J. Inst. Eng. India Ser.

C
DOI 10.1007/s40032-016-0236-y

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

Modeling of Closed-Die Forging for Estimating Forging Load

Debashish Sheth1 • Santanu Das2 • Avik Chatterjee3 • Anirban Bhattacharya4

Received: 12 May 2015 / Accepted: 20 April 2016

Ó The Institution of Engineers (India) 2016

Abstract Closed die forging is one common metal form- List of symbols
ing process used for making a range of products. Enough as Angle of inclination, or half the taper angle
load is to exert on the billet for deforming the material. b Shear angle
This forging load is dependent on work material property Dh Infinitesimal small steps of stoke
and frictional characteristics of the work material with the Dv23 Volume of metal displaced inward in zones 2
punch and die. Several researchers worked on estimation of and 3 as the die advances
forging load for specific products under different process Dv4 Volume of metal flowing towards shaft
variables. Experimental data on deformation resistance and Dvf Volume of additional upset in flange cavity
friction were used to calculate the load. In this work, the- r1 Flow stress inside zone 1
oretical estimation of forging load is made to compare this r2 Flow stress inside zone 2
value with that obtained through LS-DYNA model facili- r3 Flow stress inside deformation zone
tating the finite element analysis. Theoretical work uses r6 Flow stress inside zone 6
slab method to assess forging load for an axi-symmetric ri Flow stresses
upsetting job made of lead. Theoretical forging load esti- rn Axial stress at neutral surface
mate shows slightly higher value than the experimental rZ1 Axial stresses at zone 1
one; however, simulation shows quite close matching with rZ2 Axial stresses at zone 2
experimental forging load, indicating possibility of wide rz3 Axial stress
use of this simulation software. rz3ave Averaged axial stress at the boundary of zones
2 and 3
Keywords Metal forming  Forging  Cold forming  rz4 Axial stress distribution in the shaft due to
Closed die forging  Forging load  FEM converging flow
rz5(r=RF) Axial stress at r = RF calculated from zone 5
rzb Axial stress at the top surface of deformation
zone
ds Diameter of deformation zone
& Santanu Das f1 Friction factor at die and zone 1 interface
sdas.me@gmail.com
f2 Friction factor at dies and zone 2 interface
1
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), BHEL Site ff Friction factor at the flange
Office, Bellary TPP, Kudathini, Karnataka 583115, India f4 Friction factor at the interface of dies and zone
2
Kalyani Government Engineering College, Kalyani, 4
West Bengal 741235, India hs Thickness at a point, s
3
CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, P1 Axial load to upset zone 1
Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India P2 Forging load to upset zone 2
4
Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta Campus, Bihta, Ps Forging load to extrude the shaft
Bihar 801103, India Pt Total forging load

123
 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

Ptu Total forging load at the upsetting stage load, distribution of stress is evaluated to find out presence
rs Radius at a point, s of any unsafe stress.
Rn Radius of neutral surface

