
Sr. No. Title Page
No.
01) Survey 07
02) Introduction 08

03) Solar Panel 11

Theory And Construction 12
04) Application 13
05) Rooftop Photovoltaic Power Station 14
06) Installation 15
07) Components 16
08) Cost 17
09) Advantages 20
10) Disadvantages 22
11) Types of Solar Panel 23
• Mon crystalline Solar Panel (Mono-SI) 24
 Polycrystalline Solar Panel (Poly-SI) 25
Thin Film Solar Cells (TFSC) 26
12) Conclusion 29
13) References 30

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ABSTRACT
Green Environment

What is green environment and what about it? Green environment

relates to how to conserve environment and improved health of the
environment. Here is an article on how to go green, and discussing the
importance of eco-friendly products, including supporting practices like
smart applications of green energy products and the strategies for green
energy maintenance, as well as the advantages. Green energy is more
than just a means to reduce your carbon foot print, it’s also a viable and
realistic way to save you money. But what are some other renewable
energy application and products be used? In fact, there are a many
different applications for green energy and green energy products.
Residential, agricultural, and even commercial renewable energy
applications are just some of the many utilities for green energy and their
corresponding alternative energy systems and applications. Green
energy, or renewable energy as some people call it, differ from normal
sources in energy in that they are replenished. Unlike fossil fuels, like
petrol, green energy does not release carbon into our atmosphere.
These types of alternative energy are safer, cheaper, and better for the
environment. Green energy products are products that produce
renewable, green energy. Things like solar panels, and wind or water
turbines are green energy products. Green energy can also be seen in
the application of hydroelectric power plants and the application of
geothermal energy.

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SURVEY

This is an project survey we conduct in our surrounding to come through

the problems of people facing today. First we select an area for our
survey we talk to people try to understand there problems. Now a days
the world has changing very fast with the changing technologies which
also creates varies difficulties. So to over come to this problems we give
an solution as an solar energy unit to use it in there daily life which is
environmental friendly and also profitable in various ways like in there
electricity consumption an middle class family always suffer through
there electric bills and all. Installation of Solar Panel unit to there houses
which will make there life little bit easier in many purposes.

Area :- Siddhivinayak Nagar Hiwarkheda Road ,Jamner.

424206

Suggestion :- Solar Panel Installation

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INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed
using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating,
photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt
power plants and artificial photosynthesis.
It is an essential source of renewable energy, and its technologies are
broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending
on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar
power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems,
concentrated solar power, and solar water heating to harness the
energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing
source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its
2000 World Energy Assessment found that the annual potential of solar
energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules. This is several times larger than the
total world energy consumption, which was in 2012.
In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of
affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have
huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security
through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible, and mostly import-
independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower
the costs of mitigating global warming, and keep fossil fuel prices lower
than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs
of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning
investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared.

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The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation

(insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected
back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land
masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly
spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in
the near-ultraviolet. Most of the world's population live in areas with
insolation levels of 150–300 watts/m2, or 3.5–7.0 kWh/m2 per day.

Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which

cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing
evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric
circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where
the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain
onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat
of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric
phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anticyclones. Sunlight
absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an
average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert
solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food,
wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

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SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel, or photo-voltaic (PV) module, is an assembly of

photovoltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Solar
panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current
electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV panel, and a
system of panels is an array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply
solar electricity to electrical equipment.

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THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-
based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying)
member of a module can be either the top layer or the back layer. Cells must be
protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but
semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are usually
connected electrically in series, one to another to the desired voltage, and then
in parallel to increase current. The power (watts) of the module is the
mathematical product of the voltage (volts) and the current (amps) of the module.
The manufacture specifications on solar panels are obtained under standard
condition which is not the real operating condition the solar panels are exposed
to on the installation site.
A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its
output interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4
connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.
A USB power interface can also be used.

TECHNOLOGY

Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar
cells made of multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline
silicon accounted for more than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while
the rest of the overall market is made up of thin-film technologies using
cadmium telluride, CIGS and amorphous silicon[18]
Emerging, third generation solar technologies use advanced thin-film cells. They
produce a relatively high-efficiency conversion for the low cost compared to

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other solar technologies. Also, high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed

rectangular multi-junction (MJ) cells are preferably used in solar panels on
spacecraft, as they offer the highest ratio of generated power per kilogram lifted
into space. MJ-cells are compound semiconductors and made of gallium
arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor materials. Another emerging PV
technology using MJ-cells is concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ).

