270 Chapter 4 Integration

4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

Understand the definition of a Riemann sum.
Evaluate a definite integral using limits and geometric formulas.
Evaluate a definite integral using properties of definite integrals.

Riemann Sums
In the definition of area given in Section 4.2, the partitions have subintervals of equal
width. This was done only for computational convenience. The next example shows
that it is not necessary to have subintervals of equal width.

A Partition with Subintervals of Unequal Widths

y
f(x) = x
Consider the region bounded by the graph of f (x) = √x and the x-axis for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
as shown in Figure 4.18. Evaluate the limit
1
n−1 n
n lim ∑ f (c ) ∆x
n→ ∞ i=1
i i
...

where ci is the right endpoint of the partition given by ci = i 2n2 and ∆xi is the width
2
n of the ith interval.
1
n x Solution The width of the ith interval is
1 22 . . . (n − 1)2 i2 (i − 1)2
n2 n2 n2
1 ∆xi = −
n2 n2
The subintervals do not have equal i 2 − i 2 + 2i − 1
widths. =
n2
Figure 4.18
2i − 1
= .
n2
So, the limit is

∞ ∑ √n (
i 2 2i − 1
)
n n

∞ ∑
lim f (c ) ∆x =
i i lim 2
n→ i=1 n→ i=1 n2
1 n
= lim
n→ ∞ n3 i=1 ∑
(2i 2 − i)

n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= lim
n→ ∞
1
n3
2 [( 6
− )2 ]
y
4n3 + 3n2 − n
= lim
n→ ∞ 6n3
x = y2
1
Area = 1
3
(1, 1) = lim
n→ ∞ (23 + 2n1 − 6n1 )
2

2
= .
3
(0, 0)
x
1 From Example 7 in Section 4.2, you know that the region shown in Figure 4.19 has
an area of 13. Because the square bounded by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 has an area of 1,
you can conclude that the area of the region shown in Figure 4.18 has an area of 23. This
The area of the region bounded by agrees with the limit found in Example 1, even though that example used a partition
the graph of x = y 2 and the y-axis having subintervals of unequal widths. The reason this particular partition gave the
for 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 is 13. proper area is that as n increases, the width of the largest subinterval approaches zero.
Figure 4.19 This is a key feature of the development of definite integrals.
 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 271

In Section 4.2, the limit of a sum was used to define the area of a region in the
plane. Finding area by this method is only one of many applications involving the limit of
a sum. A similar approach can be used to determine quantities as diverse as arc lengths,
average values, centroids, volumes, work, and surface areas. The next definition is
named after Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann. Although the definite integral had been
defined and used long before Riemann’s time, he generalized the concept to cover a
broader category of functions.
In the definition of a Riemann sum below, note that the function f has no restrictions
other than being defined on the interval [a, b]. (In Section 4.2, the function f was assumed
to be continuous and nonnegative because you were finding the area under a curve.)

Definition of Riemann Sum

Let f be defined on the closed interval [a, b], and let ∆ be a partition of [a, b]
given by
GEORG FRIEDRICH BERNHARD
RIEMANN (1826-1866) a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b
German mathematician where ∆xi is the width of the ith subinterval
Riemann did his most famous
work in the areas of [xi−1, xi ]. ith subinterval
non-Euclidean geometry,
differential equations, and If ci is any point in the ith subinterval, then the sum
number theory. It was n
Riemann’s results in physics
and mathematics that formed ∑ f (c ) ∆x ,
i=1
i i xi−1 ≤ ci ≤ xi
the structure on which
Einstein’s General Theory of is called a Riemann sum of f for the partition ∆. (The sums in Section 4.2 are
Relativity is based. examples of Riemann sums, but there are more general Riemann sums than
See LarsonCalculus.com to read those covered there.)
more of this biography.

