Standard Graphs and

BASIC MATHEMATICS Straight line

A
Circle
their Equations
Parabola
y
Ellipse
x2 y2
y y + =1
a2 b2
x² + y² = a²
y = mx b
o a
Trigonometry x y = kx² x

θ
o x
a a = semi major axis
• Angle : The angle covered by the Coordinate Geometry b = semi minor axis
revolving line OP is θ = ∠ POX P
1° = 60′ (minute) ; 1′ = 60′′ (second)
• Origin : Any fixed point from which all Differentiation Integration
measurements are taken from this.
180°
• Physical Meaning of dy
⇒ 1 rad = ≈ 57.3° • Axis : Any fixed direction passing
π θ If I is the integration of f(x) with
⇒ Angle θ° to Radian multiply it by
π
. O X through origin. y
x dx respect to x then I = ∫ f(x)dx
180°
180° y y
(x,y) (i) The ratio of small change in the • Main Formulae of Integration :
⇒ Angle Radian to θ° multiplying it by . function y and the variable x is
π • Distance Formula : origin x xn+1
x called the average rate of change n
• Trigonometrical Ratios : d = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2
(0,0)
y w.r.t. x.
1. ∫ x dx = n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1
Y
P MP B OM P ∆y ∆y dy
sin θ = =
H OP
cos θ = =
H OP In 3-d (space) – d = 2 2
(x 2 − x1 ) + (y 2 − y1 ) + (z 2 − z1 ) 2 (ii) When ∆x → 0. The limiting value of
∆x
is lim
∆x →∞ ∆x
=
dx
2. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c, c = constant
90°
X θ y y = F(x)
P MP
tan θ = =
B OM
cot θ = = O M X • Slope of a linen :
y B(x2,y2) 3. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
B OM P MP y2 • Main Formulas of Differentiation
(x1,y1) θ ∆y 1 y
H OP H OP Y d
sec θ = =
B OM
cosec θ = =
P MP m = tan θ =
∆y y 2 − y1
=
y1 1. (K) = 0 K = constant
4. ∫ x dx = loge x + c
∆x dx
∆x x 2 − x1
⇒ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ; 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 ; 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ x x x
x1 x2 5. ∫e dx = e x + c x=a x=b
d dU
2. (KU) = K [U is a function of x] x
• Table : Trigonometry Standard angles dx dx • Define Integrals : dx
from 0° to 180° b
• Important Formulae of Differentiation : d dU dV dW d b
• Four Quadrans and ASTC Rule : 3.
dx
(U ± V ± W ) = ±
dx dx
±
dx
(f(x)) = f ′(x) ∫ f ′(x)dx = f(x) a
90° If dx then a
In Ist quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. d d d 1
⇒ (sin x) = cos x ⇒ (cos x) = − sin x (#) (loge x) = where U, V and W are functions of x.
II quadrant
nd
Ist quadrant dx dx dx x is called definite integral.
⇒ In IInd quadrant, only sin θ and cosec θ are positive. sin All 0°
180° 360° d dV dV • Area Under Curve :
d d d x 4. (UV) = U +V
⇒ In IIIrd quadrant, only tan θ and cot θ are positive. tan cos
⇒ (tan x) = sec 2 x ⇒ (cot x) = −cosec 2 x (#) (e ) = e x dx dx dx b
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant dx dx dx ∫ f(x)dx = Shaded area between curve and x-axis.
⇒ In IVth quadrant, only cos θ and sec θ are positive. a
270°
d d ax dU dV
⇒ (cosec x) = −cosec x cat x (#) (e ) = ae x V −U
• Important trigonometric formula : d U
dx dx 5.   = dx 2 dx
Angle ( ) 0 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° dx  V  V
n(n − 1)x 2
1 1 3 3 1 1 y (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + + .....
sin 0 1 0 B d n 2 ×1
2 2 2 2 2 2 Maxima 6. (x ) = nxn−1
dx • Logarithm Main Formulae :
3 1 1 1 1 3
cos 1
2 2
0
2 2
–1 • Concept of Maxima and Minima
2 2 log mn = log m + log n log mn = n log m
1 1 m
tan 0
3
1 3 (not defined) 3 –1
3
0  dy d2 y  A minima log = logm − logn loge m = 2.303 log10 m
⇒ Condition for minima :  = 0 and > 0  x n
 dx dx 2  b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
• Range of trigonometric functions : x1 = x2 = • Arithmetic Progression (AP) :
P gives 2a and 2a (AP) = a + a + d + a + 2d + .... + a + (n – 1)d
⇒ sin θ = and P ≤ H
H  dy d2 y 
⇒ Condition for maxima :  = 0 and < 0  ⇒ b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 For real roots. where a = first term d = common difference
So, −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 H  dx dx 2 
P ⇒ Sum of n term’s Sn = n [2a + (n − 1)d] = n [a + nth term]
⇒ b – 4ac < 0 For Imaginary roots.
2 2 2
B θ
⇒ cos θ = and B ≤ H, So − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 (i) Sum of first n natural number’s — Sn = n(n + 1) ;
H B • Binomial Expression : 2
Algebra An algebraic expression having two n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
P (ii) Sum of squares of first n → S =
⇒ tan θ = So, − ∞ < tan θ < ∞ n2 6
B • Quadratic Equation and its Solutions : terms only.Lorem ipsum
• Small Angle Approximation : • Geometric Progression (GP)
An algebraic equation of 2nd order is called a Example : (a + b), (a + b)4, (2x– 3y)2 etc. (GP) = a, ar, ar2, ar3 ....... arn–1; a = first term, r = common ratio
quadratic equation. Equation = ax2 + bx + c = 0
If θ is small (θ < 45°) • Binomial Theorem : n
2 Sum of n terms → Sn = a(1 − r ) ; For 0 ≤ | r | < 1
−b ± b − 4ac n(n − 1) n−2 2 1− r
sin θ ≈ θ; cos ≈ 1 and tan θ ≈ θ a b + ....
General Solu�on ⇒ X = 2a (a + b)n = an + nan–1 b′ + 2 × 1 Sum of ∞ terms S∞ = a
1− r

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