Cover note

Signposting of the portfolio:

Python tools for optimizing power networks, simulation models for temperature control systems, and gauge
readings are major and potentially difficult issues. An important issue for any industry is to meet its energy
needs in the fastest way. However, energy portfolio management should be done simultaneously: reducing
costs, managing the associated risk, and increasing the complexity of management, meeting demand. There
are many occasions, different methods and tools that can be used in literature which are often of concern in
these aspects. An important factor to consider when generating electricity on a nation-wide grid-iron scale is
the computation of world power movement, and in specific the maximum energy stream. Honeywell's One
Wireless Gauge Reader wirelessly displays physical gauge readings since active dial gauges, helping
operatives to study criticisms. As a result, the expression and analytical power of the engineer's existing
toolkit has greatly increased, and we are able to significantly increase our confidence in the assurance
provided by the software. A mixed integer programming model has been introduced to optimize the power
networks portfolio of large users. Here we have a network, which uses distributed generation, and checks
that using multi-purpose optimization from evolutionary computing methods, high-performance
configuration How to improve the network in terms of transmission, transmission line capacity.

A general analytical approach of temperature within a PI controller and conserving cavity is proposed, using
a MATLB / simulation environment.

The findings were contrasted with mathematical values analysed using a sideband diagram standard for on-
off self-control of devices.

Critical demonstration of appropriateness of tools:

The conditions expressed by assertion blocks range in complexity from simple bounds checks to more
rigorous and complex expressions. The use of assertion blocks provides important documentation of
properties that we believe to be true about our Simulink and python models. Here we discussed the three
problems which we have solved which are the optimization of power network which is a very critical issue
and here we have discussed another issue of the Simulink model for temperature control system which have to
make a temperature control system which we have modelled in MATLAB-Simulink. And the third one is to make
a tool of gauge reader in python language.
 Optimisation of Power Networks

Introduction:

This work out investigates a workable way to deal with the formation of huge-range electric energy
networks, such as the creation of a countrywide network, using an evolutionary calculating methodology,
which is applied in intricate techniques research. Used first, such as emerging calculations and the dynamic
range of complicated networks. For example, considering systems that exhibit complexity requires the study
of systems and the formation of harmony between their structures, and theories of the evolutionary process.
The main difficulty in the structural design of national grid webs is the calculation of the maximum current
flow of power flow and alternative power (AC) power and this calculation is at the base of unbiased system
operator power flea market.

Background:

The Plexos tool has been added to provide virtualization of both OPF and financial markets, specifically
providing unit affiliation (makers must be second-hand, their working structures such as slope up time as
well as control Production and operating charges), fiscal notice (which creators will use to happen claim
from a cost point of view), programme analysis (fatalities, bottleneck) and advert marketplace operations. It
additionally estimates CO2 discharges. Missing load capacity is the limit price above which we prefer to
turn off the load, while the discharge power price is the price below which we prefer to turn off the
generator, and with the market auction it also plays an important role in the ratio used. Creative losses are
also considered within the curl through approximate linear programming.

Methodology:

MOOEA used here is a multipurpose heritable process that adopts its own regulator strictures applied in
Java, in which the period personality-adaptation is manipulated in the meaning of Ebben et al. After Beck's
work, to define the control parameters that were coded into the objective representation of the objective
functions (the main parameters) as well as the problem definition parameters as well as the inside symbol of
each contender's key, associated with changing the control parameters. With important considerations due to
modification and edge. This is quite separate from the strategy of adaptive self-control issues because in this
case the population is excited computationally by some comments at a better GA level sooner than the
subordinate point of each explanation.

Results:

A few statistics in the type of similarity manages (|| -commands) are obtained, a technique originally
introduced by Anselberg and later used in engineering design optimization in which all aspects are parallel
to each other. Thus, converting a non-dimensional point to a two-dimensional line that corresponds to the
values in each measurement. This technique makes it possible to plot highly multidimensional data uniquely,
not including failure of info, in which case the layout area of each explanation, 72 variable quantity are
calculated with the results of their 4 objective functions.