The width of the largest subinterval of a partition ∆ is the norm of the partition and
is denoted by ∆ . If every subinterval is of equal width, then the partition is regular
and the norm is denoted by

b−a
∆ = ∆x = . Regular partition
n

For a general partition, the norm is related to the number of subintervals of [a, b] in
the following way.
b−a
≤ n General partition
∆
So, the number of subintervals in a partition approaches infinity as the norm of the
partition approaches 0. That is, ∆ → 0 implies that n → ∞.
The converse of this statement is not true. For example, let ∆ n be the partition of
the interval [0, 1] given by
1 1 1 1 1
1 0 < < n−1 < . . . < < < < 1.
⏐⏐Δ⏐⏐ = 2 2n 2 8 4 2
As shown in Figure 4.20, for any positive value of n, the norm of the partition ∆ n is 12.
0 1 1 1 1 So, letting n approach infinity does not force ∆ to approach 0. In a regular partition,
1 8 4 2 however, the statements
2n
∆ → 0 and n → ∞
n → ∞ does not imply that ∆ → 0.
Figure 4.20 are equivalent.
Interfoto/Alamy Stock Photo
272 Chapter 4 Integration

Definite Integrals
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION To define the definite integral, consider the limit
For insight into the history of the n
definite integral, see the article
“The Evolution of Integration” by
lim
∆ →0 i=1 ∑ f (c ) ∆x = L.
i i

A. Shenitzer and J. Steprans in To say that this limit exists means there exists a real number L such that for each ε > 0,
The American Mathematical there exists a δ > 0 such that for every partition with ∆ < δ, it follows that

∣ ∣
Monthly. To view this article,
n
go to MathArticles.com. L− ∑ f (c ) ∆x
i=1
i i < ε

regardless of the choice of ci in the ith subinterval of each partition ∆.

Definition of Definite Integral

If f is defined on the closed interval [a, b] and the limit of Riemann sums over
partitions ∆
n
lim
∆ →0 i=1 ∑ f (c ) ∆x
i i

exists (as described above), then f is said to be integrable on [a, b] and the
limit is denoted by

lim
∆ →0 i=1
n

∑ f (ci ) ∆xi = ∫
a
b
f (x) dx.
RemARk Later in this
chapter, you will learn The limit is called the definite integral of f from a to b. The number a is the
convenient methods for lower limit of integration, and the number b is the upper limit of integration.
b
calculating ∫a f (x) dx for
continuous functions. For now,
you must use the limit definition. It is not a coincidence that the notation for definite integrals is similar to that used
for indefinite integrals. You will see why in the next section when the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus is introduced. For now, it is important to see that definite integrals
and indefinite integrals are different concepts. A definite integral is a number, whereas
an indefinite integral is a family of functions.
Though Riemann sums were defined for functions with very few restrictions, a
sufficient condition for a function f to be integrable on [a, b] is that it is continuous on
[a, b]. A proof of this theorem is beyond the scope of this text.

TheoRem 4.4 Continuity Implies Integrability

If a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then f is integrable
b
on [a, b]. That is, ∫a f (x) dx exists.

exploration
The Converse of Theorem 4.4 Is the converse of Theorem 4.4 true? That
is, when a function is integrable, does it have to be continuous? Explain your
reasoning and give examples.
Describe the relationships among continuity, differentiability, and
integrability. Which is the strongest condition? Which is the weakest? Which
conditions imply other conditions?
 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 273

evaluating a Definite Integral as a Limit

Evaluate the definite integral ∫

−2
1
2x dx.

Solution The function f (x) = 2x is integrable on the interval [−2, 1] because it

is continuous on [−2, 1]. Moreover, the definition of integrability implies that any
partition whose norm approaches 0 can be used to determine the limit. For computational
y convenience, define ∆ by subdividing [−2, 1] into n subintervals of equal width
b−a 3
2 ∆xi = ∆x = = .
n n
Choosing ci as the right endpoint of each subinterval produces
1
f(x) = 2x 3i
ci = a + i(∆x) = −2 + .
n
x
1
So, the definite integral is