APPLICATIONS
There are many practical applications for the use of solar panels or photovoltaics.
It can first be used in agriculture as a power source for irrigation. In health care
solar panels can be used to refrigerate medical supplies. It can also be used for
infrastructure. PV modules are used in photovoltaic systems and include a large
variety of electric devices:

• Photovoltaic power stations

• Rooftop solar PV systems
• Standalone PV systems
• Solar hybrid power systems
• Concentrated photovoltaics
• Solar planes
• Solar-powered water purification
• Solar-pumped lasers
• Solar vehicles
• Solar panels on spacecraft and space stations

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ROOFTOP PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER STATION

A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV system, is a photovoltaic (PV) system

that has its electricity-generating solar panels mounted on the rooftop of a residential or
commercial building or structure. The various components of such a system include
photovoltaic modules, mounting systems, cables, solar inverters and other electrical
accessories.
Rooftop mounted systems are small compared to ground-mounted photovoltaic power
stations with capacities in the megawatt range, hence being a form of distributed generation.
Most rooftop PV stations in developed countries are Grid-connected photovoltaic power
systems. Rooftop PV systems on residential buildings typically feature a capacity of about 5
to 20 kilowatts (kW), while those mounted on commercial buildings often reach 100
kilowatts to 1 Megawatt (MW). Very large roofs can house industrial scale PV systems in the
rangeof1-10Megawatts.

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INSTALLATION

The urban environment provides a large amount of empty rooftop spaces and can
inherently avoid the potential land use and environmental concerns. Estimating
rooftop solar insolation is a multi-faceted process, as insolation values in rooftops
are impacted by the following:

• Time of the year

• Latitude
• Weather conditions
• Roof slope
• Roof aspect
• Shading from adjacent buildings and vegetation
There are various methods for calculating potential solar rooftop systems including
the use of Lidar and orthophotos. Sophisticated models can even determine
shading losses over large areas for PV deployment at the municipal level.

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COMPONENTS OF A ROOFTOP SOLAR ARRAY:

The following section contains the most commonly utilized components of a rooftop
solar array. Though designs may vary with roof type (eg. metal vs shingle), roof
angle, and shading concerns, most arrays consist of some variation of the following
components

1. Solar Panels produce carbon free electricity when irradiated with sunlight. Often
made of Silicon, solar panels are made of smaller solar cells which typically number
6 cells per panel. Multiple solar panels strung together make up a solar array. Solar
panels are generally protected by tempered glass and secured with an aluminum
frame. The front of a solar panel is very durable whereas the back of a panel is
generally more vulnerable.
2. Mounting clamps generally consist of aluminum brackets and stainless steel bolts
that secure solar panels to one another on the roof and onto the rails. Clamps often
vary in design in order to account for various roof and rail configurations.
3. Racking or rails are made of metal and often lie in a parallel configuration on the
roof for the panels to lie on. It is important that the rails are level enough for the
panels to be evenly mounted.
4. Mounts attach the rails and the entire array to the surface of the roof. These mounts
are often L brackets that are bolted through flashing and into the rafters of the roof.
Mounts vary in design due to the wide range of roof configurations and materials.
5. Flashings are a durable metal plate that provide a water resistant seal between the
mounts and roof surface. Oftentimes, caulk is used to seal the flashing to the roof
and it resembles a metal roof shingle.
6. DC/AC wiring for inverters connect wires between panels and into a micro inverter
or string inverter. No cables should touch the roof surface or hang from the array to
avoid weathering and the deterioration of cables.
7. Micro inverters are mounted to the bottom of the panel and convert DC power from
the panels into AC power that can be sent into the grid. Micro inverters allow for
the optimization of each panel when shading occurs and can provide specific data
from individual panels.

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COST
 As more people choose solar energy, hearing of solar panel installation around us is
becoming more prevalent. Due to its uniqueness from the conventional systems, you can
expect the difference in skill and cost required to handle it. Issues like low performance,
shadow problems, or breakdowns are very common and need solar panel experts to fix
them.

To understand better the installation process and solar panel cost in India, we need to
get some insights first.

What Is A Solar Panel System?

A solar panel system can be of two major types based on your requirements and location.

• Solar Panel with Battery (Off-Grid Solar System)

• Solar Panel without Battery (On-Grid Solar System)

A complete solar panel system, also known as a solar energy system, consists of 4 key
components.

1. Solar panel: It is the board type structure with grids that you usually see on rooftops. It
is the main component that converts the energy from the sun into electricity.