Figure 3. || - Cylinder Diagram for R008 displaying all 72 variants and 4 OFs

Discussion:

Subsequent attempts were made to improve the flow capacity of the DG units as well as all lines. In this
case, the origin of 41-line capacitance (LC) genes after the Gaussian distribution was established by
meaning and standard deviation from the first correction, with limits ranging from a bare minimum of 4 MW
to a highest of 300 MW. he is. Since the actual flux is equal to 20 to, additional stiffness is applied to the
total flux capacity. Figure reveals the remote answer that has the best results for use with the purpose of
vacuum as POIs are circled and counted. Points 1 and 2 show that there are both low and high values in line
for the identical elevated-performance result, signalling that this is not a crucial trail. Its previous LC was set
at 130MW, which implies it could be better at a drop price, even if more do research is needed.

Conclusion:

It gets been displayed that this system, use up MOOEA by Plexos studying the results in a multidimensional
way, can be employed to support the construct of complex structures in terms of maximum transmission line
flow capabilities, allowing for an optimisation method. to determine the highest tidy rate with DG unit types
և positions. It also shows that this method can be used to help determine network location in terms of bus-
to-bus communication, at least by describing the best և worst transmission lines, և thus communication.
 Simulink model for temperature control system

Introduction and Background:

Despite the continuous progress of control theory and the development of modern control strategies,
proportional, mandatory derivative (PID) management algorithms are still widely used in industrial process
management systems. It has been reported that 98% of management in the paper-controlled paper industry is
regulated by proportional mandatory regulators. In addition, more than 95 controllers allegedly used in
process management software are of the PID type. PID controllers have been used for industrial processes
due to their simplicity and durability. Therefore, it becomes impractical. Therefore, automatic adjustment
methods have been developed to explain the parameters of this control unit. It has an automatic control
button, this button calculates the PID settings և passes them to the control unit. In a ground source heat
pump, heat is extracted from a perforated hole and transferred to a cooling medium through a heat exchanger
called a steam exchanger.

Methodology:

In this section, we propose a simulation model that allows the PI controller to control the temperature in the
cooling cavity. The PID block derivative parameter is setting to 0. The compressor is formed by means of a
shift operating with an error value. If this value is 0, the switch will take a value of 0. this suggests that the
compressor has stopped up.

If Not, it requires 1, which is equivalent to running the compressor. Consequently, if the indoor air high
temperature achieves the required temperature, the compressor will stop.

Discussion:

The results are obtained from the output of a pre-designed heat exchanger's Simulink model. As an input we
gave the anti-flow experience test values and as an output we can see how the heat exchanger is behaving in
terms of the given inputs and the control loop system. The simulation model of the system matched well
with the data collected from the original plant. The model should be well identified to get the best
performance from the controllers. To simplify the determination procedure, the ambient temperature of the
system is neglected. Oscillations due to ambient temperature will be the worst case for model determination.
It causes errors or loss of function and final prediction error for different models.

Results:

This was estimated from indoor air temperature results for the Bond graph model, which vary according to
the compressor's rhythm. When the temperature achieves 8.5 ° C, when the temperature drops to 5 ° C, the
compressor becomes on-off. Therefore, the PI controller enables approximately 63.15% energy savings
compared to a traditional on-off controller. Similarly, GPC approach adopted 86.48% energy saving.

Conclusion:
MATLAB/Simulink established real timetable temperature organisation is offered. A PID-cantered
identification card is used sandwiched between the rotisserie and the supercomputer. The annoying standard
PI, PI, and ISTE standard PI systems are utilized for the phase response of Ziegler-Nichol to control the
furnace. The three differences for set points apply to 80 ° C, 100°C, and 120°C. These procedures were first
rejected with a PET-based card using the MATLAB-SIMULINK simulation software. The relay method
gives the best reaction between all devices for together PI controller incubators and experimentations.
 Python Tool for gauge reading

Introduction and Background:

This typical program takes an image or frame on an analogue scale և reads its value using computer vision.
It consists of two parts: measurement և measurement. During the calibration, the user gives the application
a scale image for calibration, this indicates that the user has entered several values in degrees. It then uses
these calibrated values in the measurement phase to convert the disk angle to a meaningful value. This is a
Python script that uses OpenCV to read analogue measuring needles from a video and to map a linear scale.
It was written for a specific video of a red needle temperature gauge on a white background, but it can be
adapted to other gauges. Takes an input argument, file to read. On the Posix system, the camera device
should work, but you must stop reading the video and start mapping values at some point.