∫ −2
1
2x dx = lim
∆ →0 i=1
n

∑ f (c ) ∆x
i i

n
−2 = lim
n→ ∞ i=1 ∑ f (c ) ∆x
i

∑ 2(−2 + n )(n)
n
3i 3
−3 = lim
n→ ∞ i=1

∑( )
6 n 3i
−4
= lim −2 +
n→ ∞ n i=1 n
6
( ∑ ∑)
n
3 n
= lim −2 1 + i
Because the definite integral is n→ ∞ n i=1 n i=1

{ ]}
negative, it does not represent the
3 n(n + 1)
area of the region.
Figure 4.21
= lim
n→ ∞
6
n
−2n +
n 2 [
= lim −12 + 9 +
n→ ∞ ( 9
n )
= −3.

Because the definite integral in Example 2 is negative, it does not represent the
y area of the region shown in Figure 4.21. Definite integrals can be positive, negative, or
zero. For a definite integral to be interpreted as an area (as defined in Section 4.2), the
f
function f must be continuous and nonnegative on [a, b], as stated in the next theorem.
The proof of this theorem is straightforward—you simply use the definition of area
given in Section 4.2, because it is a Riemann sum.

TheoRem 4.5 The Definite Integral as the Area of a Region

x If f is continuous and nonnegative on the closed interval [a, b], then the area
a b
of the region bounded by the graph of f, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x = a
You can use a definite integral to find and x = b is
the area of the region bounded by
the graph of f, the x-axis, x = a, and
x = b.
Area = ∫
a
b
f (x) dx.

Figure 4.22 (See Figure 4.22.)

274 Chapter 4 Integration

y
f(x) = 4x − x 2
As an example of Theorem 4.5, consider the region bounded by the graph of

4 f (x) = 4x − x 2
and the x-axis, as shown in Figure 4.23. Because f is continuous and nonnegative on
3 the closed interval [0, 4], the area of the region is

2 Area = ∫0
4
(4x − x2) dx.

1 A straightforward technique for evaluating a definite integral such as this will be

discussed in Section 4.4. For now, however, you can evaluate a definite integral in two
x ways—you can use the limit definition or you can check to see whether the definite
1 2 3 4
integral represents the area of a common geometric region, such as a rectangle, triangle,
Area = ∫
4

0
(4x − x 2) dx
or semicircle.

Figure 4.23 Areas of Common Geometric Figures

Sketch the region corresponding to each definite integral. Then evaluate each integral
using a geometric formula.

a. ∫
1
3
4 dx b. ∫
0
3
(x + 2) dx c. ∫
−2
2
√4 − x2 dx

Solution A sketch of each region is shown in Figure 4.24.

a. This region is a rectangle of height 4 and width 2.

∫
1
3
4 dx = (Area of rectangle) = 4(2) = 8

b. This region is a trapezoid with an altitude of 3 and parallel bases of lengths 2 and
5. The formula for the area of a trapezoid is 12 h(b1 + b2 ).

∫
0
3
1
(x + 2) dx = (Area of trapezoid) = (3)(2 + 5) =
2
21
2
c. This region is a semicircle of radius 2. The formula for the area of a semicircle is
1
2 πr .
2

∫
−2
2
√4 − x2 dx = (Area of semicircle) =
1
2
π (22) = 2π

y y y
f(x) = 4 f(x) = x + 2
4 5 4
f(x) = 4 − x2
3 4 3
3
2
2
1 1 1
x x x
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 −2 −1 1 2
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 4.24

The variable of integration in a definite integral is sometimes called a dummy

variable because it can be replaced by any other variable without changing the value of
the integral. For instance, the definite integrals

∫ 0
3
(x + 2) dx and ∫ 3

0
(t + 2) dt

have the same value.

 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 275

Properties of Definite Integrals

The definition of the definite integral of f on the interval [a, b] specifies that a < b.
Now, however, it is convenient to extend the definition to cover cases in which a = b
or a > b. Geometrically, the next two definitions seem reasonable. For instance, it
makes sense to define the area of a region of zero width and finite height to be 0.