Forging of a Lead Disk with Flash

Introduction Closed-die axi-symmetric forging of lead with flash around
its periphery is considered in the present work. Different
Cold forming is a popular manufacturing process for pro- stages of deformation and their theoretical formulations are
ducing a range of mechanical components. However, for discussed in the following.
guaranteeing quality of the cold or hot formed produce,
selection of process variables and adoption of appropriate Metal Flow and Deformation Stages
design strategy play important roles [1, 2]. In closed die
forging, deformation of material occurs in non-steady state. Outline of the die cavity is shown in Fig. 1. Stages of
Plastic, non-uniform flow of material is happened amidst deformation are upsetting, filling, and end of forging [3]
interface friction. Heat evolved during deformation gets (Fig. 2). Theoretical modeling needs to simulate these
transferred to the workpiece and the tooling [3]. Forging load stages of forging. Several researchers [1, 3, 4, 17] analyzed
provides deformation in closed die forging, and it is possible stages of forging following Slab method. In this work,
to find it out analytically, empirically and experimentally [4]. estimation of forging load at different displacements of
Long back, Dietrich and Ansel [5] introduced a method
for calculation of forging pressure for magnesium work-
pieces. Some others [6] did simulation work using FEM
concerning viscoplastic forming process to obtain satis-
factory results. Neural networks algorithm was applied [7]
to determine billet size for eliminating incomplete filling of
die cavity. Elastic–plastic finite element simulation was
also applied [8] to fullering process.
Gronostajski reviewed [9] different FEM techniques and
stressed on choosing suitable model for analysis, when
plain strain forging was considered [10] with rigid plastic
element method of FEA, and hot forming of aluminium
alloy was simulated [11] with FEA by varying different
parameters. Other groups tried [12, 13] optimization of Fig. 1 Die cavity considered
influential parameters, component design and process steps
in forging.
Plain strain forging of magnesium alloy was investi-
gated in one work [14], while a classical method was used
[15] to validate calculated load required for making gear
blanks made of lead with experimental observations. FEA
was further applied [16–18] for modeling and simulation of
different forging processes. While radial forging of tube
without using a mandrel was modeled [16], numerical
simulation was done [17] by Zhang and others for forging
of differential satellite gear. FEM was also used [18] for
designing die for making forged bevel gears. Parting lines
and their effects on axi-symmetric forged parts were
explored [19] in a work, when load needed in multi-stage
forging was calculated by others [20].
In the work reported in this article, forging load is
evaluated theoretically using the Slab method, and com-
puted through finite element analysis (FEM). Validation of
the estimated values has been tried with the experimental
observation made earlier. Corresponding to the forging Fig. 2 Stages of metal flow in closed-die forging

123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

punch is first made using a computer programme using

Slab method. Δs

The Slab (or Sachs’) method [3] assumes that stresses on

a plane perpendicular to the flow act in principal stress
directions and deformation is homogenous through out Δ
different deformation zones. The workpiece material is
considered to be isotropic and incompressible. Elastic
deformation is neglected. Inertia forces are quite small, and
hence, neglected. Die is considered to be rigid. Flow
stresses, ri are assumed [3] to remain constant at the
interior portion of deformation zone I. Different deforma-
tion zones are illustrated in Figs. 3, 4 and 5.

Analysis of Stress and Load for Unit Deformation

Fig. 4 Upsetting stage during forging
Zones

Entire deformation pattern during forging may be divided

into different unit deformation zones. Forging load is
evaluated for each zone considering stress distribution to
be continuous. Calculation of stress is done at zone 4 in the

β
shaft, and zone 1 in the flange. Along neutral surface, Δ
stresses at both of its sides are to be equal. Steps of cal-
culation are undertaken [3, 4] as outlined below.

Converging or Diverging Flow in Longitudinal Direction

Converging flow of workpiece material occurs in the shaft

(zone 4) as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The load, Ps, is needed to
extrude the shaft at the top surface of the flange. For longitu-
dinal diverging flow, angle (?as) needs be replaced by (-as).
Ps ¼ prs2 k4 lnðrs =ðrs  hs tan as ÞÞ ð1Þ Fig. 5 Deformation zones and metal flow during the end stage
where,
rz4 ½f4 ð1 þ tan2 as Þ þ tan as  rz4 ¼ k4 lnððrs  z tan as Þ=ðrs  hs tan as ÞÞ, rz4 = axial
k4 ¼ 2 stress distribution in the shaft due to converging flow;
tan as
f4 = friction factor at the interface of dies and zone 4;
rs = radius at a point, s; hs = thickness at a point, s;
as = angle of inclination, or half the taper angle; z = 0, at
the top entrance to the shaft.
Δ

Parallel Flow in Longitudinal Direction

Δh
β

Parallel flow occurs in zone 3 (Figs. 3, 4) in longitudinal

direction when upward metal flow occurs by shearing along
a cylindrical surface. Axial stress, rz3, is increased towards
the lower die according to:
1
rz3 ¼ rzb þ 4r3 z ð2Þ
ð1:73ds Þ
where, rzb = axial stress at the top surface of deformation
zone; r3 = flow stress inside deformation zone; ds = di-
ameter of deformation zone; z = 0, at the top surface of
Fig. 3 Deformation zones and metal flow during filling stage deformation zone.