Methodology:
Take a picture of the gauge or use the provided gauge 1.jpg. If you name it other than Gauge - 1.jpg, be sure
to change it to the main () function. Run the application as analog reader and enter its values, set the values
using input gauge - # - calibration.jpg. Here is an example of what a calibration image looks like

gauge reader

For the calibration image above, you would enter in the following values:

Min angle (Lowest possible angle of dial) – in degrees: 45

Max angle (highest possible angle) – in degrees: 315

Min value: 0

Max value: 200

Enter Units: psi which implies that: Current reading: 16.3660965493 psi

The main functions used in the Open CV * library are Huff Circles (to determine the outline of the gauge
and center point) and Huff Lines (to locate the dial).

Basic filtering is done as follows: For circles.

  only return circles from Hough Circles that are within reasonable range of the image height (this
assumes the gauge takes up most of the view).
 average the resulting circles and use the average for the center point and radius For lines (this
happens in get_current_value ())
 apply a threshold using cv2.threshold. and cv2.THRESH_BINARY_INV with threshold of 175 and
maxValue of 255 work fine.
 eliminate all line-ups in front of a given radius.
 check if a line is within an acceptable range of the radius.
 use the first acceptable line as the dial.

Discussion and Results:

If you are struggling to get your gauge to work, here are some tips:

 Good lighting is key. Make sure there are no shadows if possible.

 Gauges with very thin or small dials may not work well, thicker dials work better.
 diff1LowerBound, diff1UpperBound, diff2LowerBound, diff2UpperBound determine the filtering of
lines that do not represent the dial. You may need to adjust this if it is not returning any lines found.

There is a lot of trigonometry involved in creating calibration images, mainly sine and cosine to produce
calibration image lines and architectures to get the angle of the dial. Therefore, this process assumes that the
gauge is aligned in the image, but the value of 9 can be adjusted by changing it to something else.

Conclusion:
This program is a sample program. It is not intended to be designed or used for any medical, lifesaving or
life-sustaining system, transportation system, nuclear system, or any other indispensable application in
which serious injury or death may occur due to system failure, and the program cannot be fully tested and
may contain Errors or errors. It may not be intended or suitable for commercial version. No official approval
has been obtained for the software, and therefore the software cannot be approved for use in certain
countries or environments.

References:
[1] W. L. Bialkowski, “Control of the Pulp and Paper Making Process” The Control Handbook (CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL, USA), 1996, pp. 1219- 1242.

[2] K. J. Åström, and T. Haägglund, “PID Controllers: Theory, Design and Tuning” Triangle Park, NC, USA, 2nd
Edition,1995.

[3] C. Hwang, and J. H. Hwang, “Stabilisation of first-order plus dead-time unstable processes using PID controllers”,
IEE Proc.- Control Theory Appl., Vol. 151, No. 1, January 2004.

[4] E. D. Bolat, K. Erkan, S. Postalcıoğlu, “Microcontroller Based Temperature Control of Oven Using Different Kinds
of Autotuning PID Methods” AI 2005, LNAI 3809, 2005, pp. 1295-1300.

[5] K., J. Åström, B. Wittenmark, Adaptive Control Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., ISBN 0-201-55866-1
USA, 1995, ch. 8.

[6] M. Zhuang, D. P. Atherton, “Automatic Tuning of Optimum PID Controllers”, IEE Proceedings, Vol. 140, No. 3.
1993.

[7] A. S. McCormack, K. R. Godfrey, “Rule-Based Autotuning Based on Frequency Domain Identification” IEEE
transactions on control systems technology, vol. 6, no. 1., 1998.