Definitions of Two Special Definite Integrals

1. If f is defined at x = a, then ∫ a
a
f (x) dx = 0.

2. If f is integrable on [a, b], then ∫ b

a
f (x) dx = − ∫
a
b
f (x) dx.

evaluating Definite Integrals

See LarsonCalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.

Evaluate each definite integral.

a. ∫π
π
sin x dx b. ∫ 3
0
(x + 2) dx

Solution
a. Because the sine function is defined at x = π, and the upper and lower limits of
integration are equal, you can write

∫
π
π
sin x dx = 0.
0
b. The integral ∫3 (x + 2) dx is the same as that given in Example 3(b) except that the
upper and lower limits are interchanged. Because the integral in Example 3(b) has
a value of 21
2 , you can write

∫
3
0
(x + 2) dx = − ∫0
3
(x + 2) dx = −
21
2
.

y b In Figure 4.25, the larger region can be divided at x = c into two subregions whose
∫a f (x) dx
intersection is a line segment. Because the line segment has zero area, it follows that
the area of the larger region is equal to the sum of the areas of the two smaller regions.
f

TheoRem 4.6 Additive Interval Property

If f is integrable on the three closed intervals determined by a, b, and c, then

a c b
x ∫
a
b
f (x) dx = ∫a
c
f (x) dx + ∫c
b
f (x) dx. See Figure 4.25.

c b
∫a f(x) dx + ∫c f(x) dx

Figure 4.25 Using the Additive Interval Property

∫ ∣∣ ∫
−1
1
x dx =
0

−1
−x dx + ∫
0
1
x dx Theorem 4.6

1 1
= + Area of a triangle
2 2
=1
276 Chapter 4 Integration

Because the definite integral is defined as the limit of a sum, it inherits the
properties of summation given at the top of page 259.

TheoRem 4.7 Properties of Definite Integrals

If f and g are integrable on [a, b] and k is a constant, then the functions kf and
f ± g are integrable on [a, b], and

1. ∫ b

a
kf (x) dx = k ∫ a
b
f (x) dx

2. ∫ b

a
[ f (x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫ a
b
f (x) dx ± ∫a
b
g(x) dx.
RemARk Property 2 of
Theorem 4.7 can be extended
to cover any finite number of
functions (see Example 6). evaluation of a Definite Integral

Evaluate ∫
1
3
(−x2 + 4x − 3) dx using each of the following values.

∫ 3

1
x 2 dx =
26
3
, ∫ 1
3
x dx = 4, ∫1
3
dx = 2

Solution

∫ 3
(−x2 + 4x − 3) dx = ∫ 3
(−x2) dx + ∫ 3
4x dx + ∫ 3
(−3) dx

∫ ∫ ∫
1 1 1 1
3 3 3
=− x2 dx + 4 x dx − 3 dx
1 1 1

=− (263) + 4(4) − 3(2)

4
=
3

y If f and g are continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ g(x) for
a ≤ x ≤ b, then the following properties are true. First, the area of the region bounded
by the graph of f and the x-axis (between a and b) must be nonnegative. Second, this
g
area must be less than or equal to the area of the region bounded by the graph of g
and the x-axis (between a and b), as shown in Figure 4.26. These two properties are
f generalized in Theorem 4.8.

TheoRem 4.8 Preservation of Inequality

1. If f is integrable and nonnegative on the closed interval [a, b], then

∫
x b
a b
0 ≤ f (x) dx.
∫b

a
f (x) dx ≤ ∫
b

a
g(x) dx
a

2. If f and g are integrable on the closed interval [a, b] and f (x) ≤ g(x) for
Figure 4.26 every x in [a, b], then

∫ a
b
f (x) dx ≤ ∫ a
b
g(x) dx.

A proof of this theorem is given in Appendix A.

