34 CHAPTER 3 COMPLEX NUMBERS

Also,
zn = (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ By de Moivre’s theorem.

1 = z–n = (cos θ + i sin θ)–n

__
n
z
= (cos(−nθ) + i sin(−nθ)) Apply de Moivre’s theorem.
= cos nθ − i sin nθ Use cos θ = cos (−θ) and sin (−θ) = −sin θ.

It follows that
1 = cos nθ + i sin nθ + cos nθ − i sin nθ = 2 cos nθ
zn + __
zn
1 = cos nθ + i sin nθ − (cos nθ − i sin nθ) = 2i sin nθ
zn − __
zn
It is important that you remember and are able to apply these results:

■ z + __1z = 2 cos θ 1
n = 2 cos nθ
■ zn + __ Notation In exponential form, these results are
z
equivalent to:
■ z − __1z = 2i sin θ 1
■ zn − __ = 2i sin nθ 1
cos nθ = __(e inθ + e −inθ)
1
sin nθ = __(e inθ − e −inθ)
zn 2 2i

Example 11

Express cos5 θ in the form a cos 5θ + b cos 3θ + c cos θ, where a, b and c are constants.
Sample material. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. © Pearson 2020.

Let z = cos θ + i sin θ

(z! + _z1 ) = (2 cos θ)5 = 32 cos5 θ
5
1
z = 2 cos θ.
Use z + __
= z5 + 5C1 z4(_z1! ) + 5C2 z3(_z1! ) + 5C3 z2(_z1! )
2 3

Apply the binomial expansion to

+ 5C 4 z(_z1! ) + (_z1! )
4 5

(z + z ) .
1 5
__

() z ( )
= z5 + 5z4 _1! + 10z3 __ ( )
! 1 + 10z2 __
z2
!1
z3
( ) ( )
! 1 + __
+ 5z __
z4
!1
z5 Simplify.

10 5 1
= z5 + 5z3 + 10z + __ + __3 + __
z z z5

(
= z! 5 + __
z5 ) (
1 + 5 z! 3 + __
)
1 + 10 z! + _1
z3 z ( ) 1
Group zn and __n terms.
z
= 2 cos 5θ + 5(2 cos 3θ) + 10(2 cos θ) 1
Use zn + __n = 2 cos nθ
z
So, 32 cos5 θ = 2 cos 5θ + 10 cos 3θ + 20 cos θ

cos5 θ = __ __ __ This is in the required form with a = __

1
16 cos 5θ + 16 cos 3θ + 8 cos θ
1 5 5
⇒ 16 ,
__
5
b = 16 and c = 8_
5

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS CHAPTER 3 35

Example 12

a Express sin4 θ in the form d cos 4θ + e cos 2θ + f, where d, e and f are constants.
π
∫
__

sin4 θ dθ.
2
b Hence find the exact value of
0

a Let z = cos θ + i sin θ

( z − _z1 )
4
= (2i sin θ)4 = 16i4 sin4 θ = 16 sin4 θ 1
z = 2i sin θ, noting that i = 1
Use z − __ 4

= z4 + 4C1 z3(−
! _z1 ) + 4C2 z2(−
! _z1 )
2

Apply the binomial expansion to

(z − z )
1 4
__
+ 4C3 z1(−
! z ) + (−
! z)
3 4
1
_ 1
_

= z4 + 4z3 −
z ( ) ( )
! _1 + 6z2 __
!1
z2

+ 4z(−
z ) (z )
1 + __
! __ !1 Simplify.
3 4

4 1
= z4 − 4z2 + 6 − __2 + __
z z4

(
= z! 4 + __
z4 )
1 − 4 z! 2 + __
1 +6
z2 ( ) 1
Group zn and __n terms.
z
= 2 cos 4θ − 4(2 cos 2θ) + 6
1
Use zn + __n = 2 cos nθ
So, 16 sin4 θ = 2 cos 4θ − 8 cos 2θ + 6
Sample material. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. © Pearson 2020.

⇒ sin4 θ = __81 cos 4θ − _21 cos 2θ + __38

This is in the required form with
d = _18 , e = − _12 and f = _38
π π
∫ ∫
__ __

( 8 cos 4θ − 2 cos 2θ + 8 ) dθ
2 2 __ __1 __
b sin4 θ dθ = 1 3
Use the answer from part a.
0 0

= [___
32 sin 4θ − 4 sin 2θ + 8 θ]
1 __1 3 __2π
__
0 1
cos kθ integrates to __ sin kθ.
π k
= (___
32 sin 2π − 4 sin π + 8 (2 )) − 0
1 __1 __
3 __

3π
= 0 − 0 + ___
16
3π
= ___
16

Exercise 3D
Use de Moivre’s theorem to prove the trigonometric identities:
P 1 a sin 3θ ≡ 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ b sin 5θ ≡ 16 sin5 θ − 20 sin3 θ + 5 sin θ
d cos4 θ ≡ _8 (cos 4θ + 4 cos 2θ + 3)
1
c cos 7θ ≡ 64 cos7 θ − 112 cos5 θ + 56 cos3 θ − 7 cos θ
e sin5 θ ≡ __
1
16 (sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ)

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