123
 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

Parallel Flow in Lateral Direction
Inward parallel flow occurs at the flange, inside neutral
surface, that is, zone 2. Axial stress, rz2 is evaluated as
rz2 ¼ 2r2 f2 ðr  Rs Þ=h0 þ rz3ave ð3Þ
where, r2 = flow stress inside zone 2; f2 = friction factor
at dies and zone 2 interface; rz3ave = averaged axial stress
at the boundary of zones 2 and 3.
Axial load, P2, over zone 2, is computed by:
Z Rn
P2 ¼ 2 rrz2 dr ð4Þ
Rs
where, Rn is radius of neutral surface.
Outward parallel flow occurs at the flange, outside
neutral surface (zone 1). Axial stress, rz1 is calculated as:
surface varies continuously during forging. The analysis is,
hence, done in infinitesimal small steps of stoke, Dh.
Variation of neutral diameter is neglected for small step of
stoke. Average dimensions are used over surfaces defined
by diameters D0 and D1. Considering metal flow during a
step, one can determine instantaneous workpiece geometry.
Inside neutral surface, volume of metal flowing towards
shaft, Dv4 is equal to volume displaced inward in zones 2
and 3 as the die advances by, Dv23. Thus,
Dv4 ¼ pDsðRs  Hs tanas Þ2 ð9Þ
Dv23 ¼ pR2n Dh ð10Þ
Since deformation is incompressible, volume calculated
needs be equal. Thus,
Dv23 ¼ Dv4 ð11Þ

rz1 ¼ 2r1 f1 ðR0  r Þ=h0 þ r1 ð5Þ Ds ¼ R2n Dh=ðRs  Hs tanas Þ2 ð12Þ

where, r1 = flow stress inside zone 1; f1 = friction factor Similarly,
 volume
 displaced outside neutral surface is:
at die and zone 1 interface. Dv1 ¼ p R20  R2n Dh, when Rn is radius at neutral surface.
So, axial load, P1, can be obtained from: Volume
 of additional upset in flange cavity is: Dvf ¼
Z R0 p R21  R20 h1 . Incompressibility again gives: Dvf ¼ Dv1 .
P1 ¼ 2pi rrz1 dr ð6Þ  2  1=2
R0  R2n Dh
Rn R1 ¼ þ R20 ð13Þ
h1
Converging Flow in Lateral Direction
Using Eqs. 12 and 13, geometry of workpiece at a
Outward converging flow in lateral direction is occurred in certain step of stoke can be evaluated with a known
zone 6. Axial stress, rz6, is: location of neutral surface.
rz6 ¼ k2 lnðk3 þ rk1 =ðhf0 ÞÞ=k1 þ rz5 ðr ¼ RFÞ ð7Þ
Load and Stresses at Unit Deformation Zones
where,
k1 ¼ 2 tan b At the flange, metal is extruded into shaft, and metal flow
  can be modeled. Actual flow model minimizes need of
k2 ¼ r6  k1 þ 0:577r6  2 1 þ tan2 b deformation energy. At a stage, actual flow can be
k3 ¼ h0 þ 2 tan b  RD approximated with a flow model that results in minimum
axial stress acting at the surface of the lower die cavity.
RD ¼ RF  cu = tan b
rz5(r= RF) = axial stress at r = RF calculated from zone 5; Determination of Location of Neutral Surface
r6 = flow stress inside zone 6.
Load P6 is obtained using Eq. 8. Neutral surface is the boundary between zone 1 and zone 2.
Z RD At this surface, both axial stresses, rZ1 and rZ2, are equal
P6 ¼ 2p rrz6 dr ð8Þ for r = Rn. From this condition,
RF
Rn ¼ ½r1 f1 R0 þ r2 f2 Rs þ h0 ðr1  rz3ave Þ=2=r1 f1 þ r2 f2
Upsetting Stage
ð14Þ
The Geometry of Forging during Deformation Total Forging Load for Upsetting Stage

Neutral surface is the separating surface between zones 1 Total forging load, Ptu at the upsetting stage is the sum of
and 2. As upper and lower dies come together, material loads necessary to extrude the shaft, Ps, to upset zone 1, P1,
outside neutral surface flows and increases diameter of the and to upset zone 2, P2.
forging, while material inside neutral surface flows toward
the centre and fills the shaft. Diameter of the neutral Thus; Ptu ¼ P1 þ P2 þ PS ð15Þ