 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 277

4.3 Exercises See CalcChat.com for tutorial help and worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

15. f (x) = 4 − x ∣∣ 16. f (x) = x 2

ConCept CheCk y y
1. Riemann Sum What does a Riemann sum represent?
8 4
2. Definite Integral Explain how to find the area of a
region using a definite integral in your own words. 6 3

4 2

evaluating a Limit In Exercises 3 and 4, use 2 1

Example 1 as a model to evaluate the limit x x
n −4 −2 2 4 −1 1 2 3
lim
n→∞ i=1 ∑ f (c ) Δx
i i
4
over the region bounded by the graphs of the 17. f (x) = 25 − x 2 18. f (x) =
x2 + 2
equations.
y
y
3. f (x) = √x, y = 0, x = 0, x=3 ( )
3i 2
Hint: Let ci = 2 .
n

(Hint: Let c = ni .)
3
4. f (x) = √
3 x,
y = 0, x = 0, x=1 i 3 15
1
10

evaluating a Definite Integral as a Limit In 5

x x
Exercises 5–10, evaluate the definite integral by −1
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 1
the limit definition.

5. ∫2
6
8 dx 6. ∫−2
3
x dx
19. f (x) = cos x
y
20. f (x) = tan x
y

7. ∫ 1

−1
x 3 dx 8. ∫1
4
4x 2 dx

∫ ∫
1 1
2 1
9. (x 2 + 1) dx 10. (2x 2 + 3) dx
1 −2

Writing a Limit as a Definite Integral In Exercises x x

11 and 12, write the limit as a definite integral on the given π π π π
4 2 4 2
interval, where ci is any point in the ith subinterval.
21. g( y) = y 3 22. f ( y) = ( y − 2)2
Limit Interval
n y y
11. lim
∆ →0 i=1 ∑ (3c + 10) ∆x
i i [−1, 5]
4 4
n
12. lim
∆ →0 i=1 ∑ √ci2 + 4 ∆xi [0, 3] 3 3

2 2
Writing a Definite Integral In Exercises 13–22, write a 1 1
definite integral that represents the area of the region. (Do not
x x
evaluate the integral.) 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4
13. f (x) = 5 14. f (x) = 6 − 3x
evaluating a Definite Integral Using a
y y Geometric Formula In Exercises 23–32,
5 6
sketch the region whose area is given by the
4 5 definite integral. Then use a geometric formula to
4 evaluate the integral (a > 0, r > 0).
3

∫ ∫
3 3 4
2 2 23. 4 dx 24. 9 dx
1 1 0 −3

1 2 3 4 5
x
− 2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
x
25. ∫
0
4
x dx 26. ∫
0
8
x
4
dx
278 Chapter 4 Integration

27. ∫ 2
(3x + 4) dx 28. ∫ 3
(8 − 2x) dx
44. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given

29. ∫
0
1
(1 − ∣x∣) dx 30.
0

∫a
(a − ∣x∣) dx
∫ 1

−1
f (x) dx = 0 and ∫
0
1
f (x) dx = 5

−1 −a

∫ ∫
7 r evaluate
31.
−7
√49 − x2 dx 32.
−r
√r 2 − x 2 dx
(a) ∫ 0

−1
f (x) dx. (b) ∫
0
1
f (x) dx − ∫ 0

−1
f (x) dx.

Using Properties of Definite Integrals In

Exercises 33– 40, evaluate the definite integral
using the values below.
(c) ∫ 1

−1
3f (x) dx. (d) ∫
0
1
3f (x) dx.

45. estimating a Definite Integral Use the table of values

∫ ∫ ∫
6 6 6
to find lower and upper estimates of
x3 dx = 320, x dx = 16, dx = 4

33. ∫ 2
x3 dx
2

34.
2

∫ 2
x dx
2
∫0
10
f (x) dx.