2. Solar inverter: It converts the Direct Current (DC) generated by the panel into
Alternating Current (AC).

3. Solar battery: It stores the energy generated from the sun and utilizes it when the grid
turns off.

4. Panel stand: It is a basic metal structure usually made of galvanized iron. It holds
the panels firm at a certain angle and protects them from getting blown away by
the wind. and other solar panel installation accessories.

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What Are The Key Installation Accessories?

There are several minor and major accessories required for a solar panel
installation.

• DC wire: A PVC coated wire with configurations - less than 3kW and a Cable Tray
of 3kW and above.
• AC wire: It connects the inverter with grid power and home load.
• DCDB: It protects the panels from the DC side and can be placed with an off-grid
solar inverter or a grid-tie solar inverter.
• ACDB: It takes care of the AC side and is usually used with a grid-tie solar inverter.
• MC4 connectors: Required to connect DC wire with the panels. It is the most
critical component among these accessories.
• Lightning Arrester (LA): It protects the solar panels and connected appliances from
lightning. You can use it with both off-grid as well as a grid-tie solar inverter.

• Earthing kit:
1. 1kW to 3kW: It is done with two earthing. One is for Inverter, and the second one
is for LA.
2. Above 3kW: It is supported by three earthing. Here, the extra one is for PV
modules.

Solar panel installation costs in India, 2021

The current rate of solar panel installation is approx. Rs. 7 per watt. Now
depending on their size, let's see how much solar panels cost.

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Solar Panel System Size Cost in Rs

1KW 7,000
2KW 14,000
3KW 21,000
4KW 28,000
5KW 35,000
6KW 42,000
7KW 49,000
8KW 56,000
9KW 63,000
10KW 70,000

According to solar panel experts, if the initial solar panel installation is done correctly, it can
improve its lifespan to enjoy long-term benefits. Thus always contact professional solar panel
installers. With a dedicated team of 50 technical personnel, Waaree Solar provides you with all
kinds of solar panel installation and maintenance. For additional safety, you can also opt for our
annual maintenance plans available at reasonable costs.

NET-METERING MECHANISM

Main article: Net metering

This is an arrangement for grid connected solar power systems. In this mechanism, the excess
solar power generated is exported to the electricity grid. The consumer gets credit for the amount
of power exported. At the end of the billing cycle, the consumer is charged for the net or
difference of power imported and power exported to the electricity grid.[15] Hence the name, net-
metering.
A key point to note here is that there is no sale of solar power in this mechanism.
The exported kWh are only used to adjust the imported kWh prior to the bill
calculation.

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ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

1. Renewable Energy Source
Among all the benefits of solar panels, the most important thing is that solar energy
is a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas of the world and
is available every day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some of the other
sources of energy.

Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun, therefore sunlight will be
available to us for at least 5 billion years when according to scientists the sun is going
to die.

2. Reduces Electricity Bills

Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your solar
system has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your
bill will be dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or
heat usage.
For example, if you are a business using commercial solar panels this
switch can have huge benefits because the large system size can cover large
chunks of your energy bills.

Moreover, not only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but there is also a
possibility to receive payments for the surplus energy that you export back

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to the grid through the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG). If you generate more
electricity than you use (considering that your solar panel system is connected
to the grid).

3. Diverse Applications
Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can generate electricity
(photovoltaics) or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to
produce electricity in areas without access to the energy grid, to distil water
in regions with limited clean water supplies and to power satellites in space.

Solar energy can also be integrated into the materials used for buildings.
Not long ago Sharp introduced transparent solar energy windows.

4. Low Maintenance Costs

Solar energy systems generally don’t require a lot of maintenance. You
only need to keep them relatively clean, so cleaning them a couple of times
per year will do the job. If in doubt, you can always rely on specialised cleaning
companies, which offer this service from around £25-£35.

Most reliable solar panel manufacturers offer 20-25 years warranty.

Also, as there are no moving parts, there is no wear and tear. The inverter is usually
the only part that needs to be changed after 5-10 years because it is continuously
working to convert solar energy into electricity and heat (solar PV vs. solar thermal).
Apart from the inverter, the cables also need maintenance to ensure your solar
power system runs at maximum efficiency.

So, after covering the initial cost of the solar system, you can expect very little
spending on maintenance and repair work.

5. Technology Development
Technology in the solar power industry is constantly advancing and improvements
will intensify in the future. Innovations in quantum physics and nanotechnology can
potentially increase the effectiveness of solar panels and double, or even triple, the
electrical input of the solar power systems.