123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
To determine P1, P2 and Ps at each stage of deformation,
it is necessary to know the position of neutral surface R,
forging diameter D0, height of shaft Hs, and thickness h0.
All these dimensions vary with forging stoke. At each
instant of stoke, entire load and volume relationships are
found, and results are used for next step. This procedure is
simulated in this work.
Filling Stage
Corresponding to small step of stoke Dh, additional filling
of shaft outside the neutral zone is calculated as
 
v0 ¼ Dv5 þ Dv6 þ Dv1 ¼ pDh R20  R2n ð16Þ
Because of volume constancy, displaced volume outside
of the neutral zone must be equal to the additional extruded
flash, i.e., Dv0 ¼ Dvf .
Estimation of Stress and Load
Towards periphery of flange, metal flows into flash by
shearing along a tapered surface. The position of this tapered
surface is obtained from shear angle, b (Fig. 3). Suitable value
of this angle should be such that axial stress at neutral surface,
rn becomes minimum. Then, shear angle is given by:
 
1:732ðR  1Þff 1=2
tan b ¼ 1  ð17Þ
R ln R
where, R ¼ h0 =hf 0 ff = friction factor at the flange.
Location of taper surface and neutral surface, Rn, are
determined from the condition of r = Rn and rz1 = rz2.
Thus,
   
Rn ¼ r1 f1 RD þ r2 f2 RS þ h0 rz6ðatr¼RDÞ  rz3ave =2 =
½r1 f1 þ r2 f2  ð18Þ
Stresses and loads are then calculated similarly as that of
upsetting stage. At an instance, deformation zone 1 is
eliminated, and neutral surface becomes the boundary
between zone 6 and zone 2. b is found to be 45o giving
minimum stress distribution in zone 6.
Total Forging Load in Filling Stage
Total forging load during filling is the sum of loads needed
at each deformation zone.
Pt ¼ P1 þ P2 þ P34 þ P5 þ P6 ð19Þ
End of Forging
At the end of forging, the shaft is entirely filled in (Fig. 2)
and neutral surface has moved to the centre of forging.
Excess metal is extruded into flash. Load and energy
needed help to reach final dimensions in axial direction.
This stage needs either be eliminated or minimized.
During a small forging stoke, dh, volume of displaced
metal, Dvt, is extruded into flash. Thus,
Dvt ¼ pR20 Dh ð20Þ
Volume of additional extruded flash is:
Dvf ¼ pðR21  R20 Þhf 1 ð21Þ
Keeping volume constant, Dvt ¼ Dvf , one gets
R1 ¼ ½DhR20 =hf 1 þ R20 1=2 : ð22Þ
Complete Shearing in Die Cavity
At this stage, height of flange, hf0, is such that metal flows
easily consuming less energy, forming lateral shear sur-
faces. Geometry of flow model, and shear angle, b, are
given below:

RF  
h=hf 0 ¼ 0:8 0:92 h0 =hf 0 ð23Þ
hf 0
tan b ¼ ½1  ðR  1Þ=ðRlnRÞ1=2 ð24Þ
where, R = h/hf0,H = height of shear deformation zone;
hf0 = instantaneous flash thickness.
Shearing along Tapered Surface
At this case, Eq. 23 is not satisfied. In zone 1, metal flows
by sliding at the die-material interface. Load determined
for finished forging becomes maximum forging load.
Capacity of equipment needs be selected on the basis of
this load [4].
Load–displacement curve during forging stages is
shown in Fig. 6 as obtained through simulation.
The Finite Element Analysis
Finite element analysis (FEA) of upset forging is done
using LS-DYNA software. The forged lead component is
axi-symmetric and billet size is /75 mm 9 43 mm. Ele-
ment for meshing is 2-D, 4-node solid quadrilateral ele-
ment (Plane 162) with Lagrangian material continuum.
Meshed model consists of 500 elements and 1000 nodes
(Figs. 7, 8).
Punch and die are modeled as rigid bodies. Young’s
modulus, Poisson’s ratio and density of punch and die are
17 GPa, 0.42 and 11.35 gm/cm3 respectively. Stress–strain
behaviour is assumed to follow power law plasticity model
r ¼ Kn at a temperature, and it is strain rate dependent.
123
 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

250 1

Forging load, ton

Punch Deflecon (in)

200 0.8

150 0.6

100 0.4

50 0.2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Displacement, inch Time (min)

Fig. 6 Load displacement curve from computer simulation Fig. 9 Loading curve- punch deflection in inch with time in second

