MELAKA 2020

ESSAY BIOLOGY
 WAYS TO IMPROVE HEALTHY BONE (LIFESTYLE & EATING HABIT)
QUESTION 6

taking adequate
do regular
amount of calcium
exercise to
and phosphorus
(to increase bone
(to form stronger
mass)
bone)

practice a good
High intake of
body posture
vitamin D
(to avoid
(for absorption of
musculoskeletal
calcium and
disease)
phosphorus)

take appropriate
precautions sufficient intake
during vigorous of vitamin C
activities (to increase bone
mass)
4 MARKS

ADAPTATIONS OF FISH TO MOVE IN WATER

sleek and streamlined

body shape
(to reduce water
resistance)
overlapping scales
which face backwards
(to reduce water
resistance)
slimy coatings
(to minimise fictional
drag and to maintian
smooth flow of water
over the body)
flexible vertebral column, can
be moved side by side by
contraction and relaxation of
the myotome muscle
(to produce forward thrust)
have swim bladders to
help maintain buoyancy
in water
pelvic fin= prevent pitching broad and big caudal fin
dorsal and ventral fin= prevent to control direction of
yawing and rolling fish and produce
pectoral fin= acts as breakers forward thrust
and rudders 6 MARKS
 WAYS TO TAKE CARE FOR THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM FOR MSD PATIENT

HAVING A GOOD
BODY POSTURE
WHY? ALWAYS WEAR FLAT SHOES
because bad posture can WHY?
cause tiredness and worse high heels make the body lean
backaches forward and causes pressure
on the spine and knee joint.
WEARING PROPER ATTIRE
WHY?
tight clothing can restrict
blood circulation
WARM UP BEFORE DOING
VIGOROUS ACTIVITIES
WHY?
to increase muscle mass
TAKE A BALANCED DIET
WHY?
to delay osteoporosis

10 MARKS

QUESTION 7 IMBALANCE GROWTH HORMONE (X HORMONE)

OVER SECRETION
UNDER SECRETION
● experience gigantism during
● experience dwarfism childhood
● caused by ● experience akromegali
undersecretion of during adulthood
growth hormone (a condition in which hand
bones,feets, jaws thickens and
● organ often fail to to
tissue enlarges)
grow
● they grow abnormally tall
● cause body is like
● caused by oversecretion of
that of a child
growth hormone
● this cause abnormal increase
in length of bone

4 MARKS
 REGULATIONS OF BODY TEMPERATURE DURING HOT DAYS 10 MARKS

THERMOREGULATORY
BODY THERMORECEPTOR THERMORECEPTOR CENTRE IN
TEMPERATURE IN HYPOTHALAMUS IN SKIN ALSO HYPOTHALAMUS SEND
RISE ABOVE 37C DETECT CHANGES DETECT CHANGES NERVE IMPULSES TO
EFFECTOR

SMOOTH
MUSCLES SWEAT ERECTOR SKELETAL ADRENAL
GLANDS MUSCLE MUSCLES GLAND
-Vasodilation &THYROID
occur -it secrete -relax and -not stimulated GLAND
sweat onto lower skin and shivering
-Increase amount surface of skin hairs does not occur -less stimulated
of blood flow
through skin -Heat is lost to -less adrenaline
-warm air is
and thyroxine
surrounding not trapped
-Increase amount when sweat and can be
of heat radiate -low metabolic
evaporates free to escape
via skin rate

REGULATIONS OF HIGH BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

LIVER CELLS
- Use glucose for respirations
- convert excess glucose to
glycogen
● When ● B-cell of the - store excess glucose as
blood islets of glycogen
sugar level Langerhans in
pancreas
is above secrete MUSCLES CELLS
average insulins into - use glucose for respiration
(17-110 the blood and - convert glucose to glycogen
mg/100ml) stimulates - store glycogen and build protein

ADIPOSE TISSUE
- use glucose for respiration
Normal blood - use glucose to form fat
glucose
6 MARKS
 IMPORTANCE OF HAVING A BALANCED DIET TO A DIABETIC PATIENT
QUESTION 8
increase the intake of
reduce the intake of vegetables and fruits to
carbohydrate (to promote peristalsis,
(to control glucose avoid constipation, and
level in blood) enable quick recovery)

ensure they receive

enough energy IMPORTANCE Manage body weights
(for daily (to reduce risk of
activities) infections)
reduce intake of
excessive saturated fat
and high cholesterol
(to reduce risk of having
cardiovascular disease:
heart attacks and
strokes) 10 MARKS

METHODS OF MILK PROCESSING SO IT LAST LONGER

PASTEURISATION ULTRA
HIGH-TEMPERATURE
● milk heated at (UHT) REFRIGERATION
63•C for 30
minutes ● heating milk to ● Milk is chilled at
● or 72•C for 15 132•C for 1 temperature
seconds second and between -2-8 •C
● then rapidly cooled ● microorganisms
cooled below immediately are not killed but
10•C ● able to kill inactive
● able killing microorganism ● by low
bacteria without without temperature
destroying destroying
nutrients nutrient content

7 MARKS
 EFFECTS OF UNPLANNED WASTE DISPOSAL ON HUMAN HEALTH FROM
QUESTION 9 GARBAGE DUMPING GROUND AND WAYS TO OVERCOME

EFFECTS

● Plastic water bottle breakdown and release harmful component and WAYS OVERCOME
seeps into soil and water bodies which will then harm animal and plants
life and also the biological chain ● Reduce the amount of
waste by only purchasing
● landfill gases such as methane gas will be released and causing and use essential products
respiratory problems, visibility problems and cancer ● Reuse products that in
good condition by donating
or selling
● flies which carries illnesses after breeding on solid waste will cause
● Recycling by doing
disease such as cholera, diarrhoea and food poisoning alternative ways to use
products
● mosquitoes find breeding grounds like water and spread disease such ● build efficient landfills
as malaria and dengue ● use incinerators in process
of burning solid waste
● rats will spread disease like Hantabirus Pulmonary Syndrome, ● use biological processing
Leptopirosis, Rat-bite Fever and Salmonellosis
10 MARKS

TYPES OF POLLUTION AND STEPS TO PREVENT THE POLLUTION

install
use of use develop
catalytic
technology unleaded hydrogen
converter in
petrol based fuel
vehicles

use renewable
energy such as
use technology
solar and
reduce burning OVERCOME AIR POLLUTION to reduce CO2
emissions from
fossil fuels
power plant

plant more clean up reduce the reduce

trees/ emissions use of methane
reforestation from power automobile- emission and
stations carpool stop open
burning 10 MARKS