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DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

1. Cost
The initial cost of purchasing a solar system is fairly high. This includes paying for
solar panels, inverter, batteries, wiring, and the installation. Nevertheless, solar
technologies are constantly developing, so it is safe to assume that prices will go
down in the future.

2. Weather-Dependent
Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and rainy days, the
efficiency of the solar system drops. Solar panels are dependent on sunlight to
effectively gather solar energy. Therefore, a few cloudy, rainy days can have a
noticeable effect on the energy system. You should also take into account that solar
energy cannot be collected during the night.

On the other hand, if you also require your water heating solution to work at night
or during wintertime, thermodynamic panels are an alternative to consider.

3. Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive

Solar energy has to be used right away, or it can be stored in large batteries. These
batteries, used in off-the-grid solar systems, can be charged during the day so that
the energy is used at night. This is a good solution for using solar energy all day long
but it is also quite expensive.

In most cases, it is smarter to just use solar energy during the day and take energy
from the grid during the night (you can only do this if your system is connected to
the grid). Luckily your energy demand is usually higher during the day so you can
meet most of it with solar energy.

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4. Uses a Lot of Space

The more electricity you want to produce, the more solar panels you will need, as
you want to collect as much sunlight as possible. Solar PV panels require a lot of
space and some roofs are not big enough to fit the number of solar panels that you
would like to have.

An alternative is to install some of the panels in your yard but they need to have
access to sunlight. If you don’t have the space for all the panels that you wanted,
you can opt for installing fewer to still satisfy some of your energy needs.

5. Associated with Pollution

Although pollution related to solar energy systems is far less compared to other
sources of energy, solar energy can be associated with pollution. Transportation and
installation of solar systems have been associated with the emission of greenhouse
gases.

There are also some toxic materials and hazardous products used during the
manufacturing process of solar photovoltaic systems, which can indirectly affect
the environment.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL

Efficiency
Solar Cell Type Advantages Disadvantages
Rate
High efficiency rate;
Monocrystalline Solar optimised for
~20% Expensive
Panels (Mono-SI) commercial use; high
life-time value
Sensitive to high
Polycrystalline Solar temperatures; lower
~15% Lower price
Panels (p-Si) lifespan & slightly less
space efficiency

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Relatively low costs;Easy to

Thin film: Amorphous silicon -7-10% produce & Flexible Shorter Warranties & Lifespan
solar panels (A-SI)

Very high performance & Solar Tracker & cooling System

Concentrated PV Cell (CVP) -41% efficiency rate needed (to reach high efficiency
Rate )

Distinguishing between different types of solar panels often means differentiating

between single-junctions and multi-junctions solar panels—or first, second, or third
generations. Single-junction and multi-junctions differ in the number of layers on the
solar panel that will observe the sunlight, whereas the classification by generation
focusses on the materials and efficiency of the different types of solar panels.

1st Generation Solar Panels

These are the traditional types of solar panels made of monocrystalline silicon or
polysilicon and are most commonly used in conventional surroundings.

Monocrystalline Solar Panels (Mono-SI)

This type of solar panels (made of monocrystalline silicon)

is the purest one. You can easily recognise them from the uniform dark look and the
rounded edges. The silicon’s high purity causes this type of solar panel has one of the
highest efficiency rates, with the newest ones reaching above 20%.

Monocrystalline panels have a high power output, occupy less space, and last the longest.
Of course, that also means they are the most expensive of the bunch.

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Another advantage to consider is that they tend to be slightly less affected by high
temperatures compared to polycrystalline panels.
Polycrystalline Solar Panels (Poly-SI)

You can quickly distinguish these panels because this type of solar panels has squares, its
angles are not cut, and it has a blue, speckled look. They are made by melting raw
silicon, which is a faster and cheaper process than that used for monocrystalline panels.

This leads to a lower final price but also lower efficiency (around 15%), lower space
efficiency, and a shorter lifespan since they are affected by hot temperatures to a greater
degree. However, the differences between mono- and polycrystalline types of solar panels
are not so significant and the choice will strongly depend on your specific situation. The
first option offers a slightly higher space efficiency at a slightly higher price but power
outputs are basically the same.

2nd Generation Solar Panels

These cells are different types of thin film solar cells and are mainly used for photovoltaic
power stations, integrated in buildings or smaller solar systems.