Fig. 7 FEM mesh model of punch, billet and die Fig. 10 Axial stresses in the billet for punch deformation of 0.08 in

determines contact surface orientation for shell elements

Fig. 8 Model of die, punch and billet
Here, strength coefficient, K of 7000 unit, and strain
hardening index, n of 0.04 are chosen.
For die and punch, only downward translation is possi-
ble. Automatic contact option is applied between punch
(part1) and job (part2) and between job (part2) and die
(part3). Automatic contact algorithm automatically
unlike the general algorithm. In automatic contact, checks
are made regarding contact on both sides of shell elements.
Viscous damping coefficient chosen is 10.
A loading curve (as shown in Fig. 9) in terms of dis-
placement of punch in Y direction is given input for
analysis. Termination time for solution is taken 0.022 s.
Axial stress in Y direction at various stages of deforma-
tion is evaluated. At certain regions, local high stresses
are observed that are likely due to severe distortion of
elements in such region, and are safely neglected.
Adaptive meshing with Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eularian
formulation helps in easing out this hour-glassing effect.
However, it increases computational time. Average
stresses in billet at various regions are utilized to calculate
forging load at various sections. Sequential steps of
deformation along with stress distribution as obtained by
simulation are shown in Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and
16. Bird’s eye views of these steps of deformation are
shown in Fig. 17. Forging load is then calculated from
stresses. Load displacement curve obtained using FEA is
shown in Fig. 18.

123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

Fig. 11 Axial stresses in the billet for punch deformation of 0.142 in Fig. 14 Axial stresses in the billet for punch deformation of 0.68 in

Fig. 12 Axial stresses in the billet for punch deformation of 0.319 in Fig. 15 Axial stresses in the billet for punch deformation of 0.93 in

Fig. 13 Axial stresses in the billet for punch deformation of 0.5 in Fig. 16 Axial stresses in the billet for punch deformation of 1.18 in

123
 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C

Fig. 17 Bird’s eye view of deformation of the billet

250 Table 1 Error of forging load estimates

Forging load, ton

200 Displacement Experimentally % Error of % Error of forging

150 (inch) obtained theoretical load estimate
forging load forging load through LS-
100
(ton) estimate DYNA
50
0.1 17 35.3 5.9
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0.2 19 42.1 5.3
Displacement, inch 0.3 21 66.7 4.8
0.4 24 79.2 4.2
Fig. 18 Load displacement curve using LS-DYNA code
0.5 27 103.7 3.7
0.6 38 57.9 5.3
Results and Discussion
0.7 63 17.5 3.2
Results obtained using Slab method and finite element 0.8 146 23.3 2.7
analysis with LS-DYNA software are compared with the 0.9 232 7.8 1.3
experimental observation as reported by Altan and Fior-
entino [4], and are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 19. Experi- values. This may be due to the assumptions taken while
ments were done on forging of lead samples of 75 mm evaluating forging load using Slab method. Although uni-
diameter 9 43 mm height within lubricated dies with form, constant friction factor is assumed, practically, fric-
machine oil at room temperature. A constant, uniform tion factor varies during deformation and along die-
friction factor of 0.1 is assumed. It can be seen from workpiece interface. Results of the developed program
Table 1 and Fig. 19 that comparable results are obtained using Slab method are somewhat close only at the last stage
within all the three observations. However, forging load of deformation with a displacement of 0.9 mm with an
calculated through Slab method gives somewhat higher error of 7.8 %, and gives large deviations at other
values throughout stages of deformation than experimental displacements.