6 2

∫ ∫
6 6
Assume that f is a decreasing function.
1 3
35. x dx 36. −3x dx
2 4 2 x 0 2 4 6 8 10
37. ∫2
6
(x − 14) dx 38. ∫(
2
6
1
6x − x3 dx
8 ) f (x) 32 24 12 −4 −20 −36

39. ∫2
6
(2x3 − 10x + 7) dx 40. ∫
2
6
(21 − 5x − x3) dx 46. estimating a Definite Integral Use the table of values
to estimate
41. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given
∫ 6
f (x) dx.
∫0
5
f (x) dx = 10 and ∫ 7

5
f (x) dx = 3
0

Use three equal subintervals and the (a) left endpoints,

evaluate (b) right endpoints, and (c) midpoints. When f is an increasing

∫ ∫
7 0
function, how does each estimate compare with the actual
(a) f (x) dx. (b) f (x) dx. value? Explain your reasoning.
0 5

(c) ∫5
5
f (x) dx. (d) ∫
0
5
3f (x) dx.
x

f (x)
0

−6
1

0
2

8
3

18
4

30
5

50
6

80
42. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given

∫0
3
f (x) dx = 4 and ∫ 6

3
f (x) dx = −1
47. Think About It The graph of f consists of line segments
and a semicircle, as shown in the figure. Evaluate each definite
integral by using geometric formulas.
evaluate

(a) ∫0
6
f (x) dx. (b) ∫
6
3
f (x) dx.
2
y
(4, 2)

(c) ∫3
3
f (x) dx. (d) ∫
3
6
−5f (x) dx. 1 f
x
43. Using Properties of Definite Integrals Given −4 −1 1 3 4 5 6
−1

∫2
6
f (x) dx = 10 and ∫ 6

2
g(x) dx = −2
(− 4, − 1)

evaluate
∫ 2
f (x) dx ∫6
f (x) dx
∫ 6
(a) (b)
0 2

∫
(a) [ f (x) + g(x)] dx. 2
2
f (x) dx
∫ 6
(c)
−4

∫
(b) [ g(x) − f (x)] dx. 6
2
f (x) dx
∫ 6
(d)
−4

∫∣
(c) 2g(x) dx. 6
2
f (x) dx∣
∫ 6
(e)
−4

∫
(d) 3f (x) dx. 6
2
(f) [ f (x) + 2] dx
−4
 4.3 Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals 279

48. Think About It The graph of f consists of line segments, 51. Think About It A function f is defined below. Use
8
as shown in the figure. Evaluate each definite integral by using geometric formulas to find ∫0 f (x) dx.
geometric formulas.
y f (x) = {4,x, x < 4
x ≥ 4
4
3 (3, 2) (4, 2)
52. Think About It A function f is defined below. Use
12
2 (11, 1) geometric formulas to find ∫0 f (x) dx.

{
1 f
x 6, x > 6
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 11 f (x) = 1
− 2x + 9, x ≤ 6
−2
−3 (8, − 2)
−4
eXpLoring ConCepts
(a) ∫0
1
−f (x) dx (b) ∫ 3
4
3 f (x) dx
Approximation In Exercises 53 and 54, determine
which value best approximates the definite integral.

∫ 7
f (x) dx ∫ 11
f (x) dx
Make your selection on the basis of a sketch.

∫
(c) (d) 4
0 5

∫ ∫
11 10 53. √x dx
(e) f (x) dx (f ) f (x) dx 0
0 4 (a) 5 (b) −3 (c) 10 (d) 2 (e) 8
49. Think About It Consider a function f that is continuous
on the interval [−5, 5] and for which 54. ∫ 12
4 cos πx dx

∫
0
5 4
(a) 4 (b) (c) 16 (d) 2π (e) −6
f (x) dx = 4. 3
0
55. Verifying a Rule Use a graph to explain why
Evaluate each integral.

(a) ∫0
5
[ f (x) + 2] dx (b) ∫
−2
3
f (x + 2) dx ∫ a
a
f (x) dx = 0

(c) ∫ 5

−5
f (x) dx, f is even (d) ∫5

−5
f (x) dx, f is odd
if f is defined at x = a.
56. Verifying a Property Use a graph to explain why

50. hoW Do YoU See IT? Use the figure to

∫ a
b
k f (x) dx = k ∫ b

a
f (x) dx

fill in the blank with the symbol <, >, or =. if f is integrable on [a, b] and k is a constant.
Explain your reasoning.
57. Using Different methods Describe two ways to
y evaluate
6
5
4
∫ 3

−1
(x + 2) dx.

3 Verify that each method gives the same result.

2
58. Finding a Function Give an example of a function
1
that is integrable on the interval [−1, 1] but not
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 continuous on [−1, 1].

(a) The interval [1, 5] is partitioned into n

subintervals of equal width ∆x, and xi is the left Finding Values In Exercises 59–62, find possible values of
endpoint of the ith subinterval. a and b that make the statement true. If possible, use a graph

∫ 5 to support your answer. (There may be more than one correct

n

∑ f (x ) ∆x ■ i f (x) dx answer.)

∫ ∫ ∫
i=1 1 1 5 b

(b) The interval [1, 5] is partitioned into n 59. f (x) dx + f (x) dx = f (x) dx
−2 1 a

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
subintervals of equal width ∆x, and xi is the right 3 6 b 6
endpoint of the ith subinterval. 60. f (x) dx + f (x) dx − f (x) dx = f (x) dx

∫
−3 3 a −1

∫ ∫
n 5

∑ f (x ) ∆x ■
b b
f (x) dx
i=1
i
1
61. sin x dx < 0 62. cos x dx = 0
a a
280 Chapter 4 Integration

True or False? In Exercises 63–68, determine whether the

statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an 71. Proof Prove that ∫ b
x dx =
b2 − a2
2
.

∫
a
example that shows it is false. b
b3 − a3

∫ ∫ ∫
b b b 72. Proof Prove that x 2 dx = .
3
63. [ f (x) + g(x)] dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx a

a a a 73. Think About It Determine whether the Dirichlet function

64. ∫a
b
f (x)g(x) dx = [∫
b

a
f (x) dx ][∫ a
b
g(x) dx ] f (x) = {1,0, x is rational
x is irrational
65. If the norm of a partition approaches zero, then the number of
subintervals approaches infinity. is integrable on the interval [0, 1]. Explain.
66. If f is increasing on [a, b], then the minimum value of f on 74. Finding a Definite Integral The function

{
[a, b] is f (a).
0, x = 0
67. The value of f (x) = 1
, 0 < x ≤ 1
∫a
b
f (x) dx
x

is defined on [0, 1], as shown in the figure. Show that

must be positive.
68. The value of
∫ 1

0
f (x) dx

∫2
2
sin x2 dx
does not exist. Does this contradict Theorem 4.4? Why or
why not?
y
is 0.
5.0
69. Finding a Riemann Sum Find the Riemann sum for 4.0
f (x) = x 2 + 3x over the interval [0, 8], where
3.0
x0 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 3, x3 = 7, and x4 = 8 2.0
1.0
and where
x
−0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
c1 = 1, c2 = 2, c3 = 5, and c4 = 8.

y 75. Finding Values Find the constants a and b that maximize

100
the value of
80
60 ∫ b

a
(1 − x2) dx.
40
Explain your reasoning.
20
x 76. Finding Values Find the constants a and b, where
−2 2 4 6 8 10 a < 4 < b, such that

∣∫ ∣ ∫∣
b b
70. Finding a Riemann Sum Find the Riemann sum for (x − 4) dx = 16 and ∣
x − 4 dx = 20.
f (x) = sin x over the interval [0, 2π ], where a a

77. Think About It When is

π π

∫ ∫∣
x0 = 0, x1 = , x2 = , x3 = π, and x4 = 2π
4 3 b b
f (x) dx = ∣
f (x) dx?
and where a a

Explain.
π π 2π 3π
c1 = , c2 = , c3 = , and c4 = .
6 3 3 2 78. Step Function Evaluate, if possible, the integral

1.5
y
∫ 2

0
⟨x⟩ dx.

1.0 79. Using a Riemann Sum Determine

0.5
1 2
x lim (1 + 22 + 32 + . . . + n2)
π 3π n→ ∞ n3
2 2
by using an appropriate Riemann sum.
− 1.5