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Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC)

If you are looking for a less expensive option, you might want to look into thin-film.
Thin-film solar panels are manufactured by placing one or more films of photovoltaic
material (such as silicon, cadmium or copper) onto a substrate. These types of solar panels
are the easiest to produce and economies of scale make them cheaper than the
alternatives due to less material being needed for its production.

They are also flexible—which opens a lot of opportunities for alternative

applications—and is less affected by high temperatures. The main issue is that they take
up a lot of space, generally making them unsuitable for residential installations.
Moreover, they carry the shortest warranties because their lifespan is shorter than the
mono- and polycrystalline types of solar panels. However, they can be a good option to
choose among the different types of solar panels where a lot of space is available.

Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell (A-Si)

Have you ever used a solar powered pocket calculator? Yes? Then you have definitely
seen these types of solar panels before. The amorphous silicon solar cell is among the
different types of solar panels, the one that is used mainly in such pocket calculators. This
type of solar panel uses a triple layered technology, which is the best of the thin film
variety.

Just to give a brief impression of what “thin” means, in this case, we’re talking about a
thickness of 1 micrometre (one millionth of a metre). With only
7% efficiency rate, these cells are less effective than crystalline silicon ones—that have an
efficiency rate of circa 18%—but the advantage is the fact that the A-SiCells are relatively
low in cost.

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3rd Generation Solar Panels

3rd generation solar panels include a variety of thin film technologies but most of them are
still in the research or development phase. Some of them generate electricity by using
organic materials, others use inorganic substances (CdTe for instance).

Biohybrid Solar Cell

The Biohybrid solar cell is one of the types of solar panels, that is still in the research
phase. It has been discovered by an expert team at Vanderbilt University. The idea behind
the new technology is to take advantage of the photosystem 1 and thus emulate the
natural process of photosynthesis. In case you want to learn more about how the
biohybrid solar cell works in detail, read more about it in the American Journal of
Optics and Photonics. It explains more detailed how these cells work. Many of the
materials being used in this cell are similar to the traditional methods, but only by
combining the multiple layers of photosystem 1, the conversion from chemical to
electrical energy becomes much more effective (up to 1000 times more efficient than 1st
generation types of solar panels).

Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell (CdTe)

Among the collection of different types of solar panels, this photovoltaic technique uses
Cadmium Telluride, which enables the production of solar cells at relatively low cost
and thus a shorter payback time (less than a year). Of all solar energy technologies, this
is the one requiring the least amount of water for production. Keeping the short energy
payback time in mind, CdTe solar cells will keep your carbon footprint as low as
possible. The only disadvantage of using Cadmium Telluride is its characteristic of being
toxic, if ingested or inhaled. In Europe especially, this is one of the greatest barriers to
overcome, as many people are very concerned about using the technology behind this type
of solar panel.

Concentrated PV Cell (CVP and HCVP)

Concentrated PV cells generate electrical energy just as conventional photovoltaic systems
do. Those multi-junction types of solar panels have an efficiency rate up to 41%, which,
among all photovoltaic systems, is the highest so far.

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The name of such CVP cells is related to what makes them so efficient, compared to other
types of solar panels: curved mirror surfaces, lenses and sometimes even cooling
systems are used to bundle the sun rays and thus increase their efficiency.

By this means, CVP cells have become one of the most efficient solar panels, with a
high performance and efficiency rate of up to 41%. What remains is the fact, that such
CVP solar panels can only be as efficient if they face the sun in a perfect angle. In order to

reach such high efficiency rates, a solar tracker inside the solar panel is responsible for
following the sun.

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CONCLUSION
The purpose of this project was to improve the college entrance fountain
and to give it a unique look. The fountain that was old and damaged
before that’s why we decided to remark it and also make it something
new. And then we discussed with our project guide. The main aim to
choose this project was to learn about plumbing, motor function, motor
connection other lights connection their display. The project also helped
to know about solar automatic sensor which we learned and handled
firstly time. The learned that how it works and sense the signal. This
project also taught us that how to work with team also how to treat with
each other. Actually we understand the responsibility. We really loved to
handle learning of open well motor.
We also enjoyed the painting of fountain and decoration of fountain. And
finally we touched to success of project and completed it.

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REFERENCES

1. ^ Armstrong, Robert (12 November 2014). "The Case for Solar Energy Parking
Lots". Absolute Steel. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Photovoltaic power generation in the buildings. Building
integrated photovoltaic–BIPV" (PDF). bef-de.org. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
3. ^ "Energy Resources and Resource Criteria". greenip.org. Archived from the
original on 2013-08-28. Retrieved 2011-06-20.

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