123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. C
Theoritical simulation using LS-DYNAcode Experimental
300
Forging load, ton
250
200
150
100
50
0 forming process by the finite-element method. J. Mater. Process.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
Displacement, inch
Fig. 19 Comparison between results obtained
Forging loads computed from FEA using LS-DYNA are
quite close to the experimental results through out the
forging process with error lying within 6 %, indicating its
accurate estimation of forging load.
Conclusion
In the present investigation, first forging load is calculated
for making an axi-symmetric component made of lead
following Slab method of analysis, and then LS-DYNA
code is used to estimate it. Comparing experimental results
of a published literature, it may be stated that the Slab
method of analysis gives calculated forging load deviated
from the experimental one to some extent, whereas LS-
DYNA code shows quite accurate estimate of forging load
and shows analyzed stresses to be all safe. This shows
applicability of this algorithm in forging load calculation.
Acknowledgments The present paper is an extended version of the
paper titled ‘Exploring Forging Load in Closed-Die Forging’ pre-
sented in 5th International and 26th All India Manufacturing Tech-
nology, Design and Research (AIMTDR) Conference held at Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, India during December 12–14,
2014.
References
1. A.B. Abdullah, Z. Samad, Cold forging die design: recent
advanced and future trends. J. Appl. Sci. 7(6), 868–876 (2007)
2. B. Tomov, Hot closed die forging—state-of-art and future
development. J. Ach. Mater. Manufact. Eng. 24(1), 443–449
(2007)
3. N. Akgerman, T. Altan, Modular analysis of geometry and
stresses in closed-die forging: application to a structural part.
Trans. ASME J. Eng. Ind., Ser. B 94, 1025–1035 (1972)
4. T. Altan, R.J. Fiorentino, Prediction of loads and stresses in
closed-die forging. Trans. ASME J. Eng. Ind., Ser. B 93, 477–484
(1971)
5. R.L. Dietrich, G. Ansel, Calculation of forging pressures and
application to magnesium forgings. Trans. Am. Soc. Met. 38,
709–728 (1947)
6. F. Mingwang, Z.J. Luo, The simulation of the viscoplastic
Technol. 55, 442–447 (1995)
7. D.J. Kim, B.M. Kim, Application of neural network and FEM for
metal forming processes. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf 40, 911–925
(2000)
8. S.E. Fereshteh, I. Pillinger, P. Hartley, F.R. Hall, A three-di-
mensional study of flow in the fullering process using an elastic-
plastic finite-element simulation. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 60,
427–433 (1996)
9. Z. Gronostajski, FEM: the constitutive equations for analysis.
J. Mater. Process. Technol. 106, 40–44 (2000)
10. Y. Guo, K. Nakanishi, A rigid—plastic hybrid element method
for simulations of metal forming. J. Mater. Process. Technol.
130–131, 444–449 (2002)
11. N. Abedrabbo, F. Pourboghrat, J. Carsley, Forming of aluminum
alloys at elevated temperatures—part 2: numerical modeling and
experimental verification. Int. J. Plast 22, 342–373 (2006)
12. J. Kleinermann, J. Ponthot, Parameter identification and shape/
process optimization in metal forming simulation. J. Mater.
Process. Technol. 139, 521–526 (2003)
13. M. Jolgaf, S.B. Sulaiman, M.K.A. Ariffin, A.A. Faieza, Closed
die forging geometrical parameters optimization for Al-MMC.
Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 1(1), 1–6 (2008)
14. S.C.V. Lim, M.S. Yong, Plane-strain forging of wrought mag-
nesium alloy AZ31. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 171, 393–398
(2006)
15. T. Altinbalik, H.E. Akata, Y. Can, An approach for calculation of
press loads in closed–die upsetting of gear blanks of gear pumps.
Mater. Des. 28(2), 730–734 (2007)
16. A. Ghaei, M.R. Movahhedy, A.K. Taheri, Finite element mod-
elling simulation of radial forging of tubes without mandrel.
Mater. Des. 29(4), 867–872 (2008)
17. Y.Z. Zhang, J.B. Huang, X. Lin, Q.S. Fang, Numerical simulation
analysis on cold closed-die forging of differential satellite gear in
car. Mater. Sci. Forum 517, 575–578 (2008)
18. J. Jin, J. Xia, X. Wang, G. Hu, H. Liu, Die design for cold
precision forging of bevel gear based on finite element method.
J. Central South Univ. Technol. 16(4), 546–551 (2009)
19. A. Fatemi, F.R. Biglari, M.A. Noghabi, B.M. Dariani, An ana-
lytical, numerical, and experimental study of the effect of the
parting line position in the forging process of axisymmetric parts
with middle elements on one side. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part B:
J. Eng. Manuf. 223(10), 1315–1322 (2009)
20. V. Krusic, M. Arentoft, S. Masera, A. Pristovsek, T. Rodic, A
combined approach to determine workpiece-tool-press deflec-
tions and tool loads in multistage cold-forging. J. Mater. Process.
Technol. 211(1), 35–42 (